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1、语言学总复习Chapter1 Invitations to linguisticsn1.the definition and the design features of language语言的定义与特征n2.the origin and the function of language语言的起源和功能n3.main branches of linguistics study语言学研究的范围和内容n4.important distinctions in linguistics语言学的一些重要概念的区分Definition of languagenLanguage is a system of
2、arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Design features of languagen1.arbitrariness任意性n2.duality二重性n3.creativity创造性n4.displacement不受时空限制性/移位性Origin of languagenDivine-origin theory 神授说nBow-wow theory 汪汪理论 摹声说nPooh-pooh theory 噗噗理论 感叹说nYo-he-ho theory 呦嘿吼理论 劳动叫喊说Functions of languagen1.i
3、nformative function信息功能n2.interpersonal function 人际功能n3.performative function 施为功能n4.emotive function 感情功能n5.phatic communion 寒暄交谈n6.recreational function 娱乐功能n7.metalingual function 元语言功能Definition of linguisticsnLinguistics is the scientific study of language.n语言学是对语言的科学研究。Main branches of linguis
4、ticsn1.phonetics 语音学n2.phonology 音系学n3.morphology 形态学n4.syntax 句法学n5.semantics 语义学n6.pragmatics 语用学Macrolinguistics n1.psycholinguistics 心理语言学n2.sociolinguistics 社会语言学n3.anthropological linguistics 人类语言学putational linguistics 计算机语言学Important distinctions in linguisticsn1.prescriptive&descriptiven规定式
5、和描写式 n2.synchronic&diachronic n共时研究与历时研究n3.langue&parole 语言与言语petence&performance n语言能力与语言运用Chapter2 Speech soundsn1.speech organs 发音器官n2.distinction,classification and the criteria of description between consonants and vowels 辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则n3.coarticulation and phonetic transcriptions 协同发音和语音转写 n
6、4.phonmes and allophones音位和音位变体n5.phonological process,phonological rules and distinctive features 音系过程、音系规则和区别特征n6.syllable structure,stress and intonation音节结构 重音和语调Major branches of phoneticsnArticulatory phonetics 发音语音学nAcoustic phonetics 声学语音学nAuditory phonetics 听觉语音学Speech organsThe lungs（肺），th
7、e tracheatrek(气管),the throat（咽喉）,the nose and the mouthThe mouth:the tongue,the palate plt(颚)The throat:pharynx frks(upper)(咽),larynx lrks(lower)(喉头)The vocal tract(声道):the pharynx,mouth,and noseThe mouth:the oral cavity(口腔)The nose:the nasal cavity(鼻腔)nTable 2.1 A chart of English consonantsEnglish
8、 vowels(RP)Four basic requirements for the description of vowels 1)the height of tongue raising(high,mid,low)2)the position of the highest part of the tongue(front,central,back)3)the length or tenseness of the vowel(tense vs.lax or long vs.short)4)lip-rounding(rounded vs.unrounded)Coarticulation协同发音
9、nanticipatory coarticulation(先期协同发音).lambnit is perseverative coarticulation(后滞协同发音).mapPhonetic transcription标音nNarrow transcription严式标音nBroad transcription 宽式标音Phonemes and allophones音位与音位变体n1.minimal pairs 最小对立体n2.phoneme 音位n3.allophones 音位变体plementary distribution 互补分布n5.free variation 自由变体Assim
10、ilation rule 同化规则nProgressive assimilation 顺同化 mapnRegressive assimilation 逆同化 lambSuprasegmental features超音段特征nSyllable音节nStress重音nTone声调nIntonation语调The syllable structure 音音节节 Onset 节节首首 Rime韵基韵基 Nucleus节节核核 Coda节节尾尾 k r k tChapter 3 From morpheme to phrasen1.the formation of word词的构成n2.the class
11、ification of word 词的分类n3.word formation（1）：from morpheme to word构词法1：从词素到词n4.word formation（2）：lexical change 构词法2：词汇的变化The formation of word词的构成n1.morpheme 词素n2.free morpheme 自由词素n3.bound morpheme 黏着词素n4.root 词根n5.stem 词干n6.affix 词缀n7.inflectional affix and derivational affix 屈折词缀与派生词缀The classific
12、ation of word 词的分类n n1 variable and invariable words可变词与不变词n n2 grammatical(functional)and lexical(content)words词汇词和语法词n n3 closed-class and open-class words 封闭类词和开放类词n n4 word class词类Word formation(1):from morpheme to word构词法1：从词素到词n1.inflectional morphology 屈折构词n2.derivational morphology(root+affi
13、x)派生构词（其中包含compounding(word+word)）Word formation(2):lexical change构词法2：词汇的变化n1.Invention 新创词语n2.Blending 混拼词n3.abbreviation(clipping)缩写词n4.Acronym 首字母缩写词n5.Back-formation 逆构词法n6.Analogical creation类推构词n7.class shift 词性变换n8.Borrowing 外来词Chapter 4 From Word to Textn1.Syntactic relations句法关系n2.Grammati
14、cal construction and its constituents语法结构与成分n3.Syntactic function句法功能n4.Category 范畴n5.Phrase,clause and sentencen6.Recursiveness递归性n7.Beyond the sentenceDefinition of syntaxnSyntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language,or the
15、 study of the interrelationship between elements in sentence structures.n句法就是研究语言不同成分组成句子的规则或句子结构成分之间的关系。Syntactic relations句法关系n1.positional relation位置关系n2.relation of substitutability替代关系n3.relation of co-occurrence同现关系n注意每种关系的不同名称及举例Functional approach功能学派nIdentification of nSubject,nPredicate,(p
16、redicator)nObject.The structural approach结构主义学派(Saussure)nIC Analysis:Immediate Constituent Analysis直接成分分析法nTree diagram树形图nEndocentric and exocentric constructions向心结构与离心结构（有无head）nCoordination and subordination并列与从属（有几个head）Traditional approach传统学派nNumber数(singular,plural,dual etc.)nGender 性(mascu
17、line,feminine,neuter)nCase 格(accusative宾格,nominative,主格dative与格 etc.)nAgreement 一致性(anaphoric前照应,head and its dependent与中心词的一致,verb and subject 主谓一致)Phrase,clause and sentencenPhrase&word groupnClause(finite&non-finite,coordinate and subordinate clause)nSentence Recursiveness 递归性nConjoining并列 nEmbed
18、ding从属Beyond the sentencenSentential connection句子nCohesion 衔接nCohesion is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax.It refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text,and defines it as a text.Cohesive devices衔接手段conjunction连接词连接词ellipsis省略省略lexical collocation词汇搭配词汇搭配l
19、exical repetition词汇重复词汇重复reference所指所指substitution,替换替换 etc.Chapter 5 Meaningn1.Leechs seven types of meaningn2.referential theory指称论n3.sense relations涵义关系n4.sense relations between sentences句子之间的涵义关系ponential analysis语义成分分析法n6.sentence meaningLeechs seven types of meaningn1.conceptual meaning概念意义n2
20、.connotative meaning内涵意义n3.social meaning社会意义n4.affective meaning情感意义n5.reflected meaning反射意义n6.collocative meaning搭配意义n7.thematic meaning主位意义Referential theory指称论n1.definition nThe theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to,or stands for,is known as the referent
21、ial theory.n将词的意义和它所指或所代表的事物联系起来的意义理论叫做指称论。nSemantic triangle语义三角nSense and reference涵义和所指Sense relations 涵义关系n1.synonymy同义关系n2.antonymy反义关系n3.hyponymy上下义关系n4.polysemy一词多义n5.homonymy同音/同形异义关系Sense relations between sentencesn1.synonymy同义关系n2.inconsistency不一致关系n3.entailment蕴含关系n4.presupposition预设关系n5
22、.contradiction自相矛盾n6.semantic anomalynmli语义异常Componential analysis语义成分分析法nComponential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.This approach is based on the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components,called semantic components,sem
23、antic features or semes.nfather:PARENT(x,y)&MALE(x)x is a parent of y,and x is male.ntake:CAUSE(x,(HAVE(x,y)x causes x to have y.ngive:CAUSE(x,(HAVE(x,y)x causes x not to have y.ndie:BECOME(x,(ALIVE(x)n x becomes not alive.nHow about“Kill”?nkill:CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y,(ALIVE(y)n x causes y to become not
24、alive.Sentence meaningnAn integrated theory综合理论nLogical semantics逻辑语义学（propositional logic命题逻辑）（predicate logic 谓词逻辑）Chapter 8 Language in use n1.sentence meaning and utterance meaningn2.speech act theory言语行为理论n3.conversational implicature会话含义理论Speech Act Theory言语行为理论nPerformatives and constatives施为
25、句和叙事句nTheory of illocutionary act行事行为理论nLocutionary act发话行为nIllocutionary act行事行为/言外之意nPerlocutionary act取效行为Conversational implicature会话含义理论nCooperative principle（CP）合作原则nCharacteristics of conversational implicature 会话含义的特点nMaxims of CP:QUANTITY 数量准则 1.Make your contribution as informative as is r
26、equired.（使你的话语按照当前的交谈目的所要求的那样信息充分）2.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.（不要使你的话语比所要求的信息更充分）QUALITY 质量准则 Try to make your contribution one that is true.（设法使你的话语真实）1.Do not say what you believe to be false.（不要讲明知是虚假的话）2.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.（
27、不要说没证据的话）nRELATION 关联/关系准则 Be relevant.（要有关联）MANNER 方式准则 Be perspicuous.（要清晰）1.Avoid obscurity of expression.（避免晦涩）2.Avoid ambiguity.（避免歧义）3.Be brief.（要简练）4.Be orderly.（要有序）Characteristics of converstaional implicaturenCalculability可推导性nCancellability 可取消性nNon-detachability 不可分离性nNon-conventionality 非常规性