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1、 被动语态被动语态 Passive Voice提高英语阅读能力提高英语阅读能力词汇量、词汇量、语法知识语法知识和阅读技能和阅读技能扩大词汇量:扩大词汇量:前缀改变词义,后缀改变词性前缀改变词义,后缀改变词性Co-共同,平等-cooperate 合作Sub-次于-subtropical 亚热带的Vice-副手-vice-president副主席-al.的-physical(形容词)-en变得-widen(动词)-ful充满-spoonful(形容词)Mis-ful-mistrustful不信任的Un-able-unbearable不能容忍的联想法:desert-dessert 形近次increa
2、se-decrease反义词ambition雄心野心-俺必胜landlord地主-懒得劳动bother麻烦-小小兄弟(brother)好麻烦,只好去掉一个“r”动词的语态表示的是动词的语态表示的是主语和谓语主语和谓语之间的关系。之间的关系。英语的语态分主动语态和被动语态。英语的语态分主动语态和被动语态。主动语态(主动语态(ActiveVoice)表示主语是动作的执行者。)表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态(被动语态(PassiveVoice)则表示主语是动作的)则表示主语是动作的承承受者受者。只有。只有及物动词及物动词才有被动语态。才有被动语态。构成形式:构成形式:be+doneEverybod
3、ylikeshim.Heislikedbyeverybody.(动作接受者(动作接受者+be+done+by+动作发出者)动作发出者)一、主动语态和被动语态一、主动语态和被动语态 一般现在时:一般现在时:一般过去时:一般过去时:一般将来时:一般将来时:一般过去将来时:一般过去将来时:现在进行时:现在进行时:过去进行时:过去进行时:现在完成时:现在完成时:过去完成时:过去完成时:将来完成时将来完成时注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。am/is/are+done w
4、as/were+done shall/will+be done should/would+be done am/is/are+being+done was/were+being+done have/has+been+done had+been+done will have been done(二二二二)各种时态下的被动语态各种时态下的被动语态各种时态下的被动语态各种时态下的被动语态结构:结构:be+be+过去分词过去分词时态变化主要体现在时态变化主要体现在be的变化上,以的变化上,以 dodo为例,列表如下:为例,列表如下:1.一般现在时一般现在时SimplePresent1.人人都喜欢她。人
5、人都喜欢她。2.她受人人喜欢。她受人人喜欢。1.Everyonelikesher.2.She_byeveryone.is liked1.他经常嘲笑我。他经常嘲笑我。2.我经常被他嘲笑。我经常被他嘲笑。1.Heoftenlaughsatme.2.I_often_byhim.amlaughedat一般现在时一般现在时SimplePresent2.一般过去时一般过去时SimplePast1.警察抓到一个小偷。警察抓到一个小偷。2.一个小偷被警察抓到了。一个小偷被警察抓到了。1.Thepolicecaughtathief.2.Athief_bythepolice.wascaught2.一般过去时一般过
6、去时Simplepast1.狗咬了他。狗咬了他。2.他被狗咬了。他被狗咬了。1.Adogbithim.2.He_byadog.wasbitten3.一般将来时一般将来时地铁将在明年完成。地铁将在明年完成。Thesubway_nextyear.will be finished1.河上将建一座桥。河上将建一座桥。2.如果你违反法律,你就会受到惩罚。如果你违反法律,你就会受到惩罚。1.Abridge_overtheriver.2.Ifyoubreakthelaw,you_.willwillbepunishedbe built4.现在完成时现在完成时PresentPerfect1.BP机已经被手机所取
7、代。机已经被手机所取代。2.这件事已经被遗忘了。这件事已经被遗忘了。1.Beepers_bymobilephones.2.Thismatter_.havehasbeen replacedbeen forgotten5.现在进行时的被动语态现在进行时的被动语态 1.A stranger is following the girl.1.A stranger is following the girl.The girl _ _ _ by a stranger.The girl _ _ _ by a stranger.isbeing followed二、何时使用被动语态二、何时使用被动语态1.动作谁做
8、的不知道,说出谁做的没必要。动作谁做的不知道,说出谁做的没必要。如:如:Paperismadefromwood.Thehousewasbuiltin1950.Hewaswoundedinthefight.2.需要强调动作承受者。需要强调动作承受者。如:如:Calculatorcantbeusedinthemathsexam.Booksandnewspapersinthereadingroommustntbetakenaway.3.为了使语气委婉,避免提及自己或对方而使用为了使语气委婉,避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态,或由于修饰的需要,使用被动语态,被动语态,或由于修饰的需要,使用被动语态,使
9、句子得以更好的安排。如:使句子得以更好的安排。如:Theconstructionofthenewlabmustbecompletedbytheendofnextmonth.4、科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍等媒体中,、科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍等媒体中,突出描述的客观性。如:突出描述的客观性。如:Over13peoplehavebeenkilledinthisaccidentsofar.三、使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题三、使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题 1.含有情态动词的被动语态:含有情态动词的被动语态:2.动词原形变成动词原形变成be+done情态动词情态动词+be+过去分词过去分词情态动
10、词情态动词+dobe going to dobe to dobe sure to doused to dohave to dohad better dobegoingtobedonebetobedonebesuretobedoneusedtobedonehavetobedonehadbetterbedone练习练习 1.Theyshouldreprintthebooksoon._2.Theycannotfindhim._3.Therabbitsusedtoeatthecarrots._4.Theyaretosetupapowerstationintheirhometown._Thebooksh
11、ouldbereprintedsoon.Hecannotbefoundbythem.Thecarrotsusedtobeeatenbytherabbits.Apowerstationistobesetupin.2.带有双宾语的句子变为被动语态带有双宾语的句子变为被动语态(1)变变间接宾语间接宾语为被动语态的主语,保留直接宾语:为被动语态的主语,保留直接宾语:(2)变变直接宾语直接宾语为被动语态的主语,把间接宾语为被动语态的主语,把间接宾语改为介词改为介词to或或for引起的状语引起的状语 (1)S+V+O1+O2O2+bedone+to/for+O1 He sent me a present.
12、I was sent a present by him.A present was sent to me by him练习练习1.Heshowedmehispictures._._.2.Auntmademeanewdress._._.Iwasshownhispicturesbyhim.Hispictureswereshowntomebyhim.Iwasmadeanewdressbyaunt.Anewdresswasmadeformebyaunt.3.含有复合宾语的主动句变被动句含有复合宾语的主动句变被动句(1)形容词、名词形容词、名词作宾补时,将宾语变为主语,作宾补时,将宾语变为主语,宾补不变
13、。宾补不变。如:如:TheycallherXiaoLi.SheiscalledXiaoLi.S+V+O+OCO+be done+OC(2)感官动词感官动词(hear,listento,watch,see,feel,notice)和和使使役动词役动词(make,let,have,help)等动词后接不定式做宾补等动词后接不定式做宾补时一般不加时一般不加to,但变为被动时,必须加,但变为被动时,必须加to。S+be(的各种形式(的各种形式)+felt/seen/heard/noticed/watched/observed/made/hadetc+todosth.口诀:一感,二听,三让,四看。口诀:
14、一感,二听,三让,四看。主动句中主动句中to拿走,被动句中拿走,被动句中to回来。回来。1.Theman_cleanthetoiletbecausehe_rubbishboutwhenthepolicewalkedpastthepark.A.wasmade;wasseentothrowB.wasmadeto;wasseenthrowingC.made;sawsee/hearsb.dosthbeseen/heardtodosthsee/hearsb.doingsth.beseen/hearddoingsth.makesb.dosth.bemadetodosth.主动主动:被动被动:主动主动:被动
15、被动:主动主动:被动被动:S+动词动词+介词介词/副词副词/副词副词+介词介词+O(lookafter,listento,lookat,payattentionto,takecareof,lookforwardto,makeuseof,etc.)4 4 动词短语的被动语态动词短语的被动语态She was listening to her teacher attentively.Her teacher was being listened to by her attentively.固定短语的被动不要丢掉后面的介固定短语的被动不要丢掉后面的介词或副词词或副词Theyhadputoutthefir
16、ebeforethefire-brigadearrived._Theywillsetupanewpublicschoolhere._Thefirehadbeenputoutbeforethefire-brigadearrived.Anewpublicschoolwillbesetuphere.练习Peoplesayhewillgoabroad.5 5、当句子的谓语为、当句子的谓语为 say,report,think,say,report,think,know,write,consider,reportknow,write,consider,report等此时被动语态有两等此时被动语态有两种形式
17、种形式It is said that he will go abroad.He is said to go abroadsb./sth.besaidtodoItis/wassaidthatsb./sth.这两个句型转换时要注意谓语动词作相应的变化。这两个句型转换时要注意谓语动词作相应的变化。n关键一点关键一点n(1)saidbelieveddonsb./sth.bereportedtobedoing(正在做正在做)nsupposedhavedonenthought(做了某事做了某事)n1.Ahealthcareprojectisreported_ntreatmentathalfthecosto
18、rlessnextyear,dependingontheneedsofthepatient.nA.tohaveprovidedB.willprovidenC.tobeprovidingD.toprovide n2.-IsBobstillperforming?n-Imafraidnot.Heissaid_thenstagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficial.nA.tohaveleftB.toleavennC.tohavebeenleftD.tobeleft(1)某些不及物动词表示被动意义,这类)某些不及物动词表示被动意义,这类句子的主语(多是物)通常句子的主语(多是物)
19、通常具有某些内在的具有某些内在的特性特性,能够促使动词所表达的动作实现或难,能够促使动词所表达的动作实现或难以实现。以实现。如:如:drive,read,sell,wash,tear,wear,clean,write,etc.The shirt washes well.His novel sells well.The pen writes quite smoothly.谓语动词是以下时,无被动。谓语动词是以下时,无被动。如:happen,take place,belong to,suit,fit(适合),have,let,join,fall,last(延长),cost(花费)break out
20、(爆发)appear,lack(缺乏),hold(容纳),burst out(迸发),agree with(同意)。The war broke out between two countries.Great changes have taken place in my hometown.主动形式表被动用法小结主动形式表被动用法小结(3)Need,want,require,deserveNeed,want,require,deserve,be be worthworth,bear bear,stand 后面接后面接doingdoing主动表主动表被动。被动。Your hair wants/nee
21、ds cutting(needs Your hair wants/needs cutting(needs to be cut).to be cut).你的头发该剪了。你的头发该剪了。The book is worth readingThe book is worth reading(be worthy to be done).这本书值得一读。这本书值得一读。The little girl cant stand criticizing.小女孩经不起批评。(小女孩经不起批评。(bear bear,stand,be be worthworth习惯上不用动词不定式)习惯上不用动词不定式)(5)不定式修
22、饰作表语和宾语补足语的形)不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时,结构:容词时,结构:主语主语+系动词系动词+形容词形容词 +不不定式定式;动词动词+宾语宾语+形容词形容词+不定式不定式。如果形。如果形容词是表示难易、利弊等含义,如容词是表示难易、利弊等含义,如 difficult,easy,comfortable(difficult,easy,comfortable(舒适的舒适的),),convenientconvenient(便利的,方便的(便利的,方便的),hard,),hard,cheap,expensive,cheap,expensive,等,不定式用主动表被等,不定式用主动表被动。
23、动。The question is difficult to answer.The question is difficult to answer.这个问题很难回答。这个问题很难回答。The work is easy to do.The work is easy to do.这项工作很好做。这项工作很好做。I found the car comfortable to ride I found the car comfortable to ride in.in.我觉得这种车很好坐。我觉得这种车很好坐。(6)在)在be tobe to结构中的一些不定式结构中的一些不定式:这种结这种结构中的不定式通
24、常应用主动表被动。下列动构中的不定式通常应用主动表被动。下列动词用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义词用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:Who is to blame for starting the fire?Who is to blame for starting the fire?这场火灾应由谁负责这场火灾应由谁负责?You are to blame for the accident.You are to blame for the accident.你你应为这事受动责备。应为这事受动责备。The house is to let.The house is to let.此房出租。此房出租。A lot remains to do.A lot remains to do.还剩下许多事情要做。还剩下许多事情要做。五、练习五、练习 7.这房子属于我。这房子属于我。_8.这音乐听起来很悦耳。这音乐听起来很悦耳。_9.这种笔在那个国家很好销。这种笔在那个国家很好销。_Thisroombelongstome.Thismusicsoundssweet.Thispensellswellinthatcountry.