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1、水钢电大 伍友惠课程介绍v语法:语法:(一)七种时态(一)七种时态*现在完成时;*现在完成进行时;*将来进行时;上一页下一页*过去进行时;*过去将来时;*过去完成时;*将来完成时上一页下一页(二)七种被动语态形式二)七种被动语态形式*一般现在时的被动语态;*一般过去时的被动语态;*现在进行时的被动语态*现在完成时的被动语态;*一般将来时的被动语态;*带情态动词的被动语态;*动词不定式的被动式上一页下一页v(三)状语从句三)状语从句(方式、让步、结果、目的、比较)v(四)名词性从句四)名词性从句(包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)v(五)动词不定式用五)动词不定式用法法v(六)间接引
2、语六)间接引语v(七)冠词的用法七)冠词的用法v(八)可数名词与不可数名词八)可数名词与不可数名词结结上一页下一页Unit 1Unit 1语法:现代完成时语法:现代完成时 一、一、概念;概念;1、表示从过去延续到现在的动作或状况。2、表示过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。3、表示经验或经历。二、构成构成:have/has+过去分词英语中的动词(verb)有以下五种形式;即动词原形、单数第三人称形式、过去式、现在分词与过去分词。上一页下一页三、用法举例:1、Xiao Wangs parents have lived in Beijing for 30 years.2、He has been in
3、 the army for three years.3、I have lost my key.(I cant open the door;I cant enter my room.)4、Have you had your lunch?(Are you hungry now?)Yes,I have (had my lunch).(Im not hungry now.)上一页下一页Note:(一)现在完成时是现在时的范畴,不是属于过去时的范畴。因此不能与表示一般过去时的时间状语(yesterday,threedaysago,in1998)连用。上一页下一页(二)有些动词属于“瞬间动词”(或称“点动
4、词”),不能用现在完成时(die,enjoy)1、Xiao Wangs father has died for ten years.X2、Xiao Li has joined the army X for ten years.上一页下一页 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别(一一)现在完成时现在完成时:强调过去发生的动作对 现在产生的结果或影响,或者表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在,而一般过去时则仅表示动作发生在过去,不强调与现在的关系。Unit 2上一页下一页例如:例如:1、I have lost my pen.I have lost my pen.I lost my pen yesterday.
5、I lost my pen yesterday.2 2、We have planted 200We have planted 200 trees around our university.trees around our university.We planted these tree last year.We planted these tree last year.上一页下一页(二)一般过去时常与yesterday,lastyear,threeweeksago,in1990等表示过去时间的状语连用,而现在完成时属于现在时态的范畴,不能与过去时间状语连用,但可与since(自.以来),fo
6、r(长达)以及表示不确定的时间副词already,never,ever,yet,notyet等连用,也可以与包括说话时间在内的时间状语连用,如:now,today,thisweek,thesedays等连用。上一页下一页例如例如1、Wehavebeenverybusythesedays.2、Wewereverybusyyesterdayevening.3、Hehasnotfinishedhishomeworkyet.上一页下一页Unit 3一、概念:一、概念:表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直持续到现在,并还在继续进行。二、构成:二、构成:have/has+been+现在分词现在分词现在完成进行
7、时上一页下一页三三.举例:举例:1、It It has been raininghas been raining for three for three hours.hours.2、I have been reading Lu Xuns works this week.3、We have been looking for you anywhere.Where have you been?否定式:否定式:I have not been readingI have not been reading.疑问式:疑问式:Have you been readingHave you been reading
8、?上一页下一页否定式:否定式:Ihavenotbeenreading.疑问式:疑问式:Haveyoubeenreading?上一页下一页.与现在完成时的区别:二者均可以表示刚结束的动作,但现在完成进行时强调动作在不久前持续进行的情景;而现在完成时则强调动作的结果。Nowwehavecleanedtheroom,andwecanmovethethingsin.(强调扫完了的结果)Youlooktired.Whathaveyoubeendoing?你干什么来着?Ihavebeenplayingfootball.上一页下一页John has painted the door.John has pai
9、nted the door.(已漆完,强调动作的结果)John John has been paintinghas been painting the door.the door.(还在漆)Ivewrittenaletter.(已写完)Ivebeenwritingaletter.(还在写)上一页下一页Note:在与表示一段时间的状语连用时,两种时态可以互换使用,但在口语中倾向于用现在完成进行时:Ivebeensingingallafternoon.(Ivesung.)上一页下一页Unit 4、5 一、概念:一、概念:当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,用主动语态;当句子的主语是动作的承受者(动作的对
10、象)时,用被动语态。被被 动动 语语 态态上一页下一页主动语态The workers in this factory make differentkindsofmachines.被动语态Differentkindsofmachinesaremadebytheworkersinthisfactory.上一页下一页be+过去分词过去分词二、构成:二、构成:was/wereis/arebeingwillbe(begoingtobe)have/hasbeenareisam上一页下一页三、用法举例:三、用法举例:(一)当强调动作的承受者(动作的对象)时;(二)当动作的执行者不易说出、不宜说出或不必说出时
11、;1、These books are written for These books are written for children.children.2 2、This machine wasThis machine was made in1990.made in1990.(这台机器是1990年制造的)上一页下一页3、The question is being discussed.4、A hospital will be built here next year.(is going to be built)5、Lu Xuns works have been translated into m
12、any languages.(鲁迅的著作已译成多种语言)6、Football is played all over the world.(全世界到处都踢足球)上一页下一页 8 8、否定式:、否定式:The cars are The cars are notnot made in made in Japan.Japan.9 9、疑问式:疑问式:Are the carsAre the cars made in made in Japan?Japan?上一页下一页10、带情态动词的被动语态:(can,may,must,should/oughtto)+be+过过去去分分词词情情态态动动词词上一页下一页
13、(1)Theseexercisescan(may,must)bedonebyhim.这些练习能(可以,必须可以,必须)由他来做。上一页下一页(2)Thisshould/oughtto/bedoneatonce.这事应当立刻就办这事应当立刻就办上一页下一页Unit 7 一、将来进行时:一、将来进行时:(一)概念:(一)概念:表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。上一页下一页(二二)构成:构成:will/shall+be+现在分词现在分词(三)用法举例:(三)用法举例:1.ThistimetomorrowIllbeflyingtoXian.上一页下一页2、Illbewaitingforyou
14、inmyofficetomorrow.3、Iwontbewaitingforyouinmyofficetomorrow.上一页下一页二、将来完成时:二、将来完成时:(一)概念:(一)概念:表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间即将完成的动作。上一页下一页(二)构成:(二)构成:will+have+过去分词过去分词(三)用法举例:(三)用法举例:1、Illhaveretiredbytheyear2019.上一页下一页2、WellhavefinishedtheworkbeforenextFriday.3、When you come backfrom Japan,your daughterwill have
15、graduated from amiddleschool.上一页下一页Unit 8过去进行时过去进行时一、概念:一、概念:表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。上一页下一页二、构成:二、构成:was/were+现在分词现在分词三、用法举例:三、用法举例:1、I was watching TV atsevenyesterdayevening.上一页下一页 2、Whatwereyoudoingat7yesterdayevening?上一页下一页Unit 9I I、过去将来时过去将来时 表示对于过去某一时间而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。Would/Should+动词原形动词原形上一页下一页1
16、、Yesterday he told me hewouldleaveforShanghai.2、They wanted to knowwhen you would finish thearticle.上一页下一页IIII、过去完成时:过去完成时:表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。简言之,过去完成时所表示的时间就是“过去的过去”had+过去分词过去分词上一页下一页Unit 10、11间接引语与间接疑问句间接引语与间接疑问句 直接引语变成间接引语时要注意下列各种变化:上一页下一页一、直接引语是陈述句:一、直接引语是陈述句:(一)时态的变化:(一)时态的变化:主句中的谓语动词是过去时态,
17、变成间接引语须作下列变化:上一页下一页一般现在时变为一般过去时(但直接引语如果是一般真理,一般现在时则不变);上一页下一页(二)人称的变化:(二)人称的变化:要根据句子意思改变人称,如:I、He、She;We、They等等。上一页下一页(三)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化:thisthat;thesethose;nowthen;todaythatday上一页下一页(四)某些动词也要变化:如:saidtotold用法举例:1、Hesaid:“Iambusy.”上一页下一页He said that he wasbusy.2、Mary said:“I haveread up to page 25
18、.”Mary said that she hadreaduptopage25.上一页下一页3、Shesaid:“Wellhelpinthekitchentomorrow.Shesaidthattheywouldhelpinthekitchenthenextday.上一页下一页4、The teacher said to thepupils:“Theearthgoesaroundthesun.”Theteachertoldthepupilsthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.上一页下一页二、直接引语是疑问句:二、直接引语是疑问句:(一)一般疑问句变为间接引语时须由whethe
19、r或if引导,动词多用ask等。上一页下一页1、Tom asked me,“Do youstudyEnglish?”Tomaskedmewhether(if)IstudiedEnglish.(用陈述句的语序)上一页下一页2、He said.“Are you a TVUstudentthreeyearsago,Mary?”HeaskedMarywhether(if)she was a TVU student threeyearsbefore.上一页下一页(二)特殊疑问句变为间接引语时须由疑问词引导(用陈述句的语序)1、“Wheredidyoufindyourpen?”LiMingaskedme.
20、LiMingaskedmewhereIhadfoundmypen.上一页下一页2、Maryasked,“Whendidyougetupyesterday,Tom?”MaryaskedTomwhenhehadgotupthedaybefore.上一页下一页(三)直接引语是祈使句,变为间接引语时须将动词原形变为动词不定式,并在动词不定式之前用tell,ask,order,command 等及物动词加宾语。上一页下一页1、Hesaid,“Pleasesitdown.”Heaskedustositdown.2、Hesaid,“Donttalk!”Hetoldusnottotalk.上一页下一页Unit
21、 13、14动词不定式(动词不定式(infinitive)一、一、构成:构成:不不带带to的的不不定定式式(即即动动词词原原形形)和和带带to的的不不定定式式,是是一一种种非非谓语动词,谓语动词,上一页下一页二、用法:1、TolearnEnglishwellisourduty(责任)ItisourdutytolearnEnglishwell.(主语)2、Theirworkistoproducemoremachines.(表语)上一页下一页3、HewantstostudyEnglish.(宾语)4、Ihavesomethingtodothisafternoon(今天下午我有事要做)(定语)上一页
22、下一页常和它修饰的词在意义上有动宾关系,因此,如果不定式是vi,后面要加必要的介词:Give me a piece of paper towriteon.(给我一张在上面写字的纸)上一页下一页He is a good comrade to workwith.(他是一位很好共事的同事)5、Earlyin1938hewenttoYenantostudy.(38年初,他到延安去学习,目的状语)上一页下一页6、His brother always gets upearlysoasto/inordertocatchthefirstbus.(以便赶上第一班车。目的状语)7、Shelivedtobenine
23、ty.(她活到九十岁。结果状语)上一页下一页8、Hewastooexcitedtosleep.Tooto太(以致)不能 结果状语(他当时太激动了,以致不能入睡。)上一页下一页9、Thisroomisbigenoughtoholdahundredpeople.(大的足以容纳一百人。结果状语)上一页下一页10、I saw him come here thismorning.(今天早晨我看见他到这儿来了。作宾语补语)上一页下一页11、Hewasseentocomeherethismorning.(今天早晨有人看见他来这里了。作主语补语。)上一页下一页12、Heaskedmenottodoso.(他要
24、求我别那么做。不定式的否定式)13、Sheaskedtobesenttothecountryside.(不定式的被动式)上一页下一页14、WhowillshowJohnhowtouseit.(疑问词+不定式,作宾语)15、Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.(作主语)上一页下一页16、带逻辑主语的不定式结构:带逻辑主语的不定式结构:“for+名名词词(或或代代词词)+不不定定式式”上一页下一页1、ItisveryimportantforustolearnEnglishwell.(作主语)2、Wethinkitpossibleforustolearn English wel
25、l in a fewyears.(宾语)上一页下一页3、The question is too difficultforhimtoanswer.(作状语)4、Heopenedthewindow forthefreshair tocome in.(作状语)上一页下一页Unit 15名词性从句(名词性从句(Nounclauses)一、概念:当一个句子在复合句(主从句)中起一个名词作用时,为名词性从句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。上一页下一页 一、用法:(一)主语从句(在主从句中作主语)1、Thattheywillcometoourpartyiscertain.Itiscertaint
26、hattheywillcometoourparty.(他们来参加我们的聚会是肯定无疑的)上一页下一页2、Who did the work isunknown.(这工作是谁干的,大家都不知道)上一页下一页3、Wheretheconferencewillbeheldhasnotbeendecidedyet.Ithasnotbeendecidedyetwheretheconferencewillbeheld.上一页下一页(二二)宾语从句:宾语从句:1、Theysay(that)heismuchbetter.(他们说他好多了)上一页下一页2、She asked me which Ilikedbest.
27、3、Imsure(that)ourexperimentwillsucceed.(我肯定)上一页下一页4、DoyouknowwhenwearegoingtotheGreatWall?5、Iwassurprisedatwhathesaid.(他讲的话使我吃惊)6、Doyouhaveanyideaofwhatyouarelookingfor?上一页下一页(三)表语从句:1、That is why she is so happy.(这就是她为什么这样高兴的原因)上一页下一页2、Thisiswhatwewant.(这正是我们所需要的)3、Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishou
28、rworkbytomorrowevening.上一页下一页(四)同位语从句:1、Herecomesthenewsthatsome famous professors willcometoouruniversity.(消息传来说,)上一页下一页2、Allofyouknowthefact(truth)that paper was firstmadeinChina.上一页下一页Unit 16状语从句状语从句一、方式状语从句:上一页下一页由连词由连词as,asif,asthough,theway(that),intheway(that)等引导,等引导,一般置于主语之后。一般置于主语之后。1、Wesho
29、uldworkandstudyasLeiFengdid.上一页下一页2、ThisfishisntcookedasIlikeit.3、Ifeelasif/asthoughImgettingworseeveryday.上一页下一页4、I was never allowed tosingthewayIwantedto.上一页下一页二让步状语从句:由连词though,although,even if,eventhough等引导,可置于主句之前或后。1、ThoughhehaslivedinLondonforyears,hewritesinGerman.上一页下一页2、Althoughheisold,he
30、studiesEnglishveryhard.3、I have to go to the railwaystation to meet them even if itrains.上一页下一页三、结果状语从句:由连词sothat(如此以致);sothat,suchthat,such(a/an)that等引导。1、ItissohotthatImusttakeoffsomeclothes.上一页下一页2、Wearrivedearly,sothatwegotgoodseats.3、He is such a marvelous jokerthatyoucanthelplaughing.上一页下一页4.T
31、heyaresuchwonderfulplayersthatnoonecanbeatthem.上一页下一页四、目的状语从句:四、目的状语从句:由连词sothat(以便);inorderthat(为了);incase(以防,以免)等引导,多置于主句之后。上一页下一页1.He spoke slowly so that thestudentscouldunderstandhim.2.Youdbettertakeanumbrellawithyouincaseitrains.上一页下一页3.Thesemenrisktheirlivessothat/inorderthatwemaylivemoresafe
32、ly.上一页下一页Unit 17冠词用法冠词用法一、不定冠词a/an(用在元音前面)上一页下一页(一)泛指某一人或事物中的“任何一个”或“某一种类”:1.MyfatherisanEnglishteacher.2.Achildneedslove.上一页下一页(二)二)表示数量,相当于one,意指“一个一个”。1、Ivegotaticket.2、Idlikeanapple.上一页下一页(三)指某人或某事物,但不具体说明何人或何物。AMr.Smithiswaitingtoseeyou.(四)用于固定短语或口语中。haveagoodtime,上一页下一页asagoodmatteroffact,once
33、uponatime,goforawalk,havearest,keepadiary.上一页下一页二、定冠词:(一)指某(些)人或某(些)事物:Openthedoor,please.上一页下一页(二)(二)表示类别:表示类别:Thehorseisausefulanimal.(三三)用用于于序序数数词词和和最最高高级级前面前面:上一页下一页1、January is the firstmonthoftheyear.2、Beijingisoneofthemost beautiful cities in theworld.上一页下一页(四)世界上独一无二的事物前面要用“the”:Theearthmove
34、saroundthesun.(五)乐 器 名 称 前 面 要 用“the”:上一页下一页Mary plays the piano everyday.(六)说出某一国家的政体即某个名称时要用“the”.上一页下一页The U.S.A is a developedcountry.(七)用于姓氏的复数形式前面,表示示“全全家家人人”或或“某某夫妇某某夫妇”:上一页下一页The Browns have moved to Berlin.(八)江、河、湖、海、山 脉、报刊、饭店等名称前面要用the.上一页下一页ThePeoplesDaily;TheBeijingHotel.(九)用于固定短语或口语中。上一页下一页inthemorningafternoon/evening;inthemiddleof;gotothecinema/theatre/doctor.上一页下一页