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1、LectureFiveParagraphWriting(2)英文段落主题句的写作ITheComponentsofaParagraph段落是文章的基本构成部分,写好段落是些好文章的第一步.文章的段落有若干相互有联系的句子组成,说明一个主题思想,或从某一角度对文章的主题进行阐述.然而,段落不是有一组句子任意砌成.它具有一定的结构模式和基本特征,并遵循一定的展开手法。4typesofparagraphs:thetopicalparagraphtheintroductoryparagraphthetransitionalparagraphtheconcludingparagraphThe Topica
2、l Paragraph:Ifaparagraphhasacentralidea,andallthesentencesaredevelopedcloselyaroundtheidea,theparagraphiscalledatopicalparagraph.The Introductory Paragraph:agoodideaofthemainsubjectofthewriting,asuggestionofyourattitudetowardsthesubjectandthedirectioninwhichyouressayistobedeveloped.The Transitional
3、Paragraph:asignalofachangeincontentinapieceofwriting.E.g.Inthemodernworldnewinventionsandnewscientificdiscoveriesaremadedaily.Newproductsofallkindsappearinshops.Socialrelationshipsandwaysoflivingchangerapidly.Whenpeoplewanttotalkorwriteaboutallthesenewthings,theyneednamesforthemandwordstodescribethe
4、m.Wheresoallthenewwordscomefrom?(introductoryparagraph)Herearetenwaysinwhichnewwordsarise.Thereareafewothers,buttheseareenoughtosuggestwhathappens.(transitionalparagraph)The Conclusion ParagraphItstrengthensthemessagebyemphasizingthemainpointsofthewholeessayinasummary,drawingaconclusionfrompreceding
5、paragraphs,evaluatingwhathasbeendone,expressingajudgmentorakindoffeeling,orechoingtheopeningparagraphtobringanessayfullcircle.E.gCompetingwithtelevisionsincetheearly1950s,theAmericanfilmindustryhaschangeddramatically.Sohavefilmsthemselves.Butwhateverchangesarebroughtabout,motionpictureswillalwaysrem
6、ainanimportantAmericanartformandssignificantculturalforce.1 段落的段落的结构构(Structure of Paragraph)Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics./Firstofall,gold has a lustrous beauty thatisresistanttocorrosion.Therefore,itissuitableforjewelry,coins,andornamentalpurposes.Goldneverneedstobepol
7、ishedandwillremainbeautifulforever,forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago./Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldis its usefulness to industry and science.Formanyyears,ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplications.Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastr
8、onautssuits.Astronautsweargold-platedheatshieldsforprotectionoutsidespaceships.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.1)TheTopicSentenceinaTopicalParagraphInatopicalparagraph,thecentralideaortopicisusuallyexpressedinacompletesentence.(adescriptiveoranarrativeparagraphocc
9、asionallymaynothaveatopicsentence;anexpositoryoranargumentativeparagraphusuallydoeshaveatopicsentence)TheplacementofthetopicsentenceTherequirementsofthetopicsentence:.TheCompletenessoftheTopicSentenceacompletesentence.TheClarityoftheTopicSentencestatethecentralideaclearly,definitely,andunmistakably.
10、PublichygieneinChangshaisadebatablesubject.PublichygieneinChangshaisaseriousproblem.Toplayanykindofmusicalinstrument,oneneedstoknowsomethingabouttheinstrument.Toplaythepiano,oneneedstospendmuchtimepracticingfingerexercises.TheSpecificityoftheTopicSentenceBeingspecificmeanslimitingthetopictothesizesu
11、itableforaparagraph.Collegestudentslearnhowtowritegoodcompositions.Thetitleofacompositionshouldprovokethereadersinterestandgivehimanideaofwhatthecompositionisabout.TheControllingIdeaoftheTopicSentence:keywordse.g.Ourlibraryisthesourceofspiritualwealth.Plasticwrappersworsentheenvironmentalpollution.T
12、heWritersPointofViewAgoodtopicsentenceshouldrevealthewriterspointofvieworthepositionwhichthewritertakesindealingwiththesubject.e.g.Itisashametowastefood.TheEnglisheveningpartylastnightwasagreatsuccess.LastMondaymorning,Ihadanembarrassingexperienceonthebusonmywaytowork.Thegrowingheavypopulationisamaj
13、orprobleminChina.TheWordingoftheTopicSentence 主题句(Topic Sentence):说明段落的中心思想或段落主题的句子,是段落展开的依据.它由两部分组成,即主题(topic)和支配思想(controllingidea)构成.支配思想规定段落发展的脉络,限制主题覆盖的范围.主题句起到概括段落中心思想作用,它往往是一个概括性的句子.如果太宽,太笼统,则超出一段文章的范围,无法把问题说清楚.通常在写作时对自己提一个what,who,when,why,how这样的问题.牢记主题的三个条件:A topic sentence is a complete se
14、ntence.DrivingonfreewaysTheimportanceofcommunicationHowtoregisterforcollegeclassesA topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea.DrivingonfreewaysrequiresskillandalertnessGold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.Registeringforcollegeclassescanbeafrustratingexperience
15、fornewstudents.A topic sentence is the most general statement in the paragraphItgivesonlythemainidea.Itdoesnotgiveanyspecificdetails.Eg:TheArabicoriginofmanyEnglishwordsisnotalwaysobvious.(ok)ItiswarmerinGuangzhouthaninBeijingbecauseGuangzhouisinthesouthwhileBeijingisinthenorth.(toospecific)Englishi
16、stoodifficulttolearn.(toogeneral)2).TheSupportingSentencesofaParagraphOthersentencesthatexplain,clarify,orjustifythetopicsentencearesupportingsentences.Theyprovidedetails,facts,examples,reasons,testimony,etc.,toprovethetopicsentencesothatyourreaderwillbeconvincedthatwhatthetopicsentenceexpressesisri
17、ght.3)TheConcludingSentenceofaParagraphIthelpstoleaveadeeperimpressionofthemaintopicoftheparagraphonyourreaders.Noteveryparagraphhasaconcludingsentence,noristhelastsentenceinaparagraphnecessarilyaconcludingsentence:thelastsentencecouldbethetopicsentence.3)结尾句(Concluding Sentence):对文章的内容进行归纳总结.结尾句必须与
18、主题句相呼应.有些段落短不必有结尾句;有时主题句在段尾,主题句就是结尾句.Itmeansthelastsentencehasthesamemeaningasthetopiconebutnotinthesamesentencepattern.Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.扩展句(Supporting Sentences):Theyexplainthetopicsentencebygivingreasons,examples,facts,statistics,andquotations.Som
19、eofthesupportingsentencesthatexplainthetopicsentenceaboutgoldare:扩展句对主题句的中心思想进行详细解释,举例说明加以论证.一般展开句有下来特点(1)清楚详实,不可含糊其词或言之无物,必须有强烈的说服力.(2)条理分明,上句为下句铺平道路,下句是上句的自然延伸.Firstofall,goldhasalustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty-t
20、hreecenturiesago.Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronautssuits.E.g.Goodmannersareimportantinallcountries,butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry.Americanseatwithknivesandforks;Japaneseeatwithchopsticks.America
21、nssay“Hi”whentheymeet;Japanesebow.ManyAmericanmenopendoorsforwomen;Japanesemendonot.Onthesurface,itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericanarenotgoodmannersinJapan,andinawaythisistrue.Butinanycountry,theonlymannersthatareimportantarethoseinvolvingonepersonsbehaviorstowardanotherperson.Inallcountriesitisgood
22、mannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardothersandbadmannersnotto.Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry.Bamboohasmanyuses.Itstenderyoungshootscanbeeaten.Bamboostemsaresostrongthattheyareusedtobuildhouses,andevenhighbridgesoverrivers.Thesoftpulpinsidebamboostemscanbemadeintofinepap
23、er.Inwarmercountries,manypeoplehavetheirhousesmadeentirelyofbamboo:thewalls,thefloor,theroof.Nearlyeverythinginsidetheirhousesismadeofbamboo.Nowonderpeoplesaybambooisausefulplant.2 段落的特点段落的特点1)段落的整体性或一致性(Unity):一段文章只能讨论一个中心思想,文章中所有的细节都要与主题相关,利于说明这个中心思想.Unitymeansthatyoudiscussonlyonemainideainaparag
24、raph.Themainideaisstatedinthetopicsentence,andtheneachsupportingsentencedevelopsthatidea.2)连贯性(Coherence):各句子的安排必须符合一定的顺序和条理:句子与句子之间衔接要紧密,过度要流畅Coherencemeansthatyourparagraphiseasytoreadandunderstandbecauseyoursupportingsentencesareinlogicalorderandyourideasareconnectedbytheuseofappropriatetransitio
25、nsignals.TheCoherenceandContinuityofaParagraphtransitionsandconnectors可以通过俩列两种手段来实现(1)内容的安排方法-按一定的逻辑顺序(时间/空间/一般与具体/重要与非重要).所谓的一般与具体的顺序主要是指段落的整体框架.通常,主题句在段首的段落按“一般到具体”,即演绎顺序写成;主题句在段尾,则是按“具体到一般”,即归纳顺序写成.重要与非重要的顺序是针对段落内部细节排列次序而言.从非重要到重要的顺序是重要性递增;从重要到非重要是重要性递减。(2)使用过度性词语-句与句之间使用适当的过渡性词语,起“启,承,转,合”的作用.引导
26、读者全面了解句子见的逻辑,准确地理解段落的思想.3 段落的展开手法段落的展开手法1)时间顺序法:按事物发生的时间先后为线索展开段落,主要是叙述一件事物的经过.主要用于故事,自传等.动词常用过去时E.g.Inmythirtyyearsasasecretary,Ihavehadtomasterthreedifferentkindsofwritingmachines.Ibeganmycareeronthemanualtypewriter.Thentenyearslater,Ifoundmyselfbeingforcedtoadapttoanelectrictypewriter.Recently,Ih
27、avetogiveupmyelectrictypewriterforawordprocessor.Afterusingit,IdontbelieveIwouldreturningtotheageof按程序或步骤展开段落,主要用于叙述做一件事应遵守的程序或步骤,多用于科技文章和操作说明书,动词常用被动语态E.g.Doyouknowhowteaismade?First,.Then,.Next,Afterthis,.Finally.atthebeginning/tostartwith/afterthat/later,intheend,finally/2)空间顺序法:主要用于描述一个场所或空间.几天做
28、法是:先选定一个位置,以此为出发点依次叙述和描写.方法有:从上到下;从左到右;有远到近;有表及里;按顺时针方向inbetween/nextto/ontheleft/onthetopof/opposite/closeto3)举例法:在主题句中开门见山摆出自己的观点,然后举出具体事例对其进行说明.对具体细节的安排:一般到具体具体到一般forinstance/suchas/take.forexample/4)对照比较法:比较是讨论两个或几个问题相同点的方法;对比是讨论两个或几个问题不同点的方法.比较对比的对象必须是同一类型的事物,比较项应属于同一范畴.具体做法有:先描述甲方的所有细节,再描述乙方的所
29、有细节;两方听说描述,逐点比较atthesametime/similarly/comparedwith/justas/incontrastwith/insteadof/inspiteof/E.g.Catsmakebetterpetsthandogs.Dogsaremessyanddonotcleanupafterthemselves.Theyeattoomuchfood,andrequiretoomuchcare.Besides,Dogsjumpuponpeople,andknockoverfurniture.Cats,ontheotherhand,arecleanandtidy.Theyea
30、tsparingly,andtakecareofthemselves.Catsareusuallywellmanneredpets.(先说甲再说乙的对比)E.g.Carsandbicyclearebothprivatelyownedmeansoftransportation.Inotherswords,theyhaveincommonthefactthatownercandecidewhenandwheretogobythemselves.However,therearealotofdifferencesbetweenthem.Itcostsalotmoremoneytobuyacarthan
31、abicycle.Inaddition,acarisfarmoreexpensivetorun.Forexample,acarusesgasoline,whichisexpensive,whereasabicycleusesonlyhumanenergy.Ontheotherhand,asfarascomfortisconcerned,acarisbetterthanabicycle.Acarprotectsyoufromweather,andhascomfortableseatsandplentyofroomtocarrypeopleandluggage.Furthermore,acaris
32、muchfasterthanabicycle.(两方同时描述,逐点比较)5)因果法:解释事物之间的原因与结果的关系.可以是先因后果,或者是先果后因.Owingto/forthisreason/bringabout/resultin(from)/beresponsiblefor/bedueto/haveaneffecton/EX:ThedivorcerateinChinaisontherise.Thereareatleastthreemainreasonscontributingtothisphenomenon.(socialattitude/economicactivities/legalch
33、anges)6)定义法:对引起歧义的词或术语以及一些有多种解释的抽象概念进行说明或解释.Tobedefinedas/toreferto/tobeusedtodescribe7)分类法:把具有共同特征的事物按一定的标准进行归类.每一类必须是同一范畴.Groupinto/divideinto/fallinto/accordingto/intermsof/E.g.Scienceaffectsthehumanlifeinmanyways.Byitsapplication,Inthefirstplace,itcreatesnewmethodstodealwiththediseaseswhichkillp
34、eople.Whatsmore,itreducestheworkinghoursandincreasesworkingproducts.Themostimportantofallisthatsciencechangespeoplesmind.8)归纳法:先铺叙细节后归纳出概括性的结论,讲其主题句置于段尾,即从具体事例或现象归纳出一般性的,令人信服的道理或结论.E.g.Manypeoplegotoschoolforaneducation.Theylearnlanguage,.othersgotoschooltolearnskillssothattheycanmakealiving.Schoole
35、ducationisveryimportantanduseful.Yetononecanlearneverythingfromschool.Ateacher,nomatterhowmuchheknows,cannotteachhisstudentseverythingtheywanttoknow.Theteachersjobistoshowhisstudentshowtoreadandhowtothink.So,muchmoreistobelearnedbythestudentsthemselves.9)演绎法:从一般性的结论推演至具体事例并加以论述,最后在回到结论;还可以通过若干具体事例或现
36、象中归纳出一般性道理.E.g.Postcardsalwaysspoilmyholidays.LastsummerIwenttoItaly.Ivisitedmuseumsandsatinpublicgardens.AfriendlywaitertaughtmeafewwordsofItalian.Thenhelentmeabook.Onthelastday,Igotupearlyandbought37cards.Ispentthewholedayinmyroom,butIdidnotwriteasinglecard.4主题句创作练习主题句+扩展句1+扩展句2+扩展句31)TheupwardtrendindivorcerateinChinareflectsthreeimportantchangesinoursociety.2)WhydoIdecidetostayontheassembly-linetostudyfortwoorthreeyearsmore?Thereasonsareasfollows.3)Populationexplosionbecomesaseriousproblem.