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1、语法专题十三特殊句式语法专题十三特殊句式1.倒装句倒装句(1)完全倒装完全倒装谓谓语语动动词词完完全全搬搬到到主主语语之之前前的的句句子子，便便是是完完全全倒倒装装句句。这类这类句型主要有两种：句型主要有两种：1)表示方式或方位的副表示方式或方位的副词词或介或介词词短短语语，如：，如：here,there,now,then,under,up,down,in,away,off,out,in the room,on the wall等，置于句首。如：等，置于句首。如：In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.In t
2、his chapter will be found the answers to those questions.South of the river lies a small factory.Out rushed the children.Away flew the plane.2)such置于句首置于句首时时。如：。如：Such was Albert Einstein,a simple man and the 20th centurys greatest scientist.此此句句型型中中的的such多多被被认认为为是是表表语语，所所以以such后后的的be动动词应词应与其后的与其后的“
3、真正的主真正的主语语”保持一致。如：保持一致。如：Such are the facts;no one can deny them.(2)部分倒装部分倒装只只把把谓谓语语的的一一部部分分(多多为为助助动动词词或或情情态态动动词词)置置于于主主语语之前的句子，叫部分倒装句。之前的句子，叫部分倒装句。这类这类句型主要有三种：句型主要有三种：1)only修修饰饰副副词词、介介词词短短语语或或状状语语从从句句，且且放放在在句句首首时时。如：。如：Only in this way can we learn English well.Only when he returned did we find out
4、 the truth.注意：注意：only修修饰饰主主语时语时，句子不可倒装。如：，句子不可倒装。如：Only he can answer the question.2)否否定定副副词词never,nor,not,hardly,little,seldom等等置置于句首于句首时时。如：。如：Never before have I seen such a moving film.I have never seen such a moving film before.Not a single mistake did he make.He didnt make a single mistake.Har
5、dly do I think it possible to finish the job before dark.I hardly think it possible to finish the job before dark.3)虚虚拟拟语语气气中中，省省略略if的的句句子子，可可将将were,had或或should放于句首，构成倒装句。如：放于句首，构成倒装句。如：If it should be fine tomorrow,we would go swimming.Should it be fine tomorrow,we would go swimming.4)以下六个重要的固定句型常用
6、倒装形式：以下六个重要的固定句型常用倒装形式：.sobe/have/助助动动词词/情情态态动动词词/主主语语，表表示示“也是如此也是如此”。如：。如：They love having lots of friends;so do those with disabilities.注注意意：如如果果句句意意不不是是“也也是是如如此此”，而而仅仅是是对对前前面面内内容容的的肯肯定定或或附附和和(此此时时的的soindeed)，那那么么，句句子子则则不不可使用倒装式。例如：可使用倒装式。例如：He said he would help us,and so he did.他他说说他要帮助我他要帮助我们们，
7、他的确，他的确这这么做了。么做了。A:It is hot.A：天真：天真热热。B:So it is.B：的确如此。：的确如此。A:He is lazy.A：他真：他真懒懒。B:So is she.B：她也一：她也一样样。.neither(或或nor)be/have/助助动动词词/情情态态动动词词主主语语，表示表示“也不也不这样这样”。Lily cant ride;neither(或或nor)can Lucy.soadj./adv.that.“如此如此，以至于，以至于”。So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himsel
8、f understood.neither.,nor.“不不，也不，也不”。由由于于neither和和nor都都是是否否定定词词，所所以以其其前前后后句句均均需需倒倒装。如：装。如：Neither has he called on her,nor will he do so.not only.,but also.“不不仅仅而且而且”。Not only will the help be given to people to find jobs,but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.not until.“
9、直到直到才才”。Not until he returned did we have supper.(3)形式倒装形式倒装形形式式上上的的倒倒装装在在语语法法上上称称为为前前置置。它它的的特特点点是是：只只把把强强调调的的内内容容提提至至句句首首，主主谓谓并并不不倒倒装装。这这样样的的结结构构非非常常多多，但有三个重要的句型需要特但有三个重要的句型需要特别别留意：留意：1)感感叹叹句句What an interesting talk they have!How interesting their talk was!2)the more.the more.句型句型The more you list
10、en to English,the easier it becomes.The harder you work,the greater progress youll make.注注意意：此此句句型型中中的的第第一一个个the more引引导导的的相相当当于于一一个个条条件件状状语语从从句句，第第二二个个the more引引导导的的相相当当于于一一个个主主句句。所所以以，上上面面例例句句的的意意思思实实质质上上就就是是If you work harder,you will make greater progress.3)whatever;howeveradj./adv.引引导导让让步步状状语语从
11、从句句的的句型。句型。Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you can afford.However difficult the problem may be,we must work it out this evening.注意：注意：whatever的的后后面面也也可可以以接接名名词词，若若有有many或或much修修饰饰，则则必必须须把把whatever换换成成however。试试比比较较：Whatever reasons you have,you should carry out your promise.无无论论你有什么理由，你都你有什么理由，你都
12、应应当遵守当遵守诺诺言。言。However many difficulties you meet with,you should try to overcome them.无无论论你你遇遇到到多多少少困困难难，你你都都应应当当设设法克服。法克服。however可可以以改改写写成成no matter how而而意意义义不不变变。如如上上句句便便可可改改成成：No matter how many difficulties you meet with,you should try to overcome them.4)as引引导导的的让让步步状状语语从从句句中中，必必须须把把所所强强调调的的信信息息
13、放放在句首；在句首；though引引导导的的让让步状步状语语从句中也可以从句中也可以这样这样倒装。倒装。2强调句强调句近近年年来来NMET考考查查了了Itbe.that(who).这这一一强强调调结结构构，这这种种强强调调结结构构用用来来突突出出强强调调句句子子的的某某一一部部分分。该该结结构构中中的的it叫叫强强调调it(the Emphatic it)，无无词词汇汇意意义义，只只用用于于改改变变句句子子结结构构，使使某某一一部部分分得得以以强强调调。要要正正确确使使用用这这一一结结构构应应注意以下十个方面的注意以下十个方面的问题问题。(1)这这种种强强调调结结构构，除除不不能能强强调调动动
14、词词外外，其其它它成成分分，如主如主语语、宾语宾语、宾补宾补、状、状语语都可以都可以强强调调。例：。例：It is the honey bee that has most interested scientists because of the language.(强强调调主主语语)It was in Greece that Olympic competitions firstly started.(强强调调状状语语)(2)被被强强调调部部分分指指人人时时用用that,who均均可可，指指事事物物或或情情况况时时用用that(被被强强调调的的是是时时间间或或地地点点状状语语不不用用when,w
15、here)。例：。例：It was because of bad weather that the football match had to be put off.It was at the Olympics last year that Liu Xiang got the hurdlemedal.(3)被被强强调调的的代代词词的的所所有有格格应应与与原原句句一一致致；被被强强调调的的部部分分如如果果是是原原句句的的主主语语，who(that)后后的的谓谓语语在在人人称称和和数数上上应应与原句的主与原句的主语语一致。例：一致。例：It is Zhang Ziyi that(who)stars
16、 the film Heroes.是章子怡主演的是章子怡主演的英雄英雄这这部影片。部影片。It is him that I want to kill.(4)如如果果强强调调双双宾宾语语中中的的一一个个，不不论论是是直直接接宾宾语语还还是是间间接接宾宾语语，根根据据动动词词的的搭搭配配关关系系，要要加加上上一一个个介介词词to或或for。例：。例：Mr Green gave Mary a birthday present.It was Mary that Mr Green gave a birthday present to.It was a birthday present that Mr G
17、reen gave to Mary.(5)如如果果原原句句是是一一般般疑疑问问句句，强强调调结结构构用用“Beit.that(who).？”形形式式；如如果果原原句句是是特特殊殊疑疑问问句句，则则用用“特殊疑特殊疑问词问词beit.that(who).？”形式。形式。Is it at the end of 2001 that China joined WTO?是是2001年底前中国加入了世年底前中国加入了世贸组织吗贸组织吗？When was it that the Chinese football team won?是何是何时时中国足球中国足球队获胜队获胜的？的？(6)如如果果原原句句中中含含
18、有有“not.until”，在在强强调调时时间间状状语语时时，将主句中的否定将主句中的否定词词not连连同状同状语语一起提前。例：一起提前。例：It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.(7)强强调调结结构构中中的的谓谓语语动动词词，除除用用be外外，还还可可用用might be或或must have been。例：。例：It might be tomorrow that she will come.It must have been an actor th
19、at came yesterday.(8)强强调结调结构不构不仅仅可独立成句，也可用在从句中。例：可独立成句，也可用在从句中。例：He told me that it is reforms that bring about a complete change in China.他他告告诉诉我我是是改改革革使使中中国国有有了了翻翻天覆地的天覆地的变变化。化。(9)被被强强调调句句子子可可能能较较长长或或有有一一个个以以上上的的强强调调成成分分。对对此就此就应应注意注意识别应识别应用。例：用。例：It was not the fish but the vegetable,which grows o
20、nly in Sichuan,that made the hot dish sour and aromatic.(Beijing Weekend)It was she who was lying in the corridor and the stranger who bent over her.是是她她躺躺在在过过道道上上，是是那那个个陌陌生生人人俯俯视视她她。(此此句句有有两两个个被被强强调调部部分分：一一个个是是she，一一个个是是the stranger。)(10)强强调结调结构中的构中的时态时态一般一般应应一致。例：一致。例：It was my two sisters who kne
21、w her best.(都都用用过过去去时时)It will not be you who will have to take the blame for this.(都用将来都用将来时时)对对此受此受责难责难的将不是你。的将不是你。3祈使句祈使句(1)祈使句一般不出祈使句一般不出现现主主语语you，例如：，例如：Never come late.Please dont forget to take your medicine.Do come on time this evening.Do be careful！千万要小心！千万要小心！(2)带带主主语语的祈使句的祈使句为为了了加加强强语语气气或
22、或特特别别指指明明向向谁谁提提出出命命令令或或要要求求时时，需需加主加主语语“you”，有，有时还时还可同可同时时加呼加呼语语。例如：。例如：Tom,you water the flowers!(3)特特别别注注意意“祈祈使使句句and/then/or陈陈述述句句”这这一一句句型。型。4感叹句感叹句(1)Whata/an形形容容词词单单数数可可数数名名词词主主语语谓谓语语What a clever boy he is!注注意意：当当名名词词为为不不可可数数名名词词(weather,advice,news,progress,information,fun等等)时时，应应去掉冠去掉冠词词a或或an
23、。What fine weather we are having today!(2)What形容形容词词复数名复数名词词主主语语谓语谓语What beautiful flowers these are!(3)How形容形容词词/副副词词主主语语谓语谓语How high the mountain is!How fast he is running!(4)How形容形容词词a/an单单数可数名数可数名词词主主语语谓语谓语How difficult a problem it is!有有时时how直接修直接修饰谓语动词饰谓语动词：How主主语语谓语谓语How we love our motherlan
24、d!5反意疑问句反意疑问句反反意意疑疑问问句句的的一一般般应应用用规规则则是是：前前面面陈陈述述部部分分如如果果用用肯肯定定形形式式，后后面面的的附附加加疑疑问问部部分分则则用用否否定定形形式式；前前面面陈陈述述部部分分如如果果是是否否定定形形式式，后后面面的的附附加加疑疑问问部部分分则则用用肯肯定定形形式式。但但在在实实际际运运用用中中，只只知知道道一一般般的的应应用用规规则则还还不不足足以以解解决决所所有的有的问题问题，以下几种特殊情况，以下几种特殊情况应应特特别别注意：注意：(1)当当 陈陈 述述 部部 分分 的的 主主 语语 是是“I dont think(suppose,believ
25、e)that从从句句”结结构构时时，疑疑问问部部分分的的主主语语和和谓谓语语需需和和从从句句中中的的主主语语和和谓谓语语在在人人称称和和数数上上一一致致，并并且且还还要要用用肯肯定定形式。如：形式。如：I dont think he can finish the work,can he?I dont believe she knows it,does she?但：但：You dont think he can finish the work,do you?(2)当当陈陈述述部部分分有有情情态态动动词词must时时，常常用用的的有有四四种种情情况：况：1)must表表 示示“必必 须须”、“禁禁
26、 止止”等等 时时，疑疑 问问 部部 分分 用用must(mustnt)。如：。如：I must answer the letter,mustnt I?You mustnt walk on grass,must you?2)must表表示示“有有必必要要”时时，附附加加疑疑问问部部分分则则用用neednt。如：。如：You must go home right now,neednt you?3)当当must用用来来对对现现在在的的情情况况进进行行“推推测测”时时，疑疑问问部部分分的的谓语谓语要根据要根据must之后的之后的动词动词采用相采用相应应的形式。如：的形式。如：You must be
27、tired,arent you?He must be studying in the classroom,isnt he?4)must可可表表示示对对过过去去的的情情况况进进行行“推推测测”(musthave过过去去分分词词)，若若强强调调对对过过去去情情况况的的推推测测(一一般般有有过过去去时时间间状状语语)，疑疑问问部部分分的的谓谓语语动动词词用用“过过去去的的助助动动词词主主语语”；若若强强调调动动作作的的完完成成(一一般般没没有有过过去去时时间间状状语语)，疑疑问问部部分分的的谓语动词谓语动词用用“havent(hasnt)主主语语”。如：。如：He must have met her
28、 yesterday,didnt he?You must have seen the film,havent you?(3)当当陈陈述述部部分分有有have to,has to或或had to时时，疑疑问问部部分分一般用一般用do的相的相应应形式。如：形式。如：We have to get up at four tomorrow,dont we?They had to leave early,didnt they?(4)当当陈陈述述部部分分有有seldom,hardly,few,little,no,never,nothing,nobody,nowhere等等否否定定词词或或半半否否定定词词时时
29、，疑疑问问部部分要用肯定形式。如：分要用肯定形式。如：She hardly knows French,does she?Few people know him,do they?Nobody can answer the question,can they?(5)当当陈陈述述部部分分的的谓谓语语是是带带有有否否定定词词缀缀(前前缀缀或或后后缀缀)的的动词时动词时，疑，疑问问部分仍用否定部分仍用否定结结构。构。He is unfit for his office,isnt he?They disliked playing football,didnt they?(6)当当陈陈述述部部分分的的谓谓语
30、语动动词词是是表表示示愿愿望望的的wish等等时时，疑疑问问部部分分的的谓谓语语动动词词用用may，而而且且前前后后两两个个部部分分均均用用肯肯定定式。如：式。如：I wish to go home now,may I?(7)当当陈陈述部分述部分为为祈使句祈使句时时，应应注意：注意：1)如如果果祈祈使使句句为为肯肯定定式式，疑疑问问部部分分用用肯肯定定式式或或否否定定式式均可。否定形式在均可。否定形式在语语气上更委婉客气。如：气上更委婉客气。如：Pass me the book,will you/wont you?Stop talking,will you?2)如果祈使句如果祈使句为为否定式，
31、疑否定式，疑问问部分只能用肯定式。如：部分只能用肯定式。如：Dont speak aloud any more,will you?Dont be careless,will you?3)祈祈使使句句若若是是以以let开开头头的的句句子子，表表示示“建建议议”(包包括括说说话话人人和和听听话话人人双双方方)时时，疑疑问问部部分分用用shall we；表表示示“请请示示”(不包括听不包括听话话人人)时时，疑，疑问问部分用部分用will you。如：。如：Lets go home now,shall we?Let us help you,will you?(8)陈陈述述部部分分用用neither.n
32、or,not only.but also等等连连接接主主语时语时，疑，疑问问部分的主部分的主语应语应用复数。如：用复数。如：Neither you nor I can do it,can we?(9)陈陈述述部部分分是是并并列列句句时时，疑疑问问部部分分常常对对后后一一个个句句子子进进行反行反问问。如：。如：He is a teacher and he has taught English for fifteen years,hasnt he?(10)陈陈述述部部分分是是复复合合句句时时，疑疑问问部部分分常常对对主主句句进进行行反反问问。如：。如：She didnt live in Hangz
33、hou when she was young,did she?He said that Mary had joined the League,didnt he?(11)复合特殊疑复合特殊疑问问句句复复合合的的特特殊殊疑疑问问句句，常常用用来来询询问问对对方方或或第第三三者者的的想想法法或或意意见见。常常由由一一般般疑疑问问句句和和特特殊殊疑疑问问句句两两种种结结构构揉揉合合而而成成。在在此此结结构构中中，特特殊殊疑疑问问句句可可以以看看作作是是一一般般疑疑问问句句结结构构中中的的宾语宾语，因此，因此这这种特殊疑种特殊疑问问句要用句要用陈陈述述语语序。如：序。如：Who do you think
34、 will win the game?你你认为谁认为谁会会赢这场赢这场比比赛赛？How much did you say the pen was?你你刚刚才才说这说这支笔支笔值值多少多少钱钱？Whom do you think he is looking after?你你认为认为他正在照料他正在照料谁谁？在在对对别别人人的的话话作作出出反反应应时时，有有时时出出现现下下面面这这类类问问句句(疑疑问问代代词词放在后面放在后面)。如：。如：Ill pay for it.我来付我来付钱钱。You will pay what？你要干什么？你要干什么？6省略句省略句为为避避免免重重复复，或或为为了了简简
35、练练，句句子子中中常常常常省省略略某某一一成成分分，可可以以省省主主语语、谓谓语语，并并列列句句中中也也可可省省去去重重复复的的内内容容。高高考考中多考中多考查查复合句中的省略。复合句中的省略。(1)当当状状语语从从句句的的主主语语和和主主句句的的主主语语一一致致时时，可可以以省省略略状状语语从从句句中中的的主主语语和和系系动动词词be，这这时时从从句句中中可可出出现现如如下下结结构：构：连词连词(as,as if,once)名名词词Once(he was)a teacher,he now works in a government office.连词连词(though,whether,whe
36、n)形容形容词词Work hard when(you are)young,or youll regret.连词连词(when,while,though)现现在分在分词词While(I was)walking along the street,I heard my name called.连连词词(when,if,even if,unless,once,until,than,as)过过去分去分词词连词连词(as if,as though)不定式不定式He opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.注注意意：当当从从句句的的主主语语和和主主句句的的宾宾语语一一致
37、致时时，间间或或也也有有这样这样的省略：的省略：Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.(2)当当从从句句中中的的主主语语是是it，谓谓语语动动词词中中又又含含有有系系动动词词be时时，可可以以把把it和和系系动动词词be一一起起省省略略。此此时时构构成成连连词词(if,unless,when,whenever)形容形容词词的的结结构。如：构。如：Unless(it is)necessary,youd better not refer to the dictionary.另另外外，我我们们还还可可以以
38、用用so或或not代代替替上上文文内内容容，此此时时可可有有ifso/not。Get up early tomorrow.If not(you dont get up early),you will miss the first bus.He may not be at home then,if so(he is not at home),leave him a note.(3)在在than或或as.as引引导导的的从从句句中中，常常会会有有一一些些成成分分在在上下文清楚的情况下被省略，如：上下文清楚的情况下被省略，如：He has made greater progress than(he
39、did)before/ever.He came home earlier than(he was)expected.She works as hard as young people.7替代替代替替代代是是指指用用替替代代词词代代替替上上文文中中出出现现过过的的词词语语或或整整个个句句子子，是是避避免免重重复复，连连接接上上下下文文的的手手段段之之一一。通通常常有有三三种种：名名词词性替代、性替代、动词动词性替代和从句性替代。性替代和从句性替代。(1)动词动词性替代性替代用用动动词词等等表表示示的的替替代代现现象象叫叫作作动动词词性性替替代代。主主要要用用法法如下：如下：用用do来替代来替代实
40、义动词实义动词，若及物，若及物，须须跟跟宾语宾语，如：，如：She plays the piano better than Mary does(plays)the guitar.John swam as well as Tom did(swam)two years ago.用用do so来替代来替代动宾结动宾结构，或构，或动动状状结结构，如：构，如：He smokes a lot.Does his brother do so?(do sosmoke a lot)Oceans are able to clean themselves,but certain seas are not able t
41、o do so.(clean themselves)do可可以以代代替替前前面面已已出出现现过过的的行行为为动动词词，以以免免重重复复，但但它的形式它的形式应应按照人称、按照人称、时态时态的需要而的需要而变变化。化。(2)从句性替代从句性替代so可可以以代代替替句句子子，和和believe,think,expect,imagine,suppose,hope,hear,be afraid,fear,call,tell等等词连词连用。用。not可可以以用用来来代代替替一一个个否否定定结结构构的的从从句句或或谓谓语语，用用于上述于上述动词动词之后。之后。请请看下列各句：看下列各句：AIts all
42、your doing.I told you so from the first.BAre you going to play football tomorrow?I hope so.(soI am going to play football)CWill it rain today?I hope not.(I hope it wont rain.)(3)动词动词不定式不定式to的替代的替代动动词词不不定定式式to替替代代承承前前的的内内容容，多多用用在在同同一一句句或或联联系系紧紧密密的的对对话话中中，为为了了避避免免重重复复，作作宾宾语语或或主主补补、宾宾补补的的不不定定式式再再次次出出现现
43、时时，to后后的的内内容容常常承承前前省省略略(只只保保留留to即即可可)。可用于下列。可用于下列结结构中：构中：形容形容词词：afraid,glad,happy,willing,able,etc.动动 词词：like,love,expect,manage,try,hope,pretend,wish,refuse,agree,want,afford,fail,forget,remember,used to,have to,etc.带带补补语语的的动动词词：tell,ask,order,allow,permit,expect,wish,force,warn,forbid,persuade,etc
44、.请请看下列各句：看下列各句：He doesnt visit me as much as he used to.他不像以前那他不像以前那样经样经常来看我了。常来看我了。Would you like to go to the film with me?Yes,Id like to.I wanted to play football after class,but mother asked me not to.注注意意：若若承承前前省省略略的的不不定定式式内内容容是是be或或作作助助动动词词用用的的have时时，to后要保留后要保留be或或have，如：，如：Are you a college s
45、tudent?No,but I want to be.1.(2009江江西西)Some of you may have finished unit one._，you can go on to unit two.A.If you mayB.If you doC.If not D.If so2(2009浙浙江江)It took _ building supplies to construct these energysaving houses.It took brains,too.A.other than B.more thanC.rather than D.less than3(2009浙浙江
46、江)_ and short of breath,Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.A.To be tired B.TiredC.Tiring D.Being tired4(2009江苏江苏)Whats the matter with Della?Well,her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party,but she still _.A.hopes to B.hopes soC.hopes not D.hopes for5(2009天天津津)The art sh
47、ow was _ being a failure;it was a great success.A.far from B.along withC.next to D.regardless of6(2009安安 徽徽)Im amazed to hear from my school teacher again._，it is ten years since we met last.A.In a word B.Whats moreC.Thats to say D.Believe it or not7(2009安安徽徽)_ a certain doubt among the people as to
48、 the practical value of the project.A.It has B.They haveC.It remains D.There remains8(2009山山东东)Mary and I see each other _，but not as often as we used to.A.sooner or later B.once in a whileC.in the end D.more or less9(2009湖湖南南)Please do me a favor_ my friend Mr.Smith to Youth Theater at 7：30 tonight
49、.A.to invite B.invitingC.invite D.invited10(2009湖湖南南)Every evening after dinner,if not _ from work,I will spend some time walking my dog.A.being tired B.tiringC.tired D.to be tired11(2009全全国国)It is often _ that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.A.said B.to sayC.saying D.being said12(2009辽
50、辽宁宁)Its the first time that he has been to Australia,_？A.isnt he B.hasnt heC.isnt it D.hasnt it13(2009陕陕西西)He must be helping the old man to water the flowers,_？A.is he B.isnt heC.must he D.mustnt he14(2009湖湖 南南)You and I could hardly work together,_？A.could you B.couldntC.couldnt we D.could we15(20