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1、专题十三构词法构词法 由于近3年中考对词汇的考查呈现多样性，要求考生不再死记硬背单词表，培养其对一些单词的构成法则的认识，故现在单独列出来做以下讲解。构词法的几种转换形式如下：构词法的几种转换形式如下：1.名词 形容词如：danger dangerous2.动词 名词如：act activity3.动词 形容词如：help helpful4.形容词 名词如：different difference5.形容词 副词如：happy happily构词法构词法主要方式主要方式例词例词转化法（把一种词性用作另一种词性，而词形不变）名词 动词rain雨 下雨形容词 动词clean干净的 打扫形容词 名词
2、Chinese中国的 中国人动词 名词cook烹饪 厨师合成法（把两个独立的单词合在一起构成新词）名词+名词book+shelf bookshelf书架副词+动词over+come overcome克服名词+形容词home+sick homesick思乡派生法（在词前或词后加前缀或后缀构成新词）前缀+词根un+important unimportant 不重要的 词根+后缀visit+or visitor参观者前缀前缀前缀前缀意义意义例词例词前缀前缀意义意义例词例词re-(2017省卷38题)再，重复retellen-使可能enableanti-反对anti-wartele-远程telepho
3、nesuper-超级的supermanin-不，非inexpensiveim-不impoliteil-不，非illegalir-不irregularun-不unhappynon-不，非non-smokerdis-不dishonest后缀后缀词类词类后缀后缀例词例词名词-er/-or/-n/-an/-ian/-ese/-ing/-ist/-ment/-ness-ship/-th/-ion/-tion/-ation/-tyinventor 发明家；musician 音乐家；Chinese 汉语；shopping 购物；artist 艺术家；development 发展；happiness 快乐；f
4、riendship 友谊；truth 真理；education 教育；safety 安全词类词类后缀后缀例词例词形容词-able/-al/-ed/-en/-ern/-ing/-ive/-ful/-less/-ly/-ous/-yenjoyable 令人愉快的；natural 自然的；surprised 感到惊讶的；wooden 木制的；southern 南方的；surprising 令人惊讶的；active积极的；useful 有用的；useless 无用的；friendly 友好的famous 著名的；sunny 阳光充足的词类词类后缀后缀例词例词数词-teen/-ty/-thfifteen
5、 十五;forty 四十；ninth 第九副词-lytruly 真实地；happily 快乐地考点小练1.My fathers T-shirt has (complete)lost its shape.2.Roberts (collect)of prints and paintings has been bought over the years.3.In England,people often talk about the weather because they can (experienced)four seasons in one day.4.We are going to clim
6、b the mountain if it is (sun)tomorrow.5.What a (knowledge)person she is!She almost knows everything.6.I have some (difficult)in learning pletelycollectionexperiencesunnyknowledgeabledifficulties7.My grandfathers sunny character has a great (influent)on me in my life.8.Mike gave me a detailed (descri
7、be)of this new computer system.9.It is often said that true love never .A.die B.dies C.dead D.death10.We should do morning exercises to keep healthy.A.action B.activity C.active D.actively11.Miss Green is our new foreign teacher.Does she come from?Yes,she does.She is a .A.Europe;German B.Europe;Germ
8、anyC.European;German D.European;GermanyinfluencedescriptionBDAA专题二代词专题二 代词1 分析甘肃近3年中考真题可以看出,代词是每年的必考点，考查点包括：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、普通不定代词、复合不定代词、指示代词和疑问代词。考查的题型主要涉及语法与情景对话、完形填空。人称代词、物主代词和反身代词人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 甘肃近3年中考对人称代词和物主代词的考查多为人称不变形式变；反身代词主要考查固定搭配。人称代词、物主代词与反身代词一览表人称代词、物主代词与反身代词一览表人称代词人称代词物主代词物主代词反身代词反身代词主
9、格主格宾格宾格形容词性形容词性名词性名词性第一第一人称人称单数单数Imemyminemyself复数复数weusouroursourselves类别类别数数人称人称第二第二人称人称单数单数youyouyouryoursyourself复数复数youyouyouryoursyourselves第三第三人称人称单数单数hehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitself复数复数theythemtheirtheirsthemselves人称代词的用法人称代词的用法类别类别作用作用例句例句主格主格作主语（2015兰州26题）We have nev
10、er been abroad.我们从未出过国。宾格宾格 作宾语，用在动词、介词后Can you look after her while Im away?我不在时，你能照看一下她吗？(介词之后)Lets go and find him.让我们去找他。(动词之后)作表语，用在系动词之后Whos the boy in the photo?照片中的男孩是谁？Its me.是我。(表语)巧记口诀：巧记口诀：人称代词分两格，分为主格和宾格；主格句中作主语，宾语用的是宾格；句首、动前用主格，动后介后用宾格。类别类别作用作用例句例句形容词性物主代词作定语This is his computer.这是他的电脑
11、。名词性物主代词(2016省卷23题)作主语This isnt your pen.Yours is on the table.这不是你的钢笔，你的在桌子上。作宾语I cant find my ruler.Can I use yours?我找不到我的尺子了，我可以用你的吗？作表语This coat is hers.这件大衣是她的。物主代词的用法物主代词的用法注意：注意：形容词性物主代词不能单独使用，用于名词前作定语，相当于形容词的作用。名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。具有名词的特征，后面不跟名词，须单独使用。如：This is her computer.=This computer is
12、 hers.这是她的电脑。巧记口诀：巧记口诀：形物代词能力差，自己不能来当家；句子当中作定语，后面要把名词加；名物代词能力强，自己独来又独往；句子成分主表宾，后面名词不再加。反身代词的用法反身代词的用法类别类别作用作用例句例句作宾语动词或介词之后He can take care of himself.他可以照顾自己。作表语系动词之后The poor boy in the story was myself.故事里的可怜孩子就是我自己。作同位语(2017省卷24题)名词或代词之后或句末I myself did it.=I did it myself.我自己做到了。拓展拓展反身代词的相关搭配反身代词
13、的相关搭配dress oneself 自己穿衣服 by oneself 单独地，独自地keep sth.to oneself 保密 prove oneself 证明自己enjoy oneself 玩得愉快 hurt oneself 伤害自己teach oneself 自学 learn by oneself 自学for oneself 为自己，亲自 come to oneself 恢复，苏醒lose oneself 失去自我 devote oneself(to)献身于help oneself(to)自用(食物等)考点小练1.My brother likes painting.Its one of
14、 hobbies.A.my B.her C.his D.yourC2.Sally,may I use your iPad?is broken.OK,here you are.A.Your B.Yours C.Mine D.MyC3.Let me help you carry the books.No,thank you.We can do it by .A.we B.us C.our D.ourselvesD4.Sonia,is this your dictionary?No,its not .Ask Alan.Maybe it belongs to .A.my;him B.my;his C.
15、mine;him D.mine;hisC5.He is my brother,and name is Tom.A.her B.his C.he D.himB2普通不定代词普通不定代词(2017省卷28题)甘肃近3年中考重点考查普通不定代词，尤以both,other,the other,others,another，neither的考查频率较高，偶尔涉及对either,none,all 等词的考查。学生在复习过程中应掌握普通不定代词的基本用法。1.1.常见的普通不定代词常见的普通不定代词some,any(a)few,(a)littleone,other,another,others,the ot
16、her,the othersmany,muchneither,noneeach,eitherboth,all2 2.常见普通不定代词辨析常见普通不定代词辨析both,either,neither,all和none的辨析：代词代词意义及用法意义及用法常用短语常用短语例句例句both“两者都”,作主语时,谓语动词用复数bothand和都；both of两者都Both of the two boys are clever.两个男孩都很聪明。either“（两者中）任何一个”，作主语时,谓语动词用单数eitheror或者或者；要么要么Either of the twins is able to com
17、e,the other has to look after their sick mother.双胞胎中的一个能来，另一个必须照顾他们生病的母亲。neither（两者）都不”,作主语时,谓语动词用单数neithernor既不也不；neither of两者都不Neither of the two boys is brave.两个男孩都不勇敢。all“（三者或三者以上）全部都”,作主语时,谓语动词用复数all of（三者或三者以上）都All of the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。none“（三者或三者以上中）没有一个”none of（三者或三者以上中）没有一个I like
18、 none of the books.这些书我都不喜欢。some 与any代词代词意义及用法意义及用法例句例句some“一些”,既可以修饰可数名词,又可以修饰不可数名词；多用在肯定句中；还可以用在表示邀请、请求或期待得到肯定回答的疑问句中You must be thirsty.Can I get you some tea？你一定渴了,我给你拿点茶水，好吗？Thanks.谢谢。any“一些”,既可以修饰可数名词,又可以修饰不可数名词；多用在否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中；用在肯定句中表示“任何一个/些This is the last chance for any of us.对于我们中的任何人来
19、说,这都是最后一次机会。each与every代词代词用法用法each用作形容词或代词，可单独使用“each/every+名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。强调个体强指两者或两者以上的人或事物中的“每一个”后可加of短语every仅作定语，不可单独使用强调整体指三者或三者以上的人或事物中的“每一个”后不可加of短语a few,few,a little和little的辨析详解见本书第一部分讲解。考点小练6.Lynn has two skirts.One is yellow,and is black.A.other B.others C.the other D.anotherC7.My uncl
20、e has two children.But of them lives with him.A.each B.neither C.either D.bothB8.Which would you like,rice or noodles?is OK.Im hungry.A.Either B.Both C.Neither D.AllA9.The task is so difficult that of the students can finish it alone.A.both B.neither C.all D.noneD10.I tried two bookshops for the dic
21、tionary I wanted,but of them had it.A.either B.both C.neither D.noneC11.If you have new messages about it,please call me.A.any B.few C.each D.littleA12.The question is so difficult that students can answer it.A.few B.many C.most D.muchA3复合不定代词 甘肃近3年中考真题考查复合不定代词的情况主要分为两种：复合不定代词的词义辨析；形容词修饰复合不定代词的位置及so
22、mething与anything的区别。词根词根-one（指人）（指人）-body（指人）（指人）-thing（指物）（指物）some（肯定）someone(某人）somebody(某人）something(某事，某物)any（否定/肯定）anyone（任何人）anybody（任何人）anything（任何事）every（肯定）everyone（每个人）everybody（每个人）everything（每件事，一切）no（否定）no one（没有人）nobody（没有人）nothing(什么都没有)1.初中阶段常见的复合不定代词初中阶段常见的复合不定代词(2017省卷51题)2.复合不定代词的
23、用法复合不定代词的用法(1)由some和any构成的复合不定代词的区别与some和any的区别基本相同。someone,somebody,something通常用于肯定句中；anyone,anybody,anything通常用于否定句、疑 问句或条件状语从句中。(2)当形容词或else(另外)修饰复合不定代词时，形容词或else必须放在复合不定代词之后。如：There is something interesting in the book.这本书里有一些有趣的东西。(3)复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语和表语，不能作定语。作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Somebody is speaking i
24、n the empty house.有人在那个空房子里说话。3.复合不定代词常用句型复合不定代词常用句型(1)There is something wrong with意为“出问题了”。如：There is something wrong with the car.这辆汽车出问题了。(2)has something/nothing to do with意为“与有/无关”。如：The case has nothing to do with me.这件事与我无关。(3)sb.can do nothing but意为“某人什么都不能做只能”。如：We can do nothing but wait.
25、我们什么都不能做，只能等待。考点小练13.Taobao is a very popular shopping website.People can buy almost on it.A.nothing B.something C.anything D.everythingD14.Please hurry up,Peter.is waiting for you outside.A.Nobody B.Somebody C.Anybody D.EverybodyB15.This is really bad news.Our teacher is too angry to say .A.nothing
26、 B.something C.anything D.everythingC16.The room is empty.I cant find in it.A.somebody B.nobody C.anybody D.everybodyC17.Who lives together with that old woman?.She lives alone.Li Jing and I come to see her every Saturday.A.Nobody B.Somebody C.Anybody D.Everybody18.is ringing the doorbell.Go and see
27、 who it is.OK,Mom.A.Someone B.Anyone C.Everyone D.No one19.Is there in todays newspaper?Yes,quite a lot.A.anything interesting B.nothing interesting C.interested anything D.interested somethingAAA4指示代词指示代词1.1.常见指示代词的基本用法常见指示代词的基本用法代词代词用法用法例句例句it特指上下文提到的对象是同一事物The book is mine.Its very interesting.这本
28、书是我的。它很有趣。one泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一个，同类而不同一Who has a novel named Tiny Times?谁有小时代这本小说？I have one.我有一本。that（复数those）（复数those）常用来指代离自己较远的人或物Is that a panda over there?在那边的是一只熊猫吗？常用于比较结构中，代替前面提到的不可数名词，以避免重复The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shenzhen.北京的天气比深圳冷。this（复数these）常用来指代离自己较近的人或物This is my f
29、riend Jane.这是我的朋友简。2.it 的常见用法的常见用法(1)指代上文已经提到或下文将要提到的事或物。(2)指自然现象、时间、距离和温度等。(3)作形式主语，代替由不定代词或从句等所表示的真正主语。常用于以下六种句型中：Its+adj.(+for/of sb.)to do sth.做某事(对某人来说)是的/(某人)做 某事是的。如：Its very important for us to eat breakfast every day.对我们而言每天吃早餐很重要。Its time to do/for/that是(做)的时间了。如：Its time to get up.该起床了。It
30、 seems that好像。如：It seems that the boy is very interested in Chinese paintings.这个男孩好像对中国画很感兴趣。Its ones turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事。如：Its your turn to clean the classroom.轮到你打扫教室了。Its+adj.+that从句,是的。如：Its impossible that we finish the work in two days.我们在两天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。It takes(sb.)+一段时间+to do sth.做某事花费(某
31、人)多长时间。如：It took him three hours to get to the train station.到火车站花了他三个小时。(4)it作形式宾语,代替由动词不定式或从句等表示的真正宾语,常用在 动词find,think,make,consider,feel等之后。如：I find it important to learn history.我发现学习历史很重要。I think it necessary that we drink plenty of water every day.我认为我们每天喝大量的水是很有必要的。考点小练20.Your hometown is rea
32、lly nice!The air quality is as good as of Sanya.A.it B.one C.that D.this21.Have you learned the new words?I think are very useful to you.A.this B.it C.that D.these22.Hello,Linda speaking.Whos that?Hello,is Martin.A.one B.that C.this D.it23.Bill thought necessary to work with friends and share differ
33、ent ideas.A.it B.these C.one D.those24.There are some cakes on the plate.You can take .A.that B.it C.one D.thisCDCAC5疑问代词疑问代词 疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的代词，一般放在句首，并在句中充当主语、表语、宾语或者定语。疑问代词疑问代词基本用法基本用法例句例句who作主语、表语或宾语(作宾语时，不能位于介词后面)Who are you waiting for？你正在等谁？whomwho的宾格形式，作宾语Whom did you go with？你和谁一起去的？whosewho
34、的所有格形式，作主语、表语、宾语或定语Whose book is it？这是谁的书？what作主语、表语、宾语或定语What is he doing？他正在做什么？which作主语、表语、宾语或定语Which one is bigger？哪一个更大？考点小练25.is your favorite day?Monday.Because we have P.E.and music.A.Why B.Who C.How D.What26.bus should I take to the museum?The No.3 Bus.The bus stop is over there.A.How B.Whe
35、re C.Whose D.Which27.is the girl in a red sweater?Oh,its my English teachers daughter.A.Who B.Which C.What D.How28.T-shirt is this?I think its Toms.A.Whose B.Which C.What D.WhoDDAA专题二代词专题二 代词1 分析甘肃近3年中考真题可以看出,代词是每年的必考点，考查点包括：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、普通不定代词、复合不定代词、指示代词和疑问代词。考查的题型主要涉及语法与情景对话、完形填空。人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
36、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 甘肃近3年中考对人称代词和物主代词的考查多为人称不变形式变；反身代词主要考查固定搭配。人称代词、物主代词与反身代词一览表人称代词、物主代词与反身代词一览表人称代词人称代词物主代词物主代词反身代词反身代词主格主格宾格宾格形容词性形容词性名词性名词性第一第一人称人称单数单数Imemyminemyself复数复数weusouroursourselves类别类别数数人称人称第二第二人称人称单数单数youyouyouryoursyourself复数复数youyouyouryoursyourselves第三第三人称人称单数单数hehimhishishimselfsheherh
37、erhersherselfitititsitsitself复数复数theythemtheirtheirsthemselves人称代词的用法人称代词的用法类别类别作用作用例句例句主格主格作主语（2015兰州26题）We have never been abroad.我们从未出过国。宾格宾格 作宾语，用在动词、介词后Can you look after her while Im away?我不在时，你能照看一下她吗？(介词之后)Lets go and find him.让我们去找他。(动词之后)作表语，用在系动词之后Whos the boy in the photo?照片中的男孩是谁？Its me
38、.是我。(表语)巧记口诀：巧记口诀：人称代词分两格，分为主格和宾格；主格句中作主语，宾语用的是宾格；句首、动前用主格，动后介后用宾格。类别类别作用作用例句例句形容词性物主代词作定语This is his computer.这是他的电脑。名词性物主代词(2016省卷23题)作主语This isnt your pen.Yours is on the table.这不是你的钢笔，你的在桌子上。作宾语I cant find my ruler.Can I use yours?我找不到我的尺子了，我可以用你的吗？作表语This coat is hers.这件大衣是她的。物主代词的用法物主代词的用法注意：注
39、意：形容词性物主代词不能单独使用，用于名词前作定语，相当于形容词的作用。名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。具有名词的特征，后面不跟名词，须单独使用。如：This is her computer.=This computer is hers.这是她的电脑。巧记口诀：巧记口诀：形物代词能力差，自己不能来当家；句子当中作定语，后面要把名词加；名物代词能力强，自己独来又独往；句子成分主表宾，后面名词不再加。反身代词的用法反身代词的用法类别类别作用作用例句例句作宾语动词或介词之后He can take care of himself.他可以照顾自己。作表语系动词之后The poor boy in
40、the story was myself.故事里的可怜孩子就是我自己。作同位语(2017省卷24题)名词或代词之后或句末I myself did it.=I did it myself.我自己做到了。拓展拓展反身代词的相关搭配反身代词的相关搭配dress oneself 自己穿衣服 by oneself 单独地，独自地keep sth.to oneself 保密 prove oneself 证明自己enjoy oneself 玩得愉快 hurt oneself 伤害自己teach oneself 自学 learn by oneself 自学for oneself 为自己，亲自 come to
41、oneself 恢复，苏醒lose oneself 失去自我 devote oneself(to)献身于help oneself(to)自用(食物等)考点小练1.My brother likes painting.Its one of hobbies.A.my B.her C.his D.yourC2.Sally,may I use your iPad?is broken.OK,here you are.A.Your B.Yours C.Mine D.MyC3.Let me help you carry the books.No,thank you.We can do it by .A.we
42、B.us C.our D.ourselvesD4.Sonia,is this your dictionary?No,its not .Ask Alan.Maybe it belongs to .A.my;him B.my;his C.mine;him D.mine;hisC5.He is my brother,and name is Tom.A.her B.his C.he D.himB2普通不定代词普通不定代词(2017省卷28题)甘肃近3年中考重点考查普通不定代词，尤以both,other,the other,others,another，neither的考查频率较高，偶尔涉及对eithe
43、r,none,all 等词的考查。学生在复习过程中应掌握普通不定代词的基本用法。1.1.常见的普通不定代词常见的普通不定代词some,any(a)few,(a)littleone,other,another,others,the other,the othersmany,muchneither,noneeach,eitherboth,all2 2.常见普通不定代词辨析常见普通不定代词辨析both,either,neither,all和none的辨析：代词代词意义及用法意义及用法常用短语常用短语例句例句both“两者都”,作主语时,谓语动词用复数bothand和都；both of两者都Both
44、of the two boys are clever.两个男孩都很聪明。either“（两者中）任何一个”，作主语时,谓语动词用单数eitheror或者或者；要么要么Either of the twins is able to come,the other has to look after their sick mother.双胞胎中的一个能来，另一个必须照顾他们生病的母亲。neither（两者）都不”,作主语时,谓语动词用单数neithernor既不也不；neither of两者都不Neither of the two boys is brave.两个男孩都不勇敢。all“（三者或三者以上
45、）全部都”,作主语时,谓语动词用复数all of（三者或三者以上）都All of the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。none“（三者或三者以上中）没有一个”none of（三者或三者以上中）没有一个I like none of the books.这些书我都不喜欢。some 与any代词代词意义及用法意义及用法例句例句some“一些”,既可以修饰可数名词,又可以修饰不可数名词；多用在肯定句中；还可以用在表示邀请、请求或期待得到肯定回答的疑问句中You must be thirsty.Can I get you some tea？你一定渴了,我给你拿点茶水，好吗？Than
46、ks.谢谢。any“一些”,既可以修饰可数名词,又可以修饰不可数名词；多用在否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中；用在肯定句中表示“任何一个/些This is the last chance for any of us.对于我们中的任何人来说,这都是最后一次机会。each与every代词代词用法用法each用作形容词或代词，可单独使用“each/every+名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。强调个体强指两者或两者以上的人或事物中的“每一个”后可加of短语every仅作定语，不可单独使用强调整体指三者或三者以上的人或事物中的“每一个”后不可加of短语a few,few,a little和littl
47、e的辨析详解见本书第一部分讲解。考点小练6.Lynn has two skirts.One is yellow,and is black.A.other B.others C.the other D.anotherC7.My uncle has two children.But of them lives with him.A.each B.neither C.either D.bothB8.Which would you like,rice or noodles?is OK.Im hungry.A.Either B.Both C.Neither D.AllA9.The task is so
48、difficult that of the students can finish it alone.A.both B.neither C.all D.noneD10.I tried two bookshops for the dictionary I wanted,but of them had it.A.either B.both C.neither D.noneC11.If you have new messages about it,please call me.A.any B.few C.each D.littleA12.The question is so difficult th
49、at students can answer it.A.few B.many C.most D.muchA3复合不定代词 甘肃近3年中考真题考查复合不定代词的情况主要分为两种：复合不定代词的词义辨析；形容词修饰复合不定代词的位置及something与anything的区别。词根词根-one（指人）（指人）-body（指人）（指人）-thing（指物）（指物）some（肯定）someone(某人）somebody(某人）something(某事，某物)any（否定/肯定）anyone（任何人）anybody（任何人）anything（任何事）every（肯定）everyone（每个人）every
50、body（每个人）everything（每件事，一切）no（否定）no one（没有人）nobody（没有人）nothing(什么都没有)1.初中阶段常见的复合不定代词初中阶段常见的复合不定代词(2017省卷51题)2.复合不定代词的用法复合不定代词的用法(1)由some和any构成的复合不定代词的区别与some和any的区别基本相同。someone,somebody,something通常用于肯定句中；anyone,anybody,anything通常用于否定句、疑 问句或条件状语从句中。(2)当形容词或else(另外)修饰复合不定代词时，形容词或else必须放在复合不定代词之后。如：The