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1、句子成分(Members of a Sentence)什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结
2、构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一： （主谓）二： （主系表）三： （主谓宾）四： （主谓间宾直宾）五： （主谓宾宾补）基本句型 一： （主谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！ 谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 （不及物动词） 61. The sun was shin
3、ing. 太阳在照耀着。2. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。3. The universe remains. 宇宙长存。4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. Who cares? 管它呢？ 6. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 7. They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。 8. The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。练习：(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分， 4分钟） The teacher wit
4、h two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词（10分， 10分钟） I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D.
5、 wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their b
6、reakfast? A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C.
7、in D. music Whom did you give my book to? A. give B.did C. whom D. book基本句型 二： （主系表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好
8、,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻 （是系动词） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。3. He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。 4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺
9、少钱。7. Our well has gone dry. 我们井干枯了。 8. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。There be 结构： There be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词there那里混淆。 此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物 试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词那里。 1. What is Mr Wang like? _. A. He is a teacher B. He is old and kind C. He looks like a ball
10、oon D. He likes English 2. What Mr White said sounds_. A. friendly B. wonderfully C. pleasantly D. nicely 3. The poor boy _ blind at the age of three. A. turned B. goes C. became D. went 4. When he was a child he_ . A. grew patience B. was alive C. ran wild D. came true 5. His voice_ as if he has a
11、cold. A. sounds B. listens C. hears D. seems 6. This shirt_ as if it is made of cotton. A. is B. looks C. feels D. seems 7. He looks _ he hadnt had a good meal for a month A. that B. as if C. when D. so far 8. It _that he was late for the train. A. looks B. turns C. gets D. seems 9. These apples tas
12、te_. A. to he good B. to be well C. well D. good 10. Do you like the shirt? Yes, it _ very soft. A. feels B. felt C. is feeling D. is felt 11. The moment Mr Zhang went to bed, he_ asleep A. kept B. got C. fell D. fall 12. When I went home yesterday, it was _ dark. A. going B. getting C. running D. c
13、oming 13. Their plan _ to be a perfect one. A. proved B. was proved C. is proving D. proving 14. The flowers in the garden _ sweet. A. sound B. taste C. become D. smell 15. She_ like her mother in character. A. looks B. seems C. is D. feels 16. It_ another fine day tomorrow. A. seems B. promises C.
14、appears D. looks 17. He _ much younger than he really is. A. appears B. grows C. becomes D. turns 18. You_ very pale. Do you feel sick? A. looked B. look C. looking D. are looked 19. His wish to become a driver has _true. A. turned B. realized C. come D. grown 20. Her father _a writer. A. turned B.
15、grew C. has turned D. has become 基本句型 三： （主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them等 （及物动词） 1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？ 2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。3. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。4. He en
16、joys reading. 他喜欢看书。5. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。6. He said Good morning. 他说：早上好！7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
17、如：Give me a cup of tea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr.Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,please. （及物） （多指人） （多指物） 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他
18、给你带来了一本字典。4. He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。5. I showed him my pictures. 我给他看我的照片6. I gave my car a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。7. I told him that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。8. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。基本句型 五： （主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾
19、语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格 + 形容词New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词I saw a
20、cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路. （及物） （宾语） （宾补） 1. They appointed him manager. 他们任命他当经理。2. They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿色3. This set them thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。4. They found the house deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。5. What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想？6. We saw him out. 我们送他出去7. He asked me to
21、come back soon. 他要我早点回来。8. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。句子成分练习题( 二 ) 指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：1.Whether well go depend on the weather .2. Peoples standards of living are going up steadily .3. That was how they were defeated.4.The nursery takes good care of our children .5.Ill return the book
22、 to you tomorrow .6.We are sure that we shall succeed .7.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other .8.There are many film that Id like to see.9.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ?句子成分练习题( 三 ) A1、 _ six years since I began to study English.A. It is B. I have been C. There are D.
23、 It was 2 、_ in the room at that time.A. Nobody was B. Someone were C. Who is D. He are 3 、ITS very noisy outside. _ is going on? A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where 4、 _ in English in class every day is important.A. Speak B. Talking C. Saying D. To tell5 、There must be_ near the factory.A. a book stor
24、e B. book store C. books store D. books stores6 、Although its raining hard, _ are still working in the fields.A. but they B. and they C. they D. since theyB1、 The doctor as well as the nurses _ great concern for the patients.A. show B. shows C. have shown D. are showing 2、 Your son must be a clever
25、boy, _ he?A. is B. isnt C. must D. mustnt 3、 The computer center, _ last year, is very popular among students in this school.A. open B. opening C. opened D. being opened 4 、I _ go to the shop today, for there is a lot of food at home.A. mustnt B. had to C. cant D. neednt 5 、Dont _ excited.A. get B.
26、is C. seem D. look 6 This room _ every morning.A. is cleaning B. is cleaned C. cleans D. cleaningC1、 Glad to meet you! _ is your full name?A. What B. Where C. How D. Who 2、 He is _ to lift the heavy box.A. too weak B. weak tooC. enough weak D. weak enough3、 The days are _ warmer and warmer in spring
27、.A. getting B. looking C. seeming D. going 4 、His job is_English.A. teach B. to teach C. taught D. teaches 5 、Two balls are_.A. under the desk B. in the wall C. to here D. at desksD1 、We should get ready_ others.A. helping B. to help C. help D. help with 2、 _interesting work we are doing?A. What a B
28、. How C. What D. What an 3、 I want_ a teacher when I grow up (-fx;fc).A. to be B. to C. be D. being 4、 -Would you like to go on a picnic with me today?-I dont think so. To be honest, I really dont feel like_on apicnic.A. going B. to go C. go D. went 5 Do you know_?A. where does he live B. where he l
29、ivesC. where he live D. if where he lives 6 Let _ do it again.A. I B. me C. he D. she 7 I dont know_.A. how to do B. what to do C. where to do D. when to doE 1、 I saw him _ basketball with Jack an hour ago.A. plays B. to play C. played D. play o 2、 Sorry, weve kept you_ for a long time.A. waited B.
30、sing C. stand D. waiting 3 、The teacher told us _ late again.A. arent be B. dont be C. not to be D. not be 4 、We find the room very_.A. warm B. warmly C. terribly D. hardlyF1 、I found _ difficult to work together with him.A. it B. its C. that D. those 2 、We all know _ our duty to clean our classroom
31、 after school every day.A. that B. this C. which D. it 3、 He found _ very interesting to play with the little dog.A. what B. it C. / D. thatG( ) 1 Tom said he _ a good dream yesterday evening.A. dream B. dreamed C. have D. has ( ) 2 Children _ a happy life in China.A. lead B. living C. has D. leading