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1、英汉翻译中的倒行逆施现象n n在将英语句子翻译成汉语句子的过程中，经常会碰到一些倒行逆施的现象，即不得不将原有的英语句子结构打乱再将其译成汉语，或者是根据其意义逆着或反着将其译成汉语的现象。其实，这是英汉翻译中所采用的一种逆向翻译法，它旨在使被翻译出来的汉语译文更加通顺、流畅，更加符合汉语的表达习惯。逆向翻译法主要有下列几种类型。一、主宾换位译n n所谓主宾换位译是指在翻译时将英语句子中的主语和宾语换一下位置，使其主语译成汉语句子中的宾语，宾语或介词宾语译成汉语句子中的主语。能够换位译的英语句子虽然不是很多，它主要取决于英语句子中的谓语动词，如 fail，happen，occur，desert
2、，deny，appeal，come等，但由这些动词构成的句子却都是地地道道的英语常用句。例如：n nHis heart failed him（他失去了勇气。）n nSuch a chance denied me（我没有得到这样一个机会。）n nIf anything should happen to the machine，please let us know（如果机器出了什么毛病，请通知我们。）n nAt the most crucial moment，his self-confidence deserted him（在最关键的时刻，他失去了信心。）n nThe word finally c
3、ame to me（我终于记起了那个词。）n nGood works appeal to everyone（人人都喜爱好的作品。）n nSuddenly a good idea occurred to me（突然我想到了一个好主意。）n nSomething has gone wrong with the computer二、前后反向译n n前后反向译这种方法主要用在before作连词引导的一些状语从句当中，或用在一些诸如It was not wont be long before等固定句型当中。在这些句子中，为了使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯，有时往往不是将before译成在.之前，而是将其译成
4、后，以后或在.之后。例如：n nLook before you leap（三思而后行。）n nI knocked several times before an elderly lady answered the door（我敲了几次门以后一位老妇人才来开门。）n nNew ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted（有时候，新思想等待多年以后才能被人们完全接受。）n nIt was not long before everyone came to like him（不久之后人人都开始喜欢起他来了。
5、）n nIt wont be long before we work out some plans to promote our sales（用不了多久以后我们就会拿出促销计划。）n nIt will be three years before we can meet againn nIt was almost two weeks before they tracked down the facts they needed（几乎两个星期之后他们才找到所需要的论据。）三、正反对调译 n n正反对调译这种方法在英汉翻译中使用频率极高，它可以运用在词、短语或句子等各个层面的翻译中。它是指在英语中许多
6、从正面表达的意义，在汉语译文中却要从反面来表达，而在英语中许多从反面表达的意义，汉语译文却又从正面来表达。即正的反着译，反的正着译。例如：1英语从正面表达，汉语译文从反面表达n nHaste makes waste.n nAll good things must come to an end（天下没有不散的宴席。）n nHe knew he was mortally ill（他知道自己得的是不治之症。）n nExcuse meIm at a loss in recalling your name（对不起，我想不起你的名字来。）2英语从反面表达，汉语译文从正面表达n nHis story was
7、 nothing but lies（他的那番话纯粹是谎言。）n nOur advice was not lost on him（我们的劝告对他起了作用。）n nSuch things couldnt long escape notice.n nThe police were not going to lose sight of him（警察将会继续监视他的行踪。）四、正反对调译在固定句型中的应用 n n正反对调译这种翻译方法除了在词、短语或句子等中大量使用以外，还经常被使用在一些常用的固定句型当中。例如：n n1在notuntil句型中（从正面表达）n nWe did not notice t
8、his matter until yesterdayn nIt was not until the teacher came that we began the experiment（直到老师来了我们才开始做实验。）n n2在It is has hadsince句型中（从反面表达）n nIt is two months since Bill has smoked a cigar（比尔已经有两个月不吸烟了。）n nIt had been six or seven hours since I had had anything to eat and drink（我没吃没喝已经六、七个小时了。）n n
9、3在tooto句型中（从反面表达）n nThis book is too difficult for me to read（这本书太难，我看不懂。）n nInstances are too numerous to list（例子多得举不胜举。）n n4在cant cannottoo over enough n n句型中（从正面表达）n nYou cant be too over careful when you drive a car（开车时你务必小心谨慎。）n nWe cannot be thankful enough to them（我们对他们万分感激。）n n5在cant couldnt
10、 do comparison句型中（从正面表达）n nI couldnt agree more about it（我对此非常赞同。）n nShe couldnt have explained it more clearly（她把那件事解释得够清楚了。）n n6在would ratherthan句型中（从反面表达）n nI would rather go out for a walk than stay in the room doing nothing（我宁愿到外面去散步也不愿呆在房间里什么事也不做。）n nIm sure he would rather resign than take pa
11、rt in such a dishonest transaction（我相信他宁愿辞职也不会参与那样一桩不正当的交易。）n n7在know better than to do句型中（从反面表达）n nYou should know better than to make noise while the others are sleeping（你应该知道在别人睡觉时吵闹是不对的。）n nHe ought to know better than to go swimming straight after a meal（他应该知道饭后直接去游泳是不好的。）英语中一些容易误译的短语 英语中有些短语的字
12、面意思与实际含义相差甚远，你知道如何翻译下面这些似是而非的短语吗？n n1.They often talk horse.n n误他们常常谈论马。n n正他们常常吹牛。n ntalk horse吹牛n ntalk about/of the horse谈论马2.She has a bee in her bonnet.n n误她帽子里有只蜜蜂。n n正她神经有点失常/胡思乱想，想得出神。n nhave a bee in ones bonnet想得入迷，盯住一件事想;胡思乱想，神经有点失常3.The machine is in repair.n n误那台机器正在修理之中。n n正那台机器状况良好。n
13、nbe in repair维修良好的n nbe under repair在维修中4.Well stand up to the project.4.Well stand up to the project.n n 误误 我们都赞成这个工程。我们都赞成这个工程。n n 正正 我们将抵制这个计划。我们将抵制这个计划。n nstand up to(sb./sth.)stand up to(sb./sth.)反对，抵制；拒绝接反对，抵制；拒绝接受所给予的不公正待遇受所给予的不公正待遇n nstand up for sb./sth.stand up for sb./sth.赞成；支持；保卫；维赞成；支持；
14、保卫；维护护5.Dont make a fuss of them!5.Dont make a fuss of them!n n 误误 别对那些事大惊小怪！别对那些事大惊小怪！n n 正正 别讨好他们别讨好他们(或别溺爱他们或别溺爱他们)！n nmake a fuss of sb.make a fuss of sb.过分关心过分关心(宠爱宠爱)，过分表，过分表面化的赞扬；过度体贴；百般呵护；溺爱面化的赞扬；过度体贴；百般呵护；溺爱n nmake a fussmake a fuss大惊小怪，小题大做大惊小怪，小题大做6.She is in the dock.n n误她在码头上。n n正她在被告席上
15、。(或她在受审)。n nbe in the dock在被告席/犯人栏n nbe in dock在船坞中7.The boss gave her the sack.n n误老板给了她一个麻袋。n n正老板解雇了她。n ngive sb.the sack(boot,bag,kick)解雇；开除n ngive sb.a sack给某人一个麻袋8.That girl student is in the green.n n误那个女学生身着绿装。n n正那个女学生正值豆蔻年华。n nbe in the green处于青春期，风华正茂n nbe(dressed)in green穿绿色衣服。9.That you
16、ng man has lost his heart.n n误那个青年人失去了信心。n n正那个青年人处于热恋之中。n nlose ones heart极其喜欢(某人)，爱上(某人)n nlose heart感到沮丧、灰心；丧失信心10.The woman in labor is his wife.n n误那个劳动的妇女是他的妻子。n n正分娩的妇女是他的妻子。n nbe in labor分娩，生孩子n nlabor劳动11.Dont call him names!n n误别叫他的名字！n n正别骂他！n ncall sb.names谩骂，骂人n ncall sb.s name点名，叫某人的名1
17、2.I have seen him through.n n误我看透了他。n n正我帮助他渡过难关。see sb.through(sth.)一贯支持或帮助(某人)；向(某人)提供足以维持的东西，帮助(某人)使之得以渡过难关see through sth./sb.看透，看穿，识破13.The man is in the dumps.n n误那个人在垃圾堆里。n n正那个人神情沮丧。n nbe in the dumps抑郁的，闷闷不乐的n nbe in a dump在垃圾堆里14.They are fighting like cats and dogs.n n误他们像猫狗一样地打架。n n正他们正大
18、打出手。n nfight like cats and dogs大打出手15.He is a confidence man.n n误他是个有信心的人。n n正他是个骗子。n na confidence man(欺诈钱财的)骗子n na confident man自负的人，有信心的人16.Lets talk turkey.n n误让我们谈谈火鸡。n n正让我们谈谈正事。n ntalk turkey坦率认真地谈话，谈正经事n ntalk of/about the turkey谈论火鸡你会译这些句子吗 He served me with a kind of coffee.He served me wi
19、th coffee of a kind.He is not a little afraid of it.He is not a bit afraid of it.He went to Beijing for pleasure.He went to Beijing with pleasure.He went to Beijing at pleasure.His English is anything but correct.His English is nothing but correct.Your request is out of question.Your request is out
20、of the question.The old man is in charge of the children.The old man is in the charge of the children.He has words with me.He has a word with me.They are of age.They are of an age.May we meet again!We may meet again.He doesnt think much about that suggestion.He doesnt think much of that suggestion.His speech was reported at length in the newspapers.At length,his speech was reported in the newspapers.