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1、The Condition of Physical Education in the United States:Effective Pedagogy,Legislative Mandates,and Program Advocacy美国体育教育发展概况:有效教学、法律要求与项目要求KimC.GraberandAmeliaMaysWoodsUniversityofIllinois美国伊利美国伊利诺伊大学香伊大学香槟分校分校Physical education programs throughout the world share many similarities 世界各地的体育有许多相似之处
2、Gymnastics was the primary curriculum in the early days of physical education in the U.S.体操是美国早期体育教育所采用的初级课程Technology is heavily used in many physical education programs科技被广泛地应用于体育项目中Physical education at the elementary level is often taught by classroom teachers小学阶段的体育常由文化课老师教授Useful Resources for
3、 Classroom Teachers对文化课教师有用的资源小学文化课教师的体育教育和活动做10分钟！每次10分钟，生活更健康Shape of the Nation Report 全国情况National Association for Sport and Physical Education&American Heart Association(2012)国家运动体育协会与美国心脏协会（2012）At the elementary level:小学阶段：68.6%of states allow physical education to be taught by a classroom te
4、acher 68.6%的州允许文化课老师教授体育课84.3%of states mandate elementary physical education 84.3%的州要求小学开设体育课Only 31.4%of states legislate number of minutes per day or days of week 只有31.4%的州立法规定每天应有多少分钟或每周应有多少天的体育课Only 18.8%of states meet the national recommendation of 150 minutes per week of physical education th
5、at is taught by a physical education specialist 只有18.8%的州达到国家提出的由体育专家每周上150分钟体育课的建议National Recommendation for Physical Activity国家推荐的体育活动（美国健康与人类服务部，2008）(U.S.Department of Health and Human Services,2008)60 minutes or more of daily physical activity for children 6-17 years of age6-17岁的儿童每天应有60分钟及以上的
6、体育活动时间Recess accounts for 42%of physical activity that children can acquire during a typical school day在典型的教学日，课间活动占了孩子们体育活动时间的42%Physical activity breaks are gaining popularity in elementary schools运动课间正逐渐在小学流行起来Before-and after-school physical activity programs can help promote physical activity课前
7、和课后的体育活动项目可以帮助促进体育活动Children tend to enjoy elementary physical education孩子们喜爱小学体育Recommendations for secondary school physical education给中学体育教育的建议National Association for Sport and Physical Education&American Heart Association(2012)国家运动体育协会和美国心脏协会（2012）Students should receive at least 225 minutes pe
8、r week of physical education class学生每周应该至少有225分钟的体育课Over 80%of states require high school physical education,but only three states mandate the national recommendation超过80%的州要求高中要有体育课，但只有三个州达到了国家建议的时长Teachers at the secondary level often prefer coaching to teaching中学老师通常更倾向于当教练而不是教师Secondary students
9、 do not always enjoy physical education class不是所有的高中学生都喜欢体育课不是所有的高中学生都喜欢体育课A novel physical education curriculum with lifetime activities is becoming popular at the secondary level包含终身运动的体育课程在中学阶段受到越来越多的欢迎Curriculum Reform:National Physical Education Standards美国国家体育标准改革(SHAPE America,2014):The physi
10、cally literature individual:个人体育素养：个人体育素养：Standard 1-Demonstrates competency in a variety of motor skills and movement patterns.标准一：掌握一系列运动技巧和活动模式Standard 2-Applies knowledge of concepts,principles,strategies and tactics related to movement and performance.标准二：能应用与活动有关的概念、原则、策略和战略Standard 3-Demonstr
11、ates the knowledge and skills to achieve and maintain a health-enhancing level of physical activity and fitness.标准三：拥有的知识技能可以达到和保持促进健康的体育活动和体能水平Standard 4-Exhibits responsible personal and social behavior that respects self and others.展示负责的个人和社会行为，尊重自己和他人Standard 5-Recognizes the value of physical a
12、ctivity for health,enjoyment,challenge,self-expression and/or social interaction.认识到体育活动对健康、乐趣、挑战、自我表现和社交的价值Physical education assessments must be valid and reliable体育课的评价应该真实可信Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act儿童营养和WIC再授权法案Required every school district in the US that participates in the N
13、ational School Lunch Act to develop a wellness policy 要求美国所有参与学校午餐行动的校区 都创建一个健康政策Plan required to address:Nutrition and physical activity goalsNutrition guidelinesPlan for measuring implementation of the policy需要强调的是：营养和身体活动目标营养指南测量政策实施情况的计划Advocating for Physical Education is Critical提倡体育课非常关键Websi
14、te,newsletters,wordofmouth网站、新闻刊物、口头宣传Physical education programs are too often eliminated during budgetary shortfalls and in favor of classes like science and math体育课经常因为预算不足，以及学校偏爱科学和数学课而被取消Ecological Systems Theory 生态系统理论Macrosystem 宏观系统宏观系统(Societal Norms,Legislation)Microsystem 微系统微系统(Home,Scho
15、ol,Teachers,Parents,Friends)STUDENT 学生学生Mesosystem 中间系统中间系统外系统外系统Effective Pedagogy 有效的教学法In order for students to learn,they must be engaged in appropriate practice.学生要通过适当的练习才能有效学习Effective practices include:有效的练习包括：Positive and safe learning environment 积极安全的学习环境All students are engaged 所有学生共同参与I
16、nclusion is emphasized and diversity valued 强调全纳性，尊重学生的差异Well organized classroom 有组织的课堂Multiple teaching styles 多种教学风格Enthusiastic and knowledgeable teachers 热情和知识丰富的教师Appropriate curriculum 合理的课程Effective teaching is often associated with the use of appropriate technology有效教学离不开技术的使用Challenges 挑战S
17、truggle for legitimacy 争取得到法律支持Elementary physical education is frequently taught by classroom teachers 小学阶段的体育经常由 文化课教师教授Insufficient time 时间不充足Lack of equipment 缺少设备Inadequate facilities 缺少设施Reasons for Optimism 乐观的前景Legislative actions 立法行为Recognition that physical education contributes to higher levels of physical activity 人们意识到体育课能提高学生的运动量Opportunities to connect with others in the social system for purposes of reform 提供机会与社会系统的其他人交流，促进改革Government officials 政府官员Principals,parents,community members 校长、家长、社区工作者Pediatricians and medical doctors 儿科医生和医务工作者FUN,ENJOYABLE,JOYOUS!愉悦、欢乐、有趣！