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1、Module 3The Violence of NatureGrammar过去完成时的被动语态和间接引语过去完成时的被动语态和间接引语【新知导引新知导引】.用所给动词的适当形式填空用所给动词的适当形式填空1.By the time the tornado ended,more than 700 people _(kill).2.Coghlan travelled back to Canadaafter he _(bury)in Texas!3.Arriving home,she found all the furniture _(flood).had been killedhad been b
2、uriedhad been flooded.将下列直接引语的句子变为间接引语将下列直接引语的句子变为间接引语1.He said,“My brother failed in the exam this week.”He said _ that week.2.He says,“Is Tom a student or a teacher?”He asks _.3.He asked me,“Do you like playing football?”He asked me _.that his brother had failed in the examwhether/if Tom is a stud
3、ent or a teacherif/whether I liked playing football【知识详解知识详解】一一.过去完成时的被动语态过去完成时的被动语态1.构成：构成：had+been+done。2.概念：表示在过去某个动作或时间以前已被做的事情。概念：表示在过去某个动作或时间以前已被做的事情。3.用法：用法：(1)在在told,said,knew,heard,thought，found等等动动词词后后的的宾宾语语从从句句中中，表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。*She said(that)she
4、 had never been shown around Paris.她她说说从从来来没没有有人人领领她她参参观观过过巴巴黎黎。(she和和show之之间间是是被被动动关关系系，且且show这一动作发生在这一动作发生在said之前之前)(2)before,by the time,until,when,after,once,as soon as等等引引导导的的状状语语从从句句中中的的谓谓语语是是一一般般过过去去时时，以以及及by，before,until后后面面接接过过去去的的时时间间时时，主主句句的的动动作作发发生生在在从从句句的的动动作作或或过过去去的的时时间间之之前前且且表表示示被被动动时
5、时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。要用过去完成时的被动语态。*By the time he was twelve,my brother had been sent to America.我我哥哥哥哥12岁岁前前就就已已经经被被送送到到了了美美国国。(by the time相相当当于于before,表表示示“在在之之前前”，从从句句中中的的动动作作表表示示过过去去，主主句句中中的的send这这一一动动作作发发生生在在从句的动作之前从句的动作之前)【即学活用即学活用】用所给动词或短语用所给动词或短语的适当形式填空。的适当形式填空。By the time Edison was ten,a chemist
6、ry lab _(build).The dish _(eat up)when I got there._ the new plan _(discuss)before the meeting?Was the boy reminded that his homework _(not hand in)?Which hospital _ Mary _(send)to before midnight?The couple said that the flowers were so lovely that they _(sell)in no time.had been builthad been eate
7、n upHadbeen discussedhad not been handed inhadbeen senthad beensold二二.间接引语间接引语直接引语表示直接引述别人的原话。通常都用引号括起来。直接引语表示直接引述别人的原话。通常都用引号括起来。间间接接引引语语表表示示用用自自己己的的话话把把别别人人的的话话转转述述出出来来。间间接接引引语语在在多多数数情况下都构成一个宾语从句。情况下都构成一个宾语从句。直直接接引引语语改改为为间间接接引引语语，在在语语序序、人人称称、时时态态和和状状语语方方面面会会做做相相应变化。应变化。1.动词的时态的变化：动词的时态的变化：直接引直接引语语
8、间间接引接引语语一般一般现现在在时时一般一般过过去去时时现现在在进进行行时时过过去去进进行行时时一般一般过过去去时时过过去完成去完成时时过过去去进进行行时时过过去去进进行行时时一般将来一般将来时时过过去将来去将来时时现现在完成在完成时时过过去完成去完成时时过过去完成去完成时时过过去完成去完成时时*“Where do you usually have lunch？”he asked me.He asked me where I usually had lunch.2.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化：指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化：直接引直接引语语间间接引接引语语thisthatthese
9、thosenowthentodaythat dayyesterdaythe day before直接引直接引语语间间接引接引语语last yearthe year beforeagobeforetomorrowthe next daynext monththe next monthheretherecomegobringtake*“I will never forget this interesting lesson，”said Paul.Paul said that he would never forget that interesting lesson.*She said to me,“
10、I came here five years ago.”She told me she had been there five years before.*He said to me，“I will see her next week.”He told me he would see her the next week.3.句式的转换句式的转换:(1)转述他人的陈述转述他人的陈述陈述句的转换陈述句的转换:(2)转述他人的疑问转述他人的疑问一般疑问句的转换一般疑问句的转换:(3)转述他人的问题转述他人的问题特殊疑问句特殊疑问句:(4)选择疑问句的转换选择疑问句的转换:用用whether.or.表
11、达表达,而不用而不用if.or.,也不用也不用either.or.。He asked,“Do you speak English or French?”He asked me whether I spoke English or French.(5)祈使句的转换祈使句的转换:4.直接引语变间接引语的特殊情况直接引语变间接引语的特殊情况:(1)时态不变的情况。时态不变的情况。直接引语是客观真理、谚语或名人名言时。直接引语是客观真理、谚语或名人名言时。*He said,“The earth goes around the sun.”He said that the earth goes aroun
12、d the sun.当当直直接接引引语语中中有有具具体体的的过过去去时时间间作作状状语语时时,间间接接引引语语仍仍然然用用一一般般过过去时。去时。*Mr Wang said,“I was born in China in September,1972.”Mr Wang said he was born in China in September,1972.当直接引语是过去完成时态时。当直接引语是过去完成时态时。*She said,“They had left when I arrived here.”She said they had left when she arrived there.当
13、直接引语表示客观的时刻表时。当直接引语表示客观的时刻表时。*He said,“The plane takes off at 6:30 a.m.”He said that the plane takes off at 6:30 a.m.(2)如如果果在在当当天天转转述述别别人人说说过过的的话话,时时间间状状语语可可不不变变;如如果果在在当当地地转转述述,地点状语和动词也不必改变。地点状语和动词也不必改变。*He said,“Ill be back tonight.”He said that he will be back tonight.【即学活用即学活用】将下列句子变为间接引语。将下列句子变为
14、间接引语。Jack said,“I have been working here for a dozen years.”_He said to me,“I read it yesterday.”_The teacher said,“Please bring all the books downstairs up here.”_Jack said that he had been working there for a dozen years.He told me that he had read it the day before.The teacher asked the students
15、to take all the books downstairsup there.The teacher said,“Columbus discovered America in 1492.”_“How much did you pay for the computer?”he asked._The teacher said that Columbus discovered America in 1492.He asked how much I paid for the computer.【典题研习典题研习】(2011北北京京高高考考)Experiments of this kind_(con
16、duct)in both the U.S.and Europe well before the Second World War.【思路演示思路演示】分分析析句句式式:该该句句为为简简单单句句,in both the U.S.and Europe是是地地点点状状语语,before the Second World War是时间状语。是时间状语。理清句意理清句意:第二次世界大战前在美国和欧洲都进行过该类实验。第二次世界大战前在美国和欧洲都进行过该类实验。抓抓取取关关键键:before the Second World War是是表表示示过过去去的的时时间间状状语语,conduct在在the Se
17、cond World War之之前前,故故是是“过过去去的的过过去去”,用用过过去去完完成成时时;又又因因experiments与与conduct之之间间为为动动宾宾关关系系,故故句句子子谓谓语语用用过过去完成时的被动语态。去完成时的被动语态。断定答案断定答案:had been conducted。【即学活用即学活用】用适当的连词或所给词的适当形式填空。用适当的连词或所给词的适当形式填空。1.(2015福福建建高高考考)I wonder_ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.By working out every day.【解解析析】
18、how。考考查查名名词词性性从从句句。句句意意:我我想想知知道道玛玛丽丽这这些些年年是是如如何何保保持持她她的的身身材材的的。通通过过每每天天锻锻炼炼。根根据据答答语语可可知知问问句句中中问问的的是是“保持身材的方法保持身材的方法”,故用故用how。2.(2015四四川川高高考考)The exhibition tells us_ we should do something to stop air pollution.【解解析析】why。考考查查宾宾语语从从句句。句句意意:这这个个展展览览告告诉诉我我们们为为什什么么我我们们要要采采取取措措施施来来制制止止空空气气污污染染。根根据据语语境境可可
19、知知这这里里表表示示原原因因,故故要要用用why来引导。来引导。3.(2014天天津津高高考考)I thinkimpresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.【解解析析】what。句句意意:我我认认为为,他他的的画画让让我我印印象象深深刻刻的的是是他他使使用用的的色色彩彩。what在句中引导主语从句在句中引导主语从句,又在从句中作主语。又在从句中作主语。4.(2012北京高考北京高考)Have you heard about that fire in the market?Yes,fortunately no one_(hurt).
20、【解解析析】was hurt。句句意意:你你听听说说市市场场上上的的那那场场火火灾灾了了吗吗?是是的的,幸幸运运的的是是没没有有人人受受伤伤。谓谓语语动动词词hurt和和主主语语no one之之间间是是动动宾宾关关系系,应用被动语态应用被动语态;此处讲述的是发生在过去的事情此处讲述的是发生在过去的事情,应用一般过去时。应用一般过去时。【真题备选真题备选】1.(2014福福建建高高考考)Pick yourself up.Courage is doing_ youre afraid to do.【解解析析】what。句句意意:站站起起来来。有有了了勇勇气气,你你才才可可以以去去做做你你不不敢敢做做
21、的的事事情。情。what在句中充当引导词在句中充当引导词,同时也是动词同时也是动词do的宾语。的宾语。2.(2014北北京京高高考考)Some people believe_ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.【解解析析】whatever/what。考考查查名名词词性性从从句句。句句意意:有有些些人人相相信信已已经经发发生生的的或或正正在在发发生生的的任任何何事事情情将将来来都都会会重重复复发发生生。believe后后面面是是宾宾语语从从句句,宾语从句中缺少主语宾语从句中缺少主语,只
22、能选择连接代词只能选择连接代词whatever或或what。3.(2013湖湖南南高高考考)Do not let any failures discourage you,for you can never tell_ close you may be to victory.【解解析析】how。句句意意:不不要要让让任任何何失失败败阻阻止止你你,因因为为你你永永远远不不会会知知道道你你离离胜胜利利有有多多么么近近。how在在句句中中引引导导宾宾语语从从句句,常常用用于于“how+adj.+主主语语+谓语谓语+其他其他”结构中结构中,意为意为“多么多么”。4.(2013山山东东高高考考)Its g
23、ood to know_ the dogs will be well cared for while were away.【解解析析】that。句句意意:当当我我们们不不在在的的时时候候,知知道道这这些些狗狗会会被被好好好好地地照照顾顾真真是是太太好好了了。本本句句中中it是是形形式式主主语语,代代替替后后面面的的不不定定式式to know;动动词词know后后跟跟一一个个宾宾语语从从句句,由由于于宾宾语语从从句句中中主主谓谓结结构构完完整整,所所以以用用连连词词that引导宾语从句。引导宾语从句。5.(2013北北京京高高考考)Experts believe_ people can wast
24、e less food by shopping only when it is necessary.【解解析析】that。句句意意:专专家家们们相相信信人人们们只只在在必必要要的的时时候候购购物物能能减减少少食食品浪费。品浪费。that引导宾语从句引导宾语从句,不作任何成分不作任何成分,只起连接作用。只起连接作用。6.(2013新新课课标标全全国国卷卷)Police have found_ appears to be the lost ancient statue.【解解析析】what。考考查查宾宾语语从从句句。句句意意:警警察察发发现现了了疑疑似似失失窃窃的的古古老老雕雕像。像。what引导
25、宾语从句引导宾语从句,并在从句中作主语。并在从句中作主语。7.(2012北北京京高高考考)Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt_ he could have expressed it differently.【解解析析】that。句句意意:Jerry并并不不后后悔悔提提出出自自己己的的意意见见,但但是是他他感感觉觉他他本本来来可可以以换换种种方方式式表表达达的的。由由句句式式结结构构可可知知felt后后面面是是一一个个宾宾语语从从句句,从从句中不缺少任何成分句中不缺少任何成分,故应用故应用that引导。引导。8.(2012四四川川高高考考)Scientists study_ human brains work to make computers.【解解析析】how。句句意意:科科学学家家们们研研究究人人类类的的大大脑脑怎怎样样工工作作来来制制造造电电脑脑。此此处处how引引导导名名词词性性从从句句,相相当当于于the way in which,意意为为“怎怎样样,怎怎么么”。