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1、大学体验英语第四册大学体验英语综合教程大学体验英语第四册大学体验英语综合教程Passage BAs men， we know we could get a better deal。 We look at women and see modernity: expansive people exploring new roles, conquering the world。 Quietly, secretly， we admire the gathering pace of their achievement。 And we say to ourselves： what about us? Isn
2、t this how we are supposed to be： bright, confident， going places? So whats getting in our way? There is no point in blaming women, stoking up a sex war。 This remains, after all， a mans world. If we knew what we wanted, we could enact it. No， the problem is our lack of imagination. Ask women what th
3、ey, as women, want and theyll tell you: equality. Men？ We havent a clue。 And the reason is simple. We have failed to understand the opportunities of this centurys greatest and most enduring social movement， the collapse of the sexual division of labor.Were making a mistake。 The past illserved our re
4、al needs. It forced us into a narrow sense of ourselves as workers, which fell apart when we were sacked, retired or fell ill。 It drove us out of our homes and made us strangers to our children。 It meant we subcontracted our physical, emotional and practical needs to women。 They fed us, nurtured us，
5、 gave us access to our feelings， mediated a social world for us。 They did our private labor， just as we did their public work.For all the adult behavior we demonstrated outside the home， we remained children within it。 It left us, particularly the elderly， half-dead, living sad, limited lives, often
6、 stuck in soured relationships。We can change all this。 And it isnt just wishful thinking. A fair wind was behind womens liberation： in a few decades they gained control of their own fertility, while the economy demanded a vast expansion in the labor force。 Even conservative men couldnt stop them.The
7、 first step must be for us to break our silence. Hence this manifesto。Just imagine how we might beWhen the sexual division of labor Underpined notions of being a man， we defined ourselves in three ways: as bread-winning workers, as the opposite of women, and as fathers who did what mothers did not d
8、o. Each notion rules out a vast sphere of activity and stifles men. We must rewrite these definitions.Work is not the promised landWhen people ask me what I am, I say Im a journalist。 Not a man， not a father, not a husband， not a son， not a brother， not a citizen, not even a combination of these； a
9、journalist. Like many men， I am my work. When works OK， Im OK. Everything else might be falling apart， but success at work sustains a man。 It provides status, power and a means to be a bread-winning father。 The womens movement has only further emphasized the paramount status of work and that， by imp
10、lication, domesticity and child-rearing is drudgery。Yet expecting work to support our sense of self so fundamentally is a mistake. Many self-definitions survive the passage of time. Job isnt one of them. Its too insecure. One day we know well get fired, sick or retire. For those who are young and ca
11、nt get a job or are dumped on the scrap heap at an early age， failure at work leads to depression， crime， violence and, in some cases, suicide. Must a man go mad before he discovers a sounder way of valuing himself？ We have to realize that putting faith in work is a con 。Man is not the opposite of w
12、omanWhen women were seen as weak, we had to be strong. We did what women didnt do, but now theres hardly anything women wont do. They play sports， earn money， attend football matches， fly RAF fighters and initiate sex. Yet we persist in thinking of ourselves as the ”ppositeof women。 At this rate, we
13、ll end up defined as the people who do the few activities women dont want to do: rape， murder and abuse。Fathers, too, can fulfil all a childs needsWe remain limited by the traditional image of fathers as providing income， discipline and, in some cases， a playmate for a child. Physical and emotional
14、intimacy with children have been the prerogative of women and largely continue to be so。 Today many men want to be closer to their children and are active fathers。 We enjoy it and are competent. But some women refuse to treat us as equals。Equality begins at homeIn many homes men are passive， allowin
15、g women to organize our personal lives， letting them act as gatekeepers of the home， determining which friendships are maintained， how involved the couple is with family. Many of us find it difficult to take the initiative or to say no to women at home, because we never learned how to say no to our
16、mothers. Men must start doing it for themselvesSuccessful men must take up a leadership role. Too often they stay quiet because they have least to gain from rethinking their roles. Their jobs are relatively secure， with high status and power over women. They have some control over their working hour
17、s, can often work from home and afford child care。 They can still have it all. So they hang on to what can be salvaged from the old order, and close their minds to reshaping the world in a way that better suits all of us。 The mens movement is thus often inhabited by angry， inarticulate men who lack
18、an intellectual framework for understanding their dilemmas。 Intelligent， educated men could lead the way. We need them to start thinking, fast。Unit2-Passage AWhy Digital Culture Is Good for You？ The news media， along with social and behavioral scientists, have recently sent out a multitude of warnin
19、gs about the many dangers that await us out there in cyberspace。 The truth of the matter is that the Web is no more inherently dangerous than anything else in the world。 It is not some amorphous entity capable of inflicting harmful outcomes on all who enter。 In fact, in and of itself, the Web is fai
20、rly harmless。 It has no special power to overtake its users and alter their very existence. Like the old tale that the vampire cannot harm you unless you invite it to cross your threshold, the Internet cannot corrupt without being invited。 And, with the exception of children and the weakwilled， it c
21、annot create what does not already exist。. （1） Like alcohol， the Web simply magnifies what is already there: Experts are concerned that the masking that goes on online poses a danger for everyone who is a part of the Digital Culture. Before we know it, the experts tell us, we will all use fake ident
22、ities， become fragmented， and will no longer be sure of just who we are. Wrong. The only people who feel compelled to mask, and otherwise misrepresent themselves online are the same people who are mysterious and unfrank in real life”.。the Net just gives them one more tool to practice their deceit。 A
23、s for the rest of us, getting taken in by these people is a low probability。 We know who these folks are in the real world. The Internet does not ”cause people to disguise as something they are not。 As for the Digital Culture getting cheated by these dishonest folks， well， there are just as many cue
24、s online to decipher deception as there are in the ”real world。 The competent WebHead can recognize many red flags given off by the online behavior of others。 Oftentimes the intentions of fellow users is crystal clear, especially over time. When someone is trying to deceive us online, inconsistencie
25、s, the essence that they are trying ”too hard or are just plain unbelievable, often come through loud and clear. Likewise, just like in the real world”, a host of other unacceptable tendencies can be readily recognized online。 Narcissism （its all about meeeee）, those people who have nothing but nega
26、tivity or unpleasant things to say about others， and those who feel compelled to undermine others and who think they must blow out the other guys candles in order for their own to shine can be spotted a cybermile away。 (2） The Web can bring out the best in people: Gregarious, frank folks in real lif
27、e” usually carry these same traits over to their online life. Most are just as fun-loving online if not more so, as they are at a party， at work， or at the local bar。 Though admittedly, some are not quite as much fun to be around without a stiff drink。 Shy folks have a safer” environment online than
28、 in the ”real world” and can learn to express themselves more freely on the Net (youve never seen anyone stutter on e-mail, have you？） allowing them to gain confidence and communication skills that can eventually spill over into other aspects of their lives。 Helpful people in ”real life are often ju
29、st as willing to come to someones assistance online as anywhere else.(3） People are judged differently on the Web: On the Internet people are judged by their personality, beliefs and online actions， NOT by their physical appearance。 This is good。 It not only gives ugly folks an aid， but causes Beaut
30、iful People to have to say something worth listening to in order to get attention。 （4） People open up more: Many people are opening up a whole lot more these days since they are not required to use their real name and provide their real identity in the Internet. (5) Were connected： Members of the Di
31、gital Culture know full well that there is a wealth of important information and lifechanging opportunities out there in cyberspace. The Web has opened doors for many of us that otherwise would never have been an option. Research possibilities and networking are just two such opportunities. （6) We L
32、earn the Power of Words and to be Better Listeners： With no facial expressions, body language， or physical appearance to distract us, members of the Digital Culture have learned the power of words .。. both their own， and others。 We know very well how a simple string of words can harm, hurt and offen
33、d, or how they can offer humor， help， support and encouragement. Most experienced members of the online culture have learned to become wordsmiths, carefully crafting the words they use to convey exactly what they mean so as not to be misunderstood. Many of us have also learned to become far better l
34、isteners thanks to the Internet. Not only do we choose our words more carefully but we （especially those who communicate via email as opposed to chat rooms) are forced to wait until the other person finishes before we can speak or respond.Passage BCultural Differences In 1993， I had my first opportu
35、nity to visit Russia as a representative of the University of California。 I was there to provide some technical assistance in the area of agricultural labor management. ”Russians are a very polite people, I had been tutored before my arrival. One of my interpreters, once I was there, explained that
36、a gentleman should pour the limonad （a type of juice） for the ladies and show other courtesies to them. Toward the end of my three-week trip I was invited by my young Russian host and friend Dmitri Ivanovich and his lovely wife Yielena out to dinner. At the end of a wonderful meal Yielena asked if I
37、 would like a banana。 I politely declined and thanked her, and explained I was most satisfied with the meal。 But the whole while my mind was racing： What do I do? Do I offer her a banana even though they are as close to her as they are to me？ What is the polite thing to do？ Would you like a banana？”
38、 I asked Yielena. Yes， she smiled， but made no attempt to take any of the three bananas in the fruit basket。 ”What now？” I thought。 Which one would you like?” I fumbled. ”That one，” she pointed at one of the bananas. So all the while thinking about Russian politeness I picked the banana Yielena had
39、pointed at and peeled it half way and handed it to her。 Smiles in Yielena and Dmitris faces told me I had done the right thing。 After this experience I spent much time letting the world know that in Russia, the polite thing is to peel the bananas for the ladies。 Sometime during my third trip I was p
40、olitely disabused of my notion. ”Oh no， Grigorii Davidovich,” a Russian graciously corrected me。 In Russia, when a man peels a banana for a lady it means he has a romantic interest in her.” How embarrassed I felt. And here I had been proudly telling everyone about this tidbit of cultural understandi
41、ng. Certain lessons have to be learned the hard way。 Some well meaning articles and presentations on cultural differences have a potential to do more harm than good and may not be as amusing. They present， like my bananas， too many generalizations or quite a distorted view。 Some oftenheard generaliz
42、ations about the Hispanic culture include: Hispanics1 need less personal space, make less eye contact， touch each other more in normal conversation， and are less likely to participate in a meeting. Generalizations are often dangerous， and especially when accompanied by recommendations such as： move
43、closer when talking to Hispanics, make more physical contact， dont expect participation， and so on。 Differences between people within any given nation or culture are much greater than differences between groups. Education， social standing, religion, personality, belief structure, past experience， af
44、fection shown in the home, and a myriad of other factors will affect human behavior and culture。 Sure there are differences in approach as to what is considered polite and appropriate behavior both on and off the job。 In some cultures ”yes means, ”I hear you more than I agree。 Length of pleasantries
45、 and greetings before getting down to business， level of tolerance for being around someone speaking a foreign (not-understood） language, politeness measured in terms of gallantry or etiquette （e.g., standing up for a woman who approaches a table, yielding a seat on the bus to an older person， etc.）
46、 and manner of expected dress are all examples of possible cultural differences and traditions. In Mexico it is customary for the arriving person to greet the others. For instance, someone who walks into a group of people eating would say provecho （enjoy your meal). In Chile, women often greet both
47、other women and men with a kiss on the cheek。 In Russia women often walk arm in arm with their female friends。 Paying attention to customs and cultural differences can give someone outside that culture a better chance of assimilation or acceptance。 Ignoring these can get an unsuspecting person into
48、trouble。 There are cultural and ideological differences and it is good to have an understanding about a cultures customs and ways。 Aaron Pun, a Canadian ODCnet correspondent， wrote： ”In studying cross-cultural2 differences， we are not looking at individuals but a comparison of one ethnic group again
49、st others。 Hence, we are comparing two bell curves3 and generalizations cannot be avoided。” Another correspondent explained the human need to categorize. True， but the danger comes when we act on some of these generalizations, especially when they are based on faulty observations。 Acting on generalizations about such matters as eye contact, personal space， touch, and interest