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1、状语从句（一）pre-class quiz：u The old man was nearly knocked over by a car_ he was crossing the street.u I had no sooner gone to bed_ someone knocked on the door.u _ there is a oppression,there is resistance.uYou may borrow my dictionary_ you return it to me on time.uKeep the windows closed_ it should rai
2、n.uYou should study_ Mary does.uThe blind man asked the driver to stop the elephant _he could have a“look”uA neoconservative once said that America would not be afraid_ all the other countries throughout the world united to oppose it.u_ you work hard,you will surely pass the final examination.u_ har
3、d he studies,he often fails in his examinations.keys：while/than/where/if(providedthat)/incase/as/sothat(inorderthat)/evenif(eventhough)/aslongas/nomatterhow(however)第一节时间状语从句一When,while和as引导的状语从句1.当while的意思是“在期间”时，所引导的从句谓动词要用延续性的动态动词或表示状态的静态动词；2.When的意思是“当.的时候，在.期间”，它引导的从句有时可以代替while或as引导的从句。3.As可用w
4、hen或while代替，区别在于as更强调主句动作和从句动作的同时性。sawhimashewasgettingoffthebus.(whenhegotoffthebus)思考：canweusewhilehere?Wetalkedasweate.我们边吃边谈。（canweusewhenorwhilehere?）注：when和while有时可起并列连词的作用1）when作并列连词用时意为“突然”，“正在这时”，通常用于句末，不能用于句首。从句的谓语动词常用一般过去时，主句通常用过去进行时，过去完成时或beaboutto结构等。ShewasabouttoleavewhenMarkarrivedsos
5、hestayedalittlelonger.Hehadbeenwalkingunderthetreeswhenanapplefelldown.2)while意为“.而.”,.但是.，连接两个意义上相互对比的成分。Heknewhowtoanswerthequestion,whileIcouldntanswerit.JanewasdressedinbrownwhileMarywasdressedinblue.二一些形式上为副词的连接词引导的时间状语从句有些表示时间的副词如once,directly,immediately等也可作连接词用来引导时间状语从句，意为“一.就.”DirectlyIrece
6、ivedyourletter,Icamebackatonce.Immediatelyhecamehome,Itoldhimaboutit.Instantlythebuttonispressed,themineexplodes.地雷爆炸三某些表示时间的名词短语引导的时间状语从句某些表示时间的名词词组如：themoment,theminute,theinstant,theday,theyear,anytime,last(first)time,nexttime,eachtime,everytime等也可用来引导时间状语从句。EverytimeImethim,Ifoundhimtobetaller.Y
7、oucancallmeanytimeyouwantto.ThelasttimeIwenttotheUnitedStates,Ivisitedmanycities.Theinstanttheresultcameout,shetoldus.Themomenthesawme,heturnedpale.四连接词assoonas,since,nosoonerthan等引导的时间状语从句1）连接词assoonas,hardly/scarcely/barely.when/before.，nosooner.than等引导的时间状语从句，意为“刚（一）就.”Assoonastheirmothercamein,t
8、hechildrencriedoutwithpleasure.Jackhadscarcely/hardlyseenmewhen/beforehelefttheroom.杰克一看到我就离开了房间。Thespyhadnosoonerreturnedhomethanhewastoldtogotoanothercountry.那个间谍一踏进国门就奉命要去他国。注：在nosooner.than,hardly/scarcely/barely.when/before.引导的时间状语从句中，如果把nosooner,hardly,scarcely,barely放在句首，则要用倒装结构。Nosoonerhadhe
9、heardthenewsthanhefainted.他一听到这个消息就晕了过去。Scarcelyhadheenteredtheroomwhenthetelephonerang.五till与until1.一般情况下可以互换，但是1）till多与否定形式的主句连用，而until多与肯定形式的主句连用。Hedidnthandinhispapertillhehadgoneitover.(用until也是正确的)否定Youmuststayinbeduntilyourecoverfromyourillness.(用till也是正确的)肯定在句首只能用until，此时若是在肯定句中谓语为延续性动词意为“直到
10、.为止”；若是在否定句中谓语为终止性（非延续性）动词意为“直到.才”，此时相当于before.Untilhecamebackthemotherwouldwait.妈妈要一直等到他回来为止。UntilyoutoldmeIhadnoideaofwhatshesaid.直到你告诉我我才知道她说的什么意思。2.如果Notuntil位于句首，需用倒装结构。Notuntilafterthewardidtheymeetagain.直到战后他们才又相见。NotuntilhetoldmedidIknewit.直到他告诉我我才知道这件事。3.Itisnotuntil.that结构表示强调。Itwasntuntil
11、theyhadadiscussionthattheymadeuptheirmind.他们直到讨论过后才下定决心。思考：Itwasnotuntilshehadarrivedhome_rememberedherappointmentwiththedoctor.AwhenBthatsheCandsheDshe答案为B.that在句中引导强调句型。直到她到家里才想起与医生有个约会。六Since引导时间状语从句与搭配的时态用法1.通常情况下，在含有since从句的复合句中，主句用完成时，从句用一般过去时态。Ihavestudied(havebeenstudying)ChinesesinceIwentto
12、school.Hisfirstbookwasagreatsuccessandhehasbeenfamousasawritereversince.他的第一本书非常畅销，从那以后他就成了一位名作家。2.但是，当主句的主语是时间的it时，主句可用一般时态,从句仍用过去时态。ItistwentyyearssinceIsawyoulast.3.当从句的动词是静态动词或延续性动态动词时，从句也可用完成时态。（以上例句的went,saw都是非延续性动词）更多比较见教材P298第二节地点状语从句地点状语从句一般由where,wherever,everywhere和anywhere引导。Wherethereis
13、water,thereislife.Whereveryougo,youdbettertakeanumbrellawithyou.Everywherewewent,wewerewarmlywelcomed.Youmaysitanywhereyoulike.第三节原因状语从句一.Because，since和as引导的原因状语从句在强调句式中，若强调原因状语从句，只能用because引导的从句Itwasbecausehewascarelessthathefailed.Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidntgowithus.二.复合连词引导的原因状语从句复合连词inthat,n
14、owthat,seeingthat,consideringthat等可用来引导原因状语从句。例句见教材p300思考：notthat.butthatIhaventfinishedwritingthereportyet,notthatIamlazy,butthatIhavenotime.补充：介词词组引导的原因状语从句IeatpotatoesforthesimplereasonthatIlikethem.Idarenttellyouwhathedid,forfearthatheshouldbeangrywithme.Hewasnotseverelypunishedforhiscrimeontheg
15、roundthathewasyoung.第四节条件状语从句一If,unless引导的条件句注：1)unless不能代替if.not引导的虚拟条件句Marywouldnthavebeensoseriouslyillif（Not：unlessshehad）shehadntbeensocarelessaboutherhealth.2)Unless不能用and连接两个unless从句，而if.not不受限制。Shewontloseweightifshedoesnotkeepadietandifshedoesnottakeexerciseeveryday.不能说：Shewontloseweightunl
16、essshekeepsadietandunlessshetakesexerciseeveryday.二其他用来引导条件状语从句的连词1)Aslongas/onconditionthat/Suppose/supposing/Provided/providingthat/Given(that)2)provided,providing和ifIf可以代替Provided,但是Provided不一定能代替If。Iwilllendmoneytoyou,provided(=if)youpaymebackin3weeks.If(not:provided)youdontbelieveme,Icanthelpyo
17、u.3)incase:表示不希望的前提条件，表万一。三.有时分词短语或介词短语可以表示条件：讲解见教材P303（3）四条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时如果主句为一般将来时，从句谓语需用一般现在时代替一般将来时IfIhaveenoughmoneynextyear,IwillgotoEngland.Ifyouarefreetomorrow,Iwillgotoseeyou.但是，如果从句表示的是主语的意志，意愿或以you作主语表示请求时，则用will,would。Idbeverygladifyouwouldcome.如果你愿意来我会非常高兴。Ifyouwillgo,Illgowithyou.如果
18、你愿意去，我也去。状语从句（二）第五节方式状语从句一as,justas(so)引导的方式状语从句WeshouldstudyasLenindid.Justasthereislife,sotheremustbedeath.二Asif和asthough引导的方式状语从句Hewalksasifheisdrunk.陈述语气表推测很可能喝醉了。Hewalksasifhewere(was)drunk.虚拟语气，实际上没喝醉。Like和as的用法区别Like引导的结构描述某种特征或品质，而as引导的指动作进行的方式。NowIcantsinglikeIusedto.现在我唱歌不如过去。指唱歌的质量而不是方式。（
19、好，差）NowIcantsingasIusedto.现在我不能像过去那样唱歌。指唱歌的方式而不是质量。（流行，美声）Hewritesjustlikehissisterdidwhenshewasyoung.Hewritesjustashissisterdidwhenshewasyoung.Theway引导的方式状语从句Doittheway(as)Idoit.Thewayyouarestudyingnow,youwontmakemuchprogress.像你这样学习，你是不会有多大进步的。第六节目的状语从句一.sothat,inorderthat,that等引导的目的状语从句在sothat,ino
20、rderthat引导的目的状语从句中常用may,might,can,could.Weshallfinishthistasksothatwemay(can)startanother.Marystudiedhardinorderthatshemight(could)wintheprize.二Lest,forfearthat,incase引导目的状语从句引导含消极意义的目的状语从句，该类从句常用虚拟形式should+do,should可省略。三目的状语从句可以简化成inorderto,soasto引导的不定式短语，也可简化为forthesakeof,forthepurposeof,withaview
21、to引导的介词短语。Weshallfinishthistasksothatwemay(can)startanother.=weshallfinishthistaskinorderto/soastostartanother.或forthesakeof/forthepurposeof/withaviewtostartingagain.四Sothat引导目的状语从句和引导结果状语从句的区别Sothat引导的目的状语从句，可放在主句之前或之后，并常与may,might,can,could等情态动词连用；sothat引导的结果状语从句只能放在主句之后，并常有逗号和主句分开。Hespokeloudlyso
22、thateveryonecouldhearhim.目的状语从句Shewasexhausted,sothatshecouldnteatdinner.她疲惫得吃不下晚餐。结果状语从句第七节结果状语从句一.That,sothat,suchthat,so.that,such.that引导的结果状语从句在sothat结构中，so+adj./adv.+that，而在such.that中，such+a(an)+n.+that./Such+n.+that.,/such+复数可数名词+thatItwassuchabadday(sobadaday)thatIhadtostayathomeWehavehadsuch
23、badweatherthatwecanhardlygoout.Wehavehadsuchcolddaysthatwecansimplydonothing.注：当主句的主语和从句的主语指同一个人或物时，that引导的从句可用不定式短语代替。IwalkedsofastthatIfollowedhim.=Iwalkedsofastastofollowhim.IwassoexcitedthatIcouldhardlyfallasleep.=Iwassoexcitedasnottofallasleep.二.在指数量多少的Many，few,much,little前只用so.Theteachergaveme
24、somanybooksthatIdidnothaveenoughtimetoreadthemall.Thereissolittlewaterinthiswellthatthevillagershavetofetchdrinkingwaterinapollutedriver./Heissuchalittlechildthathecannotmovesuchabigbox.这里Little不指数量，而表示veryyoung.So或such位于句首时，主句需用倒装语序Sofiercewastheirdogthatnoonedaredcomenear.Suchagoodgrammarbookisthi
25、sthatyououghttohaveit.第八节比较状语从句一.as.as和than引导的比较状语从句as.as引导的是同级比较，意为“和.一样.”。than引导的是不同级比较，意为“比.更.”二The+比较级the+比较级结构Theharderheworked,thehappierhegrew.Themorehethoughtaboutit,theangrierhewas.第九节让步状语从句一.Though,although引导的让步状语从句一般情况下可以互换，但although比though语气更重。1.当though相当于语气较弱的but时，意为“然而”，此时不能用although代替
26、。Illtrytocometothedinner,thoughImverybusy.我想来吃饭，不过我很忙。2.当强调时，although优先于though.Healwaysgoeshisownway,althoughIhaveadvisedhimnotto.3.当使用倒装结构时，用though而不用although.Strangethoughitmayseem(thoughitmayseemstrange),heremainedsingleallhislife.他终生未娶，此事似乎令人觉得奇怪。4.当though的意思是however时，要放于从句末尾Hesaidhewouldcome;he
27、didnt,though.二.Evenif和eventhough引导的让步状语从句，意为“即使”参见教材P310（2）三.As和though引导的让步状语从句As和though引导的让步状语从句通常用倒装结构，as必须用倒装结构，though可用也可不用倒装。这种倒装是把从句中的表语，状语或谓语动词放在句首。当出现倒装结构时，要用as/though代替although.Richasheis(Thoughheisrich),sheisverythrifty.Tryasyouwill(thoughyouwilltry),Idontthinkyoucan.MuchasIadmiredhiscoura
28、ge(thoughIadmiredhiscourageverymuch),Idontthinkheactedwisely.注：作表语的名词前如有不定冠词a(an),在倒装结构中，前面不能再加冠词eg.Childasheis(thoughheisachild),hecancarrysuchaheavybox.四.Whatever,however,whoever,wherever,nomatterwhether,whether,nomatterhow/what/who等引导的让步状语从句。见教材P311（4）五.While引导置于句首的让步状语从句,相当于although.意为“虽然”eg.Whi
29、le(although)Isympathizewithyou,IamafraidthereislittleIcando.表示让步的固定表达法见教材P311(6)用法In-classexercises1.The engineers are going through with their highway project,_ the expenses have risen.A.even though B just because C now that D as though 2._ nobody was very enthusiastic about it,they decided to canc
30、el the trip.A See that B Seeing that C So D When3.Anyone can borrow books from this library_ he keeps them clean and returns them in time.A.even if B unless C so that D as long as 4.Mother shut the window_ she might keep the insects out.A because B in order that C till D as 5.They agreed to rent the
31、 house_ the roof should be repaired.A on condition that B as soon as C when D unless6._ I admit that the problems are difficult,I dont agree that they cannot be solved.A While B Suppose C Because D As though.7.It was found that although the girl could perceive things with her fingers,this ability ce
32、ased_ her hands were wet.A the moment when B the moment C in that moment D before8._ you return those books to the library immediately,you will have to pay a fine.A Until B Unless C If D Provided9._ difficulties they may come across,they will help one another to get over them.A However B Whatever C
33、Whichever D Since10.He married_ he loved her but because he was indebted to her.A because not B not because C because D though 11.When a gun was pointing against your head,you should do _ A like you were told to B as to what told to C like what you were told to D as you were told to 12.The more civilized man has become,_ he is limited by the disadvantage of his environment.A and the more B the less C lest D and the less13.His diligence was _ he made great progress A so that B such that C in order that D so as that KEYS:ABDBAABBBBDBB