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1、Grammar of Unit 1 Different parts of a sentence概念句子是由词按照一定语法构造组成。组成句子各个局部叫做句子成分。句子成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语直接和间接宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子主体局部在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语，表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里组成局部。其他成份如定语和状语是句子次要成分。句子成分分类1主语 主语是谓语讲述对象，表示所说“是什么或“是谁。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当现象。大多数主语都在句首。如：讲述“谁 We work in a big factory. 讲
2、述“什么 The classroom is very big. 数词作主语 Three are enough. 三个人就够了不定式作主语 To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctors job.从句作主语 What we need is food. 我们最需要是食物. 在“There be 句型中，主语位置在中间。如：There are some bottles of milk in the box. 在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如： It is very interesting to play the g
3、ame called “treat or trick. It took two workers about three months to build the house.2谓语谓语时用来说明主语“做什么、“是什么或“怎么样，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称和“数两方面必须一致。如：He is very generous. She looks very smart and coolWe have finished the job. He can speak German.3表语 表语说明主语“是什么或“怎么样，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词词或短语来充当，它位置在系动词后面。
4、 形容词作表语 You look younger than before. 名词作表语 My father is a teacher. 副词作表语 Everyone is here. 介词短语作表语 They are at the theatre.不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English. 动名词作表语 Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语 That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.4宾语宾语是动作、行为对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语
5、动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。如：名词作宾语 He never forgives others for their mistakes.代词做宾语 He often helps me.不定式作宾语 He likes to sleep in the open air.动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed living in China.从句做宾语 I believe that they can finish the work in time.直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词对象。但有些
6、动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如：We brought them some food.主 谓 间宾 直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。5宾语补足语 在英语句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达意思相当于一个巨资意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:名词作宾补 If you let me go, Ill make you king.形容词作宾补
7、 Dont make your hands dirty.副词作宾补 We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.省略to不定式作宾补 I saw a girl go into the building.带to不定式作宾补 The boy ordered the dog to lie down.现在分词作宾补 The boss kept them working all day.过去分词作宾补 Yesterday he got his leg broken.在英语中,常见“宾语宾语补足语构造有：“宾语+名词。
8、常用于改构造动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。 We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor.“宾语+形容词。常见动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如：Do you think his idea wrong We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone. Can you get everything ready for
9、the party before Friday“宾语+副词。副词作宾补常表示宾语状态，与宾语有逻辑上主表关系。常见副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如：Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home. When got there, we found him out.“宾语+介词短语。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语即宾语所处状态，两者有主表关系。如：We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend.He open
10、ed the door and found some of his friends in the rain.“宾语+不定式。充当宾补不定式有三种： A 要求带to不定式 The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不带to 不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes
11、 helps her mother (to) do housework.“宾语+现在分词。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中宾语即为现在分词逻辑上主语，有着主谓关系。 I saw them playing on the playground. I heard Mary singing in the classroom.“宾语+过去分词。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。 I had my bike stolen. The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood. 形式宾语形容词 We found it
12、 impossible to get there before Saturday.宾语+what 从句Call me what you like. Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.6定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语位置很灵活，但凡有名词、代词地方都可以有定语。如：
13、 形容词作定语 The black bike is mine. 代词作定语 Whats your name名词作定语 They made some paper flowers.介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter. 在英语中，并不是所有定语都放在被修饰词前面，有是放在被修饰词后面，故称“后置定语。 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, some
14、body, anybody, nobody 定语必须后置。如： Well go to have something English. If you dont know the answer, ask someone else. Do you have anything important to tell me介词短语作定语时要后置。如：Do you know the boy behind the treeThe students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the
15、one on the right.动词不定式作定语时要后置 What about something to drink I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.注 动词不定式作主语时，to 后面动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配介词或副词是不能少。 Do you have any piece of music to listen to nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：We are at the top of the hill. Ca
16、n you see the village belowThe people downstairs are listening to a talk now They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.7状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生时间、地点、目、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如： He did it carefully程度状语 They missed me very much.程度状语 Without his help, we
17、couldnt work it out.条件状语 In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.目状语 When I was young, I could swim well.时间状语英语句子成份一共有哪些？ 所有！一主语：主语(subject) 是一个句子主题( theme)， 是句子所述说主体。它位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。 1名词作主语。 如：A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵树倒下横在路上。) Little streams feed big r
18、ivers. ( 小河流入大江。) 2代词用作主语。如：Youre not far wrong. (你差不多对了)。 He told a joke but it fell flat. (他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑 3数词用作主语。如：Three is enough. 三个就够了。 Four from seven leaves three. 7减4余3。 4名词化形容词用作主语。 The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。 Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。 5副词用作主语。如：Now is the time.
19、现在是时候了。 Carefully does it. 小心就行。 6名词化介词作主语。如：The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. 我们必须承受人生之沉浮。 7不定式用作主语。 如：To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。 It would be nice to see him again. 如能见到他，那将是一件愉快事。 8 动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you. 吸烟对你有害。 Watching a film is pleasure, mak
20、ing one is hard work. 看电影是乐事， 制作影片那么是苦事。 9 名词化过去分词用作主语。如：The disabled are to receive more money. 残疾人将得到更多救济金。 The deceased died of old age. 死者死于年老。 10. 介词短语用作主语。如：To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很远。From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. 从延安到南泥湾要三个小时。 11.从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are
21、 ready will be fine. 你无论什么时候准备好都行。 Because Sally wants to leave doesnt mean that we have to. 不能说萨利要走因而我们也得走。 12.句子用作主语。如：How do you do is a greeting.“你好是一句问候语。 二谓语 谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语助动词或情态动词主要动词构成。 1由简单动词构成。 (1). What happened 发生了什么事？ (2). He worked hard all d
22、ay today. 他今天苦干了一天。 (3). The plane took off at ten oclock. 飞机是十点起飞。 2由动词短语构成谓语。 (1). I am reading. 我在看书。 (2). Whats been keeping you all this time 这半天你在干什么来着？ (3). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。 3英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义动词have, get, take, give 等。如： (1). I had a swim yesterd
23、ay. 我昨天游了一次水had a swim 代替了swam (2). Take a look at that! 你看看那个！take a look 代替了 look (3). He gave a sigh. 他叹了口气。gave a sigh 代替了sighed (4). I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大震动。a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分，彻底) 三表语 表语功能是表述主语特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓系表构造。在系表构造中，连系动词只是形式上谓语，而真正起
24、谓语作用那么是表语。可以作表语词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。 1The wedding was that Sunday. 婚礼是在那个星期天举行。名词 2So thats that. 就是这样。代词 3We are seven. 我们一共7人。数词 4Are you busy 你有空吗？形容词 5Are you there 你在听吗？ 用语副词 Is anybody in 里面有人吗？ 副词 6All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。不定式 My answer to his threat威胁 was to hit hi
25、m on the nose. 我对他威胁答复是照他鼻子打去。不定式 7Complimenting赞美，祝贺 is lying. 恭维就是说谎。动名词 Is that asking so much 这是要高了吗？动名词 8I was so much surprised at it. 我对此事感到很惊讶。过分 Im very pleased with what he has done. 我对他所做很满意。过分 9She is in good health. 她很安康。介词短语 The show is from seven till ten. 演出时间为7点至10点。介词短语 10Is that w
26、hy you were angry 这就是你发怒原因吗？从句 11This is where I first met her. 这就是我初次与她会面地方。从句 补充： 能做系动词实义动词： come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化动词) fell，sound ,smell , look , taste 感观动词 seem, appear (似乎，好似) 例如： 1Our dream has come true. 我梦想实现了。Come后常加 easy ,loose natural 等 2. He fell sic
27、k. 他病了。 Keep fit.保重。 Keep作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool， well， warm ，silent，clean，dry 3The well ran dry. 这口井枯槁了。short , loose , wild , cold 等 4A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 一个瘦个子似乎比他实际高度要高些。 四宾语 宾语object在句中主要充当动作承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如： Our team beat all the others. 我们球队打败了所有其他球队
28、。 可以用作宾语有：名词、代词、数词、名词化形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化分词、从句等。 1Do you fancy a drink 你想喝一杯吗？名词 2They wont hurt us. 他们不会伤害我们。代词 3If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。数词。 4I shall do my possible. 我将尽力而为。名词化形容词 5He left there last week. 他上个星期离开了那里。副词 6Does she really mean to leave home 她真要离开家吗？不定式 7He never did the
29、 unexpected(想不到，意外). 他从不做使人感到意外事。名词化分词 8Do you understand what I mean 你明白我意思吗？从句 扩展： 宾语中有些动词需要两个同等宾语，即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作承受者，间接宾语指动作所向或所为人和物多指人，具有这种双宾语及物动词叫做与格动词(dative verb), 常用有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass
30、, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等，间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。如果间接宾语发在直接宾语后那么需要加介词 “to或“for如：I have found him a place. 我给他找到了一个职位。 五补语 补语complement是一种补足主语和宾语意义句子成分。补足主语意义句子成分叫做主语补语subject complement,补足宾语意义句子成分叫做宾语补语object complement. (1). 形容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。 Tired an
31、d sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困，就去睡了。 有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。如： The man, cruel beyond belief, didnt listen to their pleadings. 那人不可置疑地残酷，不听取他们恳求。 (2).可以用做宾语补语有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等 1.They named the child Jimmy. 他们将孩子命名为吉米。名词用作并与补语 2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister.
32、我母亲面很嫩，你会以为她是我姐姐名词短语作宾语补语 3. He boiled the egg hard. 她将鸡蛋煮老了。形容词用作宾语补语 3.I found the book very interesting.我发现那本书很有趣。形容词短语用作宾补 4.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. 同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。不定式用作宾语补语 5.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。动名作宾补 6.Dont take his kindness for granted.不要把他
33、友善看作是当然事。 六定语 定语是用来说明名词代词品质与特征词或一组词。可用作定语有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。 1形容词用作定语是大量。 1. She is a natural musician. 她是一位天生音乐家。 2. He must be the best violinist alive.他一定是最好在世小提琴手了。后置定语 2. 名词用作定语。如 1. A baby girl 女婴 2. well water 井水 (3). Sports car 双座轻型汽车 4. A fools paradise 梦幻天堂 2代词作定语。 1.
34、 Your hair needs cutting. 你该理发了。物主代词用作定语 2. Everybodys business is nobodys business. 人人负责就是无人负责。 不定代词所有格作定语 3数词作定语 1. Theres only one way to do it. 做此事只有一法。 2. Do it now, you may not get a second chance. 现在就干吧，你可能再没有时机了。 基数词用作后置定语： page 24 Room 201 the year 1949 4. 副词充当定语时常后置，如： the room above 楼上房间
35、the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休息日 5不定式用作定语 1. Her promise to write was forgotten.她忘记了容许写信事。 2. Thats the way to do it.那正是做此事方法。 6动名词用作定语. A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药 eating implements 吃饭用具 learning method 学习方法 7分词充当定语 a sleeping child 正在睡中小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者 a retired wor
36、ker 一个退休工人 a faded flower 一朵谢了花 7介词短语用作定语。 1. This is a map of China. 这是一幅中国地图。 2. The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words. 他那凶暴目光说明得再清楚不过了。 8从句用作定语，即定语从句 The car thats parked outside is mine. 停在外面车是我。 Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one. 我在外面看见你汽车了，它给另一辆车撞了。 七同
37、谓语 当两个指同一事物句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者同谓语appositive.这两个句子成分多由名词代词担任，同谓语通常皆放在其说明名词代词之后。 1名词用作同谓语是大量。 1. We have two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子，一男一女。 2We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. 我们中国人民决心将中国建成一个强大繁荣国家。 2代词用作同谓语。 1
38、。They all wanted to see him. 他们都想见他。 2。Lets you and me go to work, Oliver. 咱们俩去工作吧。 3数词用作同谓语。 1。Are you two ready你们俩准备好了吗？ 2。They two went, we three stayed behind.他们俩去了，我们三个留了下来。 4不定式与动名词用作同谓语。 1。Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.他们最近提出了集中全力于初等教
39、育提议遭到了某些人反对。 2。The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个方案是夜袭，被拒绝了。 5Of 短语用作同谓语 The city of Rome 罗马城 the art of writing 写作艺术 The vice of smoking 吸烟嗜好 6从句用同谓语，即同谓语重句 1。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假消息不确。 2。We are not investigating the question whether
40、he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可信赖问题。 八状语 状语adverbial是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句句子成分。如： 1The girl is improving remarkably. 这个女孩大有进步。 2可用作状语有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。 1。副词最常用作状语，位置比拟灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。 He speaks the language badly but read it well. 这种语言，他讲得不好，但阅读能力很强。 Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock th
41、eir doors. 当我们期望旅馆旅客把房门锁上。 3状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等 1。时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中 Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow In China now leads the world. (2).地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。 There are plenty of fish in the sea. She kissed her mother on the platform(月台). 3。原因状语，包括表理由状语，多置于句末，有
42、时亦可置于句首。 Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. I eat potatoes because I like them. (4). 结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。 She woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway. She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said. (5). 目状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。 He ran for shelter(隐蔽处).他跑
43、去避雨。 In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder. (6). 条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。 Well be lucky to get there before dark. If he were to come, what should we say to him (7). 让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。 For all his money, he didnt seem happy. 他尽管有钱，但似乎并不幸福。 He helped me although he didnt kn
44、ow me. (8).程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。 The lecture is very interesting. To what extent would you trust them 你对他们信任程度如何？ 9。伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。 My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten. He stood there ,pipe(烟斗) in mouth.如何划分英语句子成分？ 一主语：主语(subject) 是一个句子主题( theme)， 是句子所述说主体。它位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语
45、有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。 1名词作主语。 如：A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵树倒下横在路上。) Little streams feed big rivers. ( 小河流入大江。) 2代词用作主语。如：Youre not far wrong. (你差不多对了)。 He told a joke but it fell flat. (他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑 3数词用作主语。如：Three is enough. 三个就够了。 Four from seven leaves three. 7减4余3。 4名词化形容词用作主语。 The idle a
46、re forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。 Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。 5副词用作主语。如：Now is the time. 现在是时候了。 Carefully does it. 小心就行。 6名词化介词作主语。如：The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. 我们必须承受人生之沉浮。 7不定式用作主语。 如：To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。 It would be nice to see him again. 如能见到他，那将是一件愉快事。 8 动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you. 吸烟对你有害。 Watching a film is pleasure, making one