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1、选择性必修四Unit1 Honesty and responsibility语法教案Teaching objectives1.知识目标：学生能够掌握状语从句的基本含义2.技能目标：学生能够掌握状语从句的基本运用3.情感目标：学生能够更有信心学习英语Key points, Difficult points1.掌握状语从句的基本含义2.掌握状语从句的基本含义Teaching procedures：状语从句复习状语状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的一种成分。其用法最广,名称最多，是英语中最大的一种句子成分：它可以表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步或比较等。状语名称除了
2、上述10种外，还有伴随状语、方面状语、对象状语、评注性状语等。对状语种类进行详细划分的目的是更好地理解句子意思。状语通常由副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、名词、从句等充当。Jennifer runs very fast.珍尼弗跑得很快。(副词作状语)Ill be back in a while.我一会儿就回来。(介词短语作状语)He waited to see the result of the game. 他等着看比赛结果。(不定式短语作状语)Living in the country, they have few amusements.因为住在农村，他们没有什么娱乐活动
3、。(现在分词短语作状语)Given more time and money, we would have done the work better.如果给予更多的时间和钱，我们会把工作做得更好。(过去分词短语作状语)She sat there, silent.她坐在那儿，一声不吭。(形容词作状语)Wait a moment. Ill come.等一会儿，我就来。(名词作状语)It rained so hard that they had to put off the sports meeting.雨下得很大，他们不得不推迟运动会。(从句作状语)He was absent from the le
4、cture yesterday because he was ill.昨天他缺席了讲座，是因为病了。(从句作状语)特别提示时间状语和地点状语修饰同一动词时，通常先说地点，再说时间。如：They held a meeting in the great hall yesterday afternoon.昨天下午他们在大厅里举行了一次会议。如果修饰同一个动词的时间状语或地点状语不止一个，则一般按照“由小到大”的顺序排列。He arrived here at about ten oclock yesterday morning.他是昨天上午大约10点到达这儿的。She lived in a small
5、 village in the north.她住在北方的一个小村庄里。状语从句在复合句中，作状语成分的从句叫做状语从句。它的主要语法作用是修饰主句谓语动词。般分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句9种。状语从句由从属连词引导，有时候还可以用其他词组引导。本单元语法主要复习各种状语从句的用法及特点，以下是九种状语从概览：1. I found a wallet when I was walking in the street.我在大街上走的时候发现了一个钱包。(时间状语从句)2. Make marks whe
6、re you have questions.在你有问题的地方做标记。(地点状语从句)3. He was absent from school because he was ill.因为病了，所以他没有去上学。(原因状语从句)4. If you heat water, it will become vapour.如果你给水加热，它会变成水蒸气。(条件状语从句)5. Will you please do the experiment as I am doing?请你像我这样做这个实验好吗? (方式状语从句)6. Lets take the front seats in order that we
7、may see more clearly.我们坐前排的座位，以便看得更清楚些。(目的状语从句)7. He made such an excellent speech that everyone admired him.他发表了一篇精彩的演讲，以至于每个人都赞赏他。(结果状语从句)8. Although I tried hard many times, I couldnt get through the crowd.尽管我多次努力尝试，但仍不能穿过人群。(让步状语从句)9. John speaks English better than Tom does.约翰英语说得比汤姆好。(比较状语从句)一
8、、时间状语从句在复合句中作时间状语的从句，称为时间状语从句。位置相对灵活，可放在句首或句末。引导时间状语从句的连词常见的有when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, once, whenever等。词组the moment, the instant, the minute, the day, the week, the year, the first time, the last time, next time, any time, every time, each time, by the time, fro
9、m the time等以及副词immediately, directly, instantly等也可以用作连词，引导时间状语从句。1.when引导的时间状语从句(1)when引导时间状语从句，意为“在时；当时”，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生或先后发生。When I was at school, I loved history.我上学时就喜欢历史。Call me when youve finished.你完成后就给我打电话。When the fire broke out, most of the residents were sleeping soundly.当火灾发生时，大部分居民正在酣
10、睡。(2)when引导的时间状语从句中，动词可以是延续的，也可以是非延续性的。He lived with a foreign family when he was in England.他在英国时，曾与一个外国家庭住在一起。I was playing computer games when he came in.他进来的时候，我正在玩电脑游戏。I will go back to my hometown when I have time.有时间我要回家乡看看。特别提示1. when引导时间状语从句用法最多，它可以表示：从句动作和主句动作同时持续发生；主句动作在从句动作的过程中发生；从句动作在主句
11、动作的过程中发生；从句动作先于主句动作；从句动作后于主句动作。例如：When I lived there, I used to play near the seashore on Sundays.我住在那里的时候，星期天我常在海岸附近玩。(主句和从句同时、持续发生)When she was reading, she heard a knock on the door.她正在看书时，听到了敲门声。(主句动作在从句动作的过程中发生)It was raining when we arrived.我们到的时侯正在下雨。(从句动作在主句动作的过程中发生)When the film ended, the
12、people went back.电影结束，人们便回去了。(从句动作先于主句动作。逻辑说明谁先谁后)The train had left when we got to the station.我们到达车站时，火车已经开走了。(从句动作后于主句动作。时态说明谁先谁后)2.注意以下三个结构中when的用法和翻译：We were having a meeting when someone broke in.我们正在开会，这时有人突然闯入。(一个动作正在进行，另一动作突然发生。)They were about to go out when it began to rain.他们正要出去，天突然下起雨来
13、。(一个动作就要发生，另一动作突然发生。)She had hardly/scarcely/just returned home when the phone rang.她刚刚回到家，电话铃就响了。(一个动作刚刚发生，另一动作突然发生。)2. while弓|导的时间状语从句while引导时间状语从句时，意为“与同时，在期间”，从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词或表示状态的动词，不能是非延续性动词。但主句动作可以延续，也可以不延续。The telephone rang while I was taking a bath.我在洗澡时电话响了。She called to see me while I w
14、as out.我不在家时她打电话要来看我。以上两句，表示主句动作在从句动作的过程中发生。此时，while和when用法相同，可以互换使用。此外，while也可表示两个延续性动作同时发生，含有对比意味。此时主从句的时态常常是相同的。如：While Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside.玛丽写信时，孩子们在外面玩耍。While I played the piano, my elder sister did her homework.我弹钢琴时,姐姐做家庭作业。3. as弓|导的时间状语从句as引导时间状语从句，表示
15、“正当；随着；一边一边”等意思。as从句中的谓语动词可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的。(1)表示某事刚刚发生，另一件事接着发生。可翻译为“刚就；一就”。As the sun rose ,the fog disappeared.太阳一出来雾就消散了。My cap was blown away as I sat down.我刚坐下帽子就被吹走了。I saw him just as he got off the bus.他刚下公共汽车我就看见他了。(2)表示某事正要/就要发生(实际上尚未发生)，另一件事发生了。可翻译为“刚要/正要就”。The police picked him up as he
16、was trying to leave the country.他正试图离开该国时，警方把他抓住了。I caught him just as he was leaving the building.他正要离开大楼时被我撞见了。As I was about to leave, I noticed a piece of paper on the floor.我正要离开时，注意到地板上有一张纸。Just as he was about to attack her from behind, she suddenly turned around.正当他要从背后攻击她时，她突然转过身来。特别提示下面两句表
17、达相同的意思：He was about to go out when the telephone rang.The telephone rang as he was about to go out.(3)表示主句的动作伴随着从句的动作而渐次发生。可翻译为“随着”As he talked on, he got more and more excited.他越谈就越激动。As you grow older, youll know better and better about yourself.随着你长大，你会越来越了解自己。Things are getting better and better
18、 as time goes on.随着时间的推移，情况越来越好。(4)表示两个动作同时发生并进行，可翻译为“一边一边”。He shook his head as he read.他边看书边摇头。They talked as they walked along the river.他们沿着河边走边谈。He hurried home, looking behind as he went.他匆忙回家，一边走一边回头望。4. before引导的时间状语从句before引导时间状语从句，意为“在之前”，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。(1)一般情况下，before表示“在之前”，但在翻译时，可灵活处
19、理，可译为“还未就”“不到就”“才”“趁”“还没来得及”等。I must finish this e-mail before I go home.我必须在回家前写完这封电子邮件All the birds flew away before I started to fire.我还没开始开枪，鸟儿就全飞走了。We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我们航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。Please write it down before you forget it.趁你现在没忘，把它记录下来。Before I could ge
20、t in a word, he had measured me.我还没来得及插话，他就给我量好了尺寸。The train had arrived at the destination before I knew it.不知不觉，火车就到达了目的地。(在我知道之前，事情已发生，言外之意：不知不觉中发生)(2)“It will be +一段时间+ before.”表示“一段时间之后才”。It will be half a year before I come back.字面：在我回来之前，时间将有半年。意为“我半年之后才会回来”。It was long before they met again.
21、字面：在他们再次见面之前，时间是很长的。意为“过了好久他们才再次见面”It wont be long before you regret for what youve done.字面：在你后悔你的所作所为之前,时间不会长了。意为“不久你就会为你的所作所为后悔的”。以上三句，it指“时间”，before表示“在之前”，结合时态和肯定否定，就很容易理解句子的含义了。万变不离其宗，无论怎么翻译，before依然具有“在之前”的本来意义。5. after引导的时间状语从句after引导时间状语从句，意为“在之后”，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。Can I travel after I finis
22、h my job?工作结束后我能去旅行吗？After he won the amateur championship, he turned professional.他获得业余赛冠军后就转为职业运动员了。I got in touch with him immediately after I received the little.我收到信后立即与他取得了联系。主句是将来时，after从句经常使用现在完成时，强调将来已完成的动作，也可使用一般现在时。例如：Please tell her Ill come after I have done (= do ) some shopping.请告诉她我买
23、些东西就来。Ill call you after Ive spoken (=speak) to them.我和他们谈完话以后就给你打电话。After Ive had (= have) a good rest, Ill tell you everything.我先好好休息，之后再告诉你一切。特别提示在before和after之前有“时间段”状语修饰时要准确理解和翻译。例如：He left three days before you arrived.他在你到达的三天前就离开了。The plane crashed three hours after it took off.飞机在起飞三小时后坠毁了。
24、以上两句，three days修饰before，说明“在三天之前”，不是“之前的三天内”；three hours修饰after, 说明“在.三小时之后”，不是“之后的三小时内”6. since引导的时间状语从句(1 )since引导时间状语从句，意为“自.以来”，主句常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时，而从句多用一般过去时。为了强调，可以在since之前加ever。Great changes have taken place since you left this city.自从你离开这座城市后，这里发生了巨大的变化。I have returned home twice since I settl
25、ed down in the USA.自从我定居美国以来我回过两次家。They have been living very happily ever since they got married.自结婚以来他们一直过着幸福的生活。(2 )since引导的从句中，若谓语动词是延续性动词，应理解为该动作或状态终止之后的时间。It has been a year ever since I worked here.我不在这里工作已经一年了。It is two years since she was a college student.她大学毕业两年了。(3)It is.since.和It has be
26、en.since.都正确，但前者更常见。It is/has been a few years since we last met.自上次见面以来我们已有好几年没见面了。It is/has been a long time since Mary was ill.玛丽病好了很长时间了。7. until/till引导的时间状语从句until/till引导时间状语从句，意为“直到.时，表示主句的动作持续到这个时间之前为止。意味着:到了这个时间后，主句的动作立刻“转态”。即:原来肯定的动作立刻停止，原来否定的动作立刻发生。一般而言，当主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定形式；当主句的谓语动词是非延续性动
27、词时，用否定形式。not.until.意为“直到才”。有时until可以用before替换。Ill wait until/till the concert is over.我将一直等到音乐会结束。I didnt know anything about it until you told me.直到你告诉我我才知道有关这件事的情况。Until the boss returns, nothing can be done.老板回来之前什么也不能做。特别提示(1)如果主句是延续性动词而且是否定，那么，意思是“没有做到就结束”。如：He didnt wait until I returned.他没有等到
28、我回来。(不能理解为：一直到我回来他才开始等)(2)not until位于句首时，主句用部分倒装。如：She didnt feel happy until she saw the present.Not until she saw the present did she feel happy.直到看到礼物她才感到高兴。(3)如果是强调句，要把not until.一起强调。如:He didnt know the importance of health until he got seriously ill.It was not until he got seriously ill that he
29、 knew the importance of health.直到他生了重病，他才知道健康的重要性。8. as soon as引导的时间状语从句as soon as引导时间状语从句，意为“一就”，表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作马上就发生。Ill let you know as soon as I get the exact message.我一得到确切的消息就告诉你。As soon as we heard the good news, we jumped with joy.一听到这个好消息，我们高兴地跳了起来。The students were quiet as soon as the te
30、acher came in.老师一进来，学生们就安静了下来。9. once引导的时间状语从句once引导时间状语从句，意为“一旦，一就”Shes planning to return to work once the children start school.她正在计划孩子们一入学就恢复上班。Once you make a promise, you must keep it.你一许下诺言,就必须遵守它。Once you talk to him, youll know he is a learned man.你一跟他交谈，就会了解他是个博学的人。10.词组或副词引导的时间状语从句词组the m
31、oment, the instant, the minute, the day, the week, the year, the first time, the last time, next time, any time, every time, each time, by the time, from the time等以及副词immediately，directly, instantly等也可以用作连词，引导时间状语从句。The machine starts the moment the button is pressed.按钮一按，机器便启动。The instant he met he
32、r, he fell in love with her.他一遇到她就爱上了她。I recognized you the minute I saw you.我一见你就认出了你。He called on me the day he arrived.他到达的那一天就拜访了我。We were there the week it snowed so heavily.雪下得很大的那一周我们在那里。The first time I climbed onto the wall, I felt nervous.我第一次爬到墙上去时，感到胆怯。Next time you come, you will see th
33、e scientist.你下次来时就会见到那位科学家。You may come back any time you want to.你想回来随时可以回来。Each time he traveled by boat, the tourist got seasick.这位旅客每次坐船旅行时都晕船。The last time she saw James, he was lying in bed.她最后一次看到詹姆斯时，他躺在床上。The truck will have arrived by the time you have all the things packed up.等到你把一切东西都打包好
34、时，卡车就来了。You must show the gentleman in immediately he comes.这位先生一来，你务必立即领他进来。There was a dead silence directly he appeared.他一出现，便鸦雀无声。It began to rain instantly we arrived home.我们一到家，天就开始下起雨来。二、地点状语从句在复合句中作地点状语的从句，称为地点状语从句。引导地点状语从句的连词主要有where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere等。地点状语从句可置于句首或句末。We live w
35、here the road crosses the river.我们住在街道与河流交叉的地方。You cant camp wherever you like these days.如今你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。You can go anywhere you like.你可以去你想去的任何地方。He wore his leather jacket everywhere he went.他去任何地方都穿着皮夹克。Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。(在有意志的地方，就有成功之路)特别提示引导地点状语从句的连词相对较少。为了更好地理解地点状语从句，
36、我们可以把它转化为定语从句，用at the place where或at any place where替换这些连词便可。Just stay where you are and dont move. (地点状语从句)Just stay at the place where you are and don t move. (定语从句)待在你现在待的地方别动。Put the money wherever we can see it. (地点状语从句)Put the money at any place where we can see it.(定语从句)把钱放在任何我们能看见的地方三、原因状语从句
37、在复合句中作原因状语的从句，称为原因状语从句。原因状语从句可置于句首，也可置于句末。引导原因状语从句的连词可分为两类：单个连词和连词词组。前者主要有because，as, since等;后者主要有now that, for the reasonthat, in that, seeing that, considering that等。1. because引导的原因状语从句because是表因果关系语气最强的连词，表示最直接的原因，用来回答why的提问。所表示的原因是全句的主要信息。because之前可以加only, merely, just以及not，还可以用于It is.that.强调句结构
38、，成为被强调的成分。Because they have strong players, they win the game.因为他们有强大的球员，所以他们赢得了比赛。He was punished only because he broke the law.他就是因为违反法律才受到惩罚的。It was because I wanted to see my uncle that I went to town yesterday.正是因为想去看叔叔我昨天才进城的。2. since引导的原因状语从句since引导的原因状语从句，通常表示人们已知的事实，只是为主句提供一种理由，不是主句发生的直接原因。
39、故常译为“既然”，通常放在句首，不可用于强调句结构。Since everyone makes mistakes, you shouldnt always criticize him.既然每个人都会犯错误，你就不应老是批评他。Since she cant answer this question，youd better ask someone else.既然她不会回答这个问题，你最好去问其他人。Since everyone is here, lets begin our meeting.既然大家都来了，咱们开会吧。3. as引导的原因状语从句as与since用法差不多，语气最弱，常用于日常用语。
40、表示的理由往往是明显的或已知的，as从句多置于主句之前，也不可用于强调句结构。As he was in a hurry, he left his bag home.由于他太匆忙，他把包落在家里了。As it was a public holiday, all the shops were shut.由于这是一个公共假日，所有的商店都关门了。Mother didnt hear us come in as she was asleep.妈妈没听见我们进来，因为她睡着了。特别提示for也表示“原因”，但跟上述三个从属连词不同，它是一个并列连词，连接并列句。它有时可用来作附加说明，for引导的句子应放
41、于另一句子之后。We should be more careful, for it is already dark.天已黑了，我们应更小心些。Lets stay at home, for its raining hard outside.我们待在家里吧，外面正下着大雨。He must have taken good care of the students, for he is loved by them.他一定把学生照顾得很好，因为他们都喜欢他。4.短语引导的原因状语从句(1 )now that和seeing that的用法now that与seeing that主要用于口语中，表示微弱的原
42、因，主从句的因果关系不明显，常译为“既然”。that有时可以省略。Now ( that ) you understand, I dont need to explain again.既然你明白，我没有必要再解释一遍。Seeing ( that ) the weather was not fine, we stayed at home.由于天气不好，我们就待在家里了。(2 )in that的用法in that表示原因主要用于书面语。介词in表示“存在于”，跟that组合成为连词词组，意为“在于某种事实；原因在于”，往往提供一种有事实依据的原因。This experiment is worth t
43、rusting in that it is based on scientific facts.这个实验值得信赖，因为它是建立在科学事实基础之上的。I like the city, but I prefer the country in that theres fresher air.我喜欢这座城市，但我更喜欢乡村，因为那里有更清新的空气。(3)for the reason that由于某种原因；considering that 考虑到鉴于We arent going for the simple reason that we cant afford it.我们不去只是因为我们负担不起。Con
44、sidering (that) he has only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.鉴于他才刚刚开始，关于它他懂的已经不少了。注: seeing that和considering that两个连词词组，是由现在分词借用而来。“看到；考虑到”，都暗示“原因”。5.在形容词后，that引导的原因状语从句在be happy that. be surprised that. 等结构中，that从句被认为是原因状语从句。I am happy that you have come to our party.我很高兴你来参加我们的聚会。I am v
45、ery delighted that you can come.你能来，我很高兴。I am glad that my son has passed the driving test.我很高兴我儿子通过了驾照考试。I am sorry that your granny is ill.你奶奶病了，我很难过。四、目的状语从句在复合句中作目的状语的从句，称为目的状语从句。常用来引导目的状语从句的连词或词组有：so, so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, for the purpose that, lest等。目的状语从句可置于句首或句末，从句中
46、常用情态动词can, could, may, might, would, should等。1. in order that, so that引导的目的状语从句Go early in order that you may get a good seat.早些去，以便你可以坐到好位置。I hurried through my work in order that I could watch TV.为了能看电视，我匆匆忙忙地做完工作。Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me.我会说得慢些，以便你能明白我的意思。She worked hard so
47、that everything would be ready in time.她努力工作，为的是一切能够及时就绪。特别提示在so that和in order that引导的状语从句中，其主语与主句的主语相同时，可将状语从句简化为不定式作目的状语。如果主语不一致，转化时则须在不定式前加for sb.作为其逻辑主语。上面其中两个例句可以分别改为：I hurried through my work in order to/so as to watch TV.Ill speak slowly in order for you/so as for you to understand me.2. for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句for fear that表示目的时，意为“唯恐，以防”，in case意为“目的是，以防，lest意为“以防”。lest从句一般要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词为“should +动词原形”; for fear that和in case从句可用虚拟语气，即谓语动词为“should +动词原形，也可用陈述语气。He worked hard for fear that he might be fired by the boss.他