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1、UNCTAD/CD-TFT 1OUTSOURCINGAccessing Developing Countries Knowledge Pool and Creating a Global Thinking SystemMina MashayekhiHead,Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy BranchUNCTADGeneva,28-29 April 2005UNCTAD/CD-TFT 2The DataA new way to leverage skills and marketsWin-win situation:for DCs and
2、 ICs:productivity,competitiveness,higher employment,faster economic growthevery dollar of outsourcing creates$1-45-1-47 of value of which the US captures$1.12-1.15 while India gets only 33 centsOutsourcing industry:to exceed$1 trillion by 2006Total savings from global outsourcing:to grow from$6.7 bn
3、(2003)to$20.9 bn(2008)Developing countries gains:$60 billion in ITES by 2008UNCTAD/CD-TFT 3The DataOutsourcing:North-South issue?HardlyMore North-North trade-68%of tradeNorth America,largest market:60%of total Canada,largest exporter of private services to USJob displacement,unfounded:Net creation o
4、f 22 million new jobs in the US(from 2000-2010);shortage of 10 million in 2010Estimates for outsourcing:job creation:317,000 net new jobs by 2008 in the US2003:98%of total contract value for outsourced business process service delivery in the US is done domestically(only 2%off-shored)India accounted
5、 for only 1%of total US imports of private services(of which,2%-business services)UNCTAD/CD-TFT 4Worldwide ITES-BPO Spending by region 2002-2006Region200220062002-2006(CAGR%)Americas484,732647,4277.5EMEA171,303237,3908.5Asia/Pacific117,622194,22813Worldwide773,6571.079.0548.6UNCTAD/CD-TFT 5The Benef
6、itsContributes to the MDGs:gender empowerment,poverty reduction,access to technologyHas positive spill-over effects:gains from additional consumption,skills and technology transfer,secondary employmentStrengthens local capacity:through ToT and technological developments could assist DCs in building
7、their own industriesIndian example:TCS,Infosys,Wipro TechnologiesExpands markets:through inter-modal linkages,especially with Mode 4could benefit late entrants,esp.if trend continues UNCTAD/CD-TFT 6Gains for Outsourcing Companies Strategic decision/competitive necessity Lower labor costs Economies o
8、f scale Round the clock operations/time zoneAccess to skills(including language skills)Legal and regulatory frameworkQuality Structure of existing corporate networkGlobal R&D teams working in tandemUNCTAD/CD-TFT 7The ActivitiesLower end:customer contact centres,data entry operations,telemarketing,ba
9、sic technical supportMiddle:processing of financial transactions(credit-card billing,insurance claims)Higher end:professional services such as research and development,accounting,engineering and architechtural design services,investment analysis,medical diagnosticsUNCTAD/CD-TFT 8Developing Country B
10、eneficiariesIndia:a wide known success story 18 percent share of the global marketGrowth rate:54%in 2003-04Total export revenues to touch US$57 bn by 2008;US$148 bn by 2012Employment to rise from 110,000(2003)to 2.7 mn by 2012Philippines,China,Malaysia,Vietnam,Bangladesh,S.Africa,Ghana,Senegal,Kenya
11、,Jamaica,Mauritius,Nicaragua,Barbados,Mexico,Brazil.Others:Hungary,Czech Rep.UNCTAD/CD-TFT 9Programmers Wages(Average Wage/year(US$000)UNCTAD/CD-TFT 10Vietnam ExperienceNortel,Cisco,IBM,Hewlett-Packard,British Petroleum,Sony,Fuji,TCS,now in Vietnam IT training specialists(NIIT,Aptech,Oracle)and Roya
12、l Melbourne Institute of Technology,providing trainingAttractions:cost advantagestrong mathematical skills(focus of educational system)knowledge of French and EnglishGovernment:providing incentives to IT sector(tax holidays,infrastructure development,education)Vietnamese diaspora:key driver of IT in
13、dustryUNCTAD/CD-TFT 11Ghana ExperienceGovernment:pro-active role:campaign,promotion for major US BPO players to set-up presenceAttractions:stable political environmentenglish-speaking workforce;high literacyRole of diaspora population:setting-up their own companies in Ghana;some in partnership with
14、foreign investorsknowledge of foreign culture and their networks UNCTAD/CD-TFT 12Success Stories:SummaryCompetitive costLanguage,education,skillsalso enables moving up the value chainAbility to develop global networksAdequate and reliable infrastructureGovernment role:infrastructure,education,variou
15、s incentives,marketing,political stability,regulatory framework(e.g.,security of data and IPR protection)relates to long-term prospects of doing businessRole of diaspora populationCultural and relational proximity and trustUNCTAD/CD-TFT 13The Challenges to OvercomeLack:infrastructure,trained HR,loca
16、l market-base Difficulty in gaining confidence of outsourcing companies:regulatory framework still under development political instability and governance issuesLack of coverage for liability and riskputting in place a strong risk-control framework Potential erosion of competitive advantagethrough ne
17、w laws and regulations(e.g.,restrictions on transfer of personal data)Growing protectionism in outsourcing countriesUNCTAD/CD-TFT 14Intermodal LinkagesMode 1-Mode 4:need for professionals to travel for negotiating contracts,trouble shooting,maintenance,training,supervision,monitoring etc.Mode 1-Mode
18、 3:Indian companies benefiting from outsourcing now have established their own commercial presence in major markets:480 Indian companies in UK;India,now 8th largest investor in the UK;have also established operations in China,Philippines,etc.to leverage specific skills and take advantage of lower co
19、sts.UNCTAD/CD-TFT 15Liberalization:The Targeted Approach Full MA and NT commitments on positive list of service sectors at aggregate(2 digit)level:ensures a reasonable degree of coverage to include large part of current IT&BPO trade;is focused on the sectors in question;allows for gradual liberaliza
20、tion(bearing in mind regulatory and institution constraints in developing countries);allows for more predictability;But:may still miss out on a number of services currently being traded;may not cover other new services to be traded in the future;UNCTAD/CD-TFT 16Liberalization:The Horizontal Approach
21、 Full MA and NT to ALL services supplied on a cross-border basis(excl.certain financial and certain transport services):includes also those services not listed in schedule,and any new service that will be traded in the future;reduces negotiating capital;more accelerated market opening.But:creates ch
22、allenges for the basic structure and approach of the GATS(bottom-up);does not allow for targeted and focused liberalization;does not easily account for development flexibilities;makes it hard to anticipate impact.UNCTAD/CD-TFT 17Domestic RegulationSpecific commitments:can potentially be undermined t
23、hrough protectionist domestic regulations.Challengesdeveloping countries are still experimenting with their regulatory systems;cross border delivery through new technological means gives rise to new regulatory issues(liability;consumer protection etc.);new governance and institutional frameworks for
24、 cross-border delivery and outsourcing services are required.UNCTAD/CD-TFT 18UNCTAD Expert MeetingProfessional Services&New and Dynamic Sectors Analyzing trade opportunities arising from global outsourcing;Identifying best practices to strengthen domestic capacity and increase participation in inter
25、national trade;Exploiting existing frameworks for cooperation and coordination among international organisations;For UNCTAD,to intensify its capacity-building efforts for developing countries,esp.LDCs;For developing countries,to build necessary infrastructure and domestic capacity;Effective implemen
26、tation of Article IV,Telecom Annex;For WTO Members,to address issues of market access in the ongoing GATS negotiations;Cooperative measures through RTAs.UNCTAD/CD-TFT 19Way ForwardProactive role for DC governments:Identifying their natural advantage and taping/developing it to boost competitivenessB
27、uilding and maintaining appropriate infrastructureSetting up appropriate regulatory frameworks,maintaining political stabilityBecoming responsive to private sector needsTapping diaspora support to build domestic industriesUNCTAD/CD-TFT 20Way ForwardProvide assistance to strengthen DC capacitysupport
28、 for skills and infrastructure development,e.g.through a digital fund(external financing)Curb protectionism through industry support measures(redeployment,placement support,training grants,etc.)through international trade negotiations(market access issues in the GATS)UNCTAD/CD-TFT 21To Sum Up.Outsou
29、rcing is an inevitable trend in the global economywith potentially huge gains(for both developed and developing countries).Benefits are not automaticbut require targeted actionat national level(policies to support outsourcing,e.g.create infrastructure and educational base);at international level(TA for national policies and negotiating outcomes to curb protectionism).UNCTAD/CD-TFT 22