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1、Chapter 7Learning and Memory学习和记忆I hate mobile phone rings during the class.I hate mobile phone rings during the class.Classroom LearningClassroom Learning每个小组围绕一个问题进行介绍，包括组织必要的活动，并进行总结。第一组：关于记忆和学习的关系。讲解并组织讨论，25分钟。第二组：用信息理论解释记忆过程，说明其中的关键环节和要素，以及他们之间的相互关系。以讲解为主。20分钟。第三组：围绕记忆过程的理论提出讨论问题，组织讨论活动。25分钟。第四
2、组：比较预编码、编码和重新编码（再编码）三个概念。讲解并组织讨论。30分钟。第五组：解释有意义学习的基本观点。组织同学讨论，用实际例子说明学生原有知识在学习中如何起作用。30分钟。Relations between learning&memoryMemory:One important aspect of learning which deals with learning information,i.e.attending,pre-coding,selecting,coding and recoding,storing,outputting,etc.记忆：学习中涉及信息处理的一个重要方面，包
3、括注意、预编码、选记忆：学习中涉及信息处理的一个重要方面，包括注意、预编码、选择、编码和再编码、储存、输出，等等。择、编码和再编码、储存、输出，等等。Learning is not only a process to deal with information,but also a process of change of the learner in thinking logic and behaviour.学习不仅仅是一个信息处理的过程，还包括了学习者思维逻辑和行为学习不仅仅是一个信息处理的过程，还包括了学习者思维逻辑和行为变化等等。变化等等。1.Three stages of infor
4、mation process in learning 学习过程中信息处理的三个阶段The sensory register(function:selective attention)感觉登记（感觉记忆）（作用：注意选择）Working memory(function:thinking)工作记忆（作用：思考）Long-term memory(function:storage and recall)长时记忆（作用：储存和回想）Three memory systems in processing inputPrecodingConsciousnessInput fromenvironmentSele
5、ctedinputPlanProcessedinputSensory registerWorking memoryLong term memoryAttending very quickscanning of input forimportance(up to onesecond)Processing a more elaborate handlingof material to ensurelong term retention(up to one minute)Storing input nowProcessed and Available for recall(up to a lifet
6、ime)1.The Sensory Register感觉记录The first stage in information processing;a brief(about1/4 to 1 second)period during which information is held and scanned.是感觉刺激停止之后所保持的瞬间映像，它是信息处理的第一个阶段，是感觉刺激停止之后所保持的瞬间映像，它是信息处理的第一个阶段，大约有大约有1/41/4秒到秒到1 1秒，在这期进行信息扫描。秒，在这期进行信息扫描。Sensory register depends on several factor
7、s such as the strength of the stimulus.感觉记录取决于一些因素，诸如刺激的强度。感觉记录取决于一些因素，诸如刺激的强度。The function of sensory register is to sort input information into important/reject categories.感觉记录的作用是把输入的信息分为感觉记录的作用是把输入的信息分为重要的重要的/可舍可舍弃的弃的两类。两类。Important concepts related to sensory register Attending 注意Value 价值Mental
8、 set 心向The physical properties of stimulus 刺激物的物理特征Physiological or internal states 生理或内在状态Precoding 预编码 presetting 预设Arousal:激发PrecodingConsciousnessInput fromenvironmentSelectedinputPlanProcessedinputSensory registerWorking memoryLong term memoryArousal systemVariationPrevailing setThe system acts
9、 as the source of the energy that drives the process.推动记忆运作的动力系统The general relation between arousal and quality of mental performance could be showed as an inverted U curve可以用一条倒可以用一条倒U曲线来描述曲线来描述“激发激发”与思维表现质量之间的一般关系与思维表现质量之间的一般关系Wired up the arousal system引起激发的方式Variation 变化Stimuli that are relevan
10、t to a prevailing physiological or psychological set与带倾向性的物理或心理定势相关Anxiety 好奇Physical exertion 身体兴奋Enlightens to teaching Variability in style of teaching 教学形式多样化Variability in media and materials of instruction 媒体与教学资源多样化Keep anxiety 保持好奇心Physical excitement and freshmen 保持身体兴奋和清醒2、Working Memory 工
11、作记忆Working memory relates to where we are conscious of what we are thinking about.It is of limited capacity,so information needs to be chunked,either:工作记忆是指个人当时注意着的信息，是唯一对信息进行有意识加工的记忆阶段，它的容量有限,所以信息需要编成组件（信息的一种意义单位），组件的方式有：By rehearsal,which leads to rote learning;复述（它导致机械学习）By coding,which leads to
12、meaningful learning 编码（它导致意义学习）Working MemoryNeeded for all cognitive activities 所有认知过程都有赖于工作记忆Limited in capacity 容量有限Based on ones psychological quality 基于人的心理素质Optimising the use of working memory 最大限度地发挥工作记忆的作用Organization of chunk 构建思维组件Psychological states 心理状态Ways of processing in working mem
13、oryUse imagery 利用表象Recycle 重复Rehearse 背记Coding&Recoding 编码与重编码Three important conceptsPrecoding 预编码The process,which takes place in the sensory register,of selecting a particular train of information for conscious attention on the basis of its current importance.在感觉记录中进行的过程，依据这些信息在当前的重要性筛选出一组特定的信息予以
14、有意识的注意。Coding Reading in,interpreting and understanding input in terms of existing coded knowledge.用已编码的知识对新输入的信息进行读入、解释和理解的过程。Recoding Change in codes or cognitive structure brought about as a result of mismatch(see also match).With the optimal degree of mismatch,cognitive structures grow more comp
15、lex and intrinsic motivation is experienced.由于错开而引起认知结构或编码的改变(在偶合时也可见)。当错开的程度最为恰当时，认知结构进一步复杂化，内发的动机发生作用。Two important factors that affect coding:影响编码的两个重要因素Pre-knowledge 原有知识Method of coding 编码的方法Dimensions of coding 编码的类型Enactive motor skills 动作运动技能Sensory raw experience 感觉自然经验Affective feelings an
16、d emotions 情意感知与感情Temporal time flows 时间时间感Spatial space and position 空间空间与位置Semantic word meaning 语义词语意义Logic logical structure 逻辑逻辑结构3、Long-term Memory 长时记忆Long-term memory:Storage of previous learning to be reconstructed when appropriate in working memory.长时记忆是指原来习得的知识储存，在恰当的时候可在工长时记忆是指原来习得的知识储存，
17、在恰当的时候可在工作记忆中重新进行建构作记忆中重新进行建构。Three theories on long-term memory Trace Decay 痕迹衰退痕迹衰退Memory traces decay over time记忆痕迹随着时间的推移而逐渐消退记忆痕迹随着时间的推移而逐渐消退Associative Interference 关关联干扰联干扰Memories of similar events interfere with each other相似事件之间的记忆的互相干扰相似事件之间的记忆的互相干扰Coding Within a Structure 结构内编码结构内编码Relat
18、e learning with pre-knowledge and building a framework在原有知识基础上进行学习并建立一个框架在原有知识基础上进行学习并建立一个框架艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线What can we learn?It is important to arouse students attention.唤起学生的注意非常重要Good learning involves:高水平的学习应包括：A variety of dimensions being used for coding.从多个方面进行编码The highest levels of abstraction that
19、 the learner can handle.学习者能够把握最高的抽象水平Try to teach in terms of meaningful learning.根据有意义学习的要求进行教学In Teaching,we focus on encouraging students to consciously desire to attend,and by using variability:in teaching mode;in content;in media;and in student-teacher interaction.在教学中通过多样化的教学方式，教学内容，教学媒体，师生互动
20、，来激励学生有意识的注意。How to teach meaningfully怎样进行有意义的教学See that the task is properly structured and is understandable。确保任务的结构合理并且是可理解的。确保任务的结构合理并且是可理解的。See that the task is at the right level of difficulty.确保任务的难度适当。确保任务的难度适当。See that the task is codeable in multiple ways.确保任务可以通过多种方法编码。确保任务可以通过多种方法编码。See
21、that the learner is active when coding the task.确保学习者主动地对任务编码。确保学习者主动地对任务编码。Discussion 1.Discuss the relation between memorising and learning.2.Give examples to explain processing in the three stages of memory.3.How many ways of processing do you know in working memory.Discuss the role of repetition
22、 in memorizing and in understanding.4.Compare the three concepts:precoding,coding and recoding.Explain your understanding with two examples for each concept.5.Why meaningful learning is important?Give examples to explain how students pre-knowledge works in learning.讨 论1.讨论记忆和学习的关系。讨论记忆和学习的关系。2.用实际例子说明记忆过程的三个阶段是如何进用实际例子说明记忆过程的三个阶段是如何进行的行的。3.工作记忆中有多少种处理信息的方式？讨论重工作记忆中有多少种处理信息的方式？讨论重复对记忆和理解的作用。复对记忆和理解的作用。4.比较预编码、编码和重新编码（再编码）三个比较预编码、编码和重新编码（再编码）三个概念。每个概念举两个例子进行说明。概念。每个概念举两个例子进行说明。5.为什么说有意义学习是很重要的？用实际例子为什么说有意义学习是很重要的？用实际例子说明学生原有知识在学习中如何起作用。说明学生原有知识在学习中如何起作用。