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1、猜测词义猜测词义 高三专题复习高三专题复习高三专题复习高三专题复习阅读理解之一阅读理解之一阅读理解之一阅读理解之一“得阅读者，得高分得阅读者，得高分”让我们一起努力，让我们一起努力，征服阅读，战胜高考！征服阅读，战胜高考！Ifyoucomeacrossnewwordswhenreading,Whatwillyoudo?LookthemupinthedictionaryIgnorethemandcontinuereadingGuessthemeaning33 3词义猜测题主要是测试考生利用上下文判断词义猜测题主要是测试考生利用上下文判断词义猜测题主要是测试考生利用上下文判断词义猜测题主要是测试考
2、生利用上下文判断单单单单词、短语或句子在特定语言环境中确切含义词、短语或句子在特定语言环境中确切含义词、短语或句子在特定语言环境中确切含义词、短语或句子在特定语言环境中确切含义的能力，的能力，的能力，的能力，以及以及以及以及itititit，theytheytheythey，themthemthemthem等判断指代内容，做此类题目，等判断指代内容，做此类题目，等判断指代内容，做此类题目，等判断指代内容，做此类题目，考生要学会考生要学会考生要学会考生要学会“顺藤摸瓜顺藤摸瓜顺藤摸瓜顺藤摸瓜”，“上下取证上下取证上下取证上下取证”，通过构，通过构，通过构，通过构词法，语法逻辑、经验、常识、上下文
3、等线索来确词法，语法逻辑、经验、常识、上下文等线索来确词法，语法逻辑、经验、常识、上下文等线索来确词法，语法逻辑、经验、常识、上下文等线索来确定词义。定词义。定词义。定词义。词义猜测题不是阅读测试的重点，但也是常考词义猜测题不是阅读测试的重点，但也是常考词义猜测题不是阅读测试的重点，但也是常考词义猜测题不是阅读测试的重点，但也是常考点。是阅读理解题中的难点。是同学们的易错点。点。是阅读理解题中的难点。是同学们的易错点。点。是阅读理解题中的难点。是同学们的易错点。点。是阅读理解题中的难点。是同学们的易错点。20152015年考试说明介绍阅读理解部分有可能会考年考试说明介绍阅读理解部分有可能会考查
4、对词组或短语在上下文的词语猜测查对词组或短语在上下文的词语猜测年份年份20112012201320142015题数题数12(1个短语）个短语）1（短语）（短语）3（1短语）短语）1对考纲外生词的猜测对考纲外生词的猜测对考纲内熟词新义的猜测对考纲内熟词新义的猜测对短语或句义的猜测对短语或句义的猜测对代词的猜测对代词的猜测对考纲外生词的猜测对考纲外生词的猜测ManyUnitedNationsemployeesareManyUnitedNationsemployeesarepolyglotspolyglots:Mr.:Mr.Jim,forexample,speaksfivelanguagesflue
5、ntly.Jim,forexample,speaksfivelanguagesfluently.“polyglot”mostprobably“polyglot”mostprobablymeansmeans“_.”“_.”对考纲内熟词新义的猜测对考纲内熟词新义的猜测Ihadfirstknownshewaswrong,thatherIhadfirstknownshewaswrong,thatheranxietyhadanxietyhadcloudedcloudedherjudgment.(04herjudgment.(04全国卷全国卷全国卷全国卷)“cloud”cloud”means“_.”mea
6、ns“_.”通晓数种语言的人通晓数种语言的人通晓数种语言的人通晓数种语言的人使模糊，混淆，搅浑使模糊，混淆，搅浑使模糊，混淆，搅浑使模糊，混淆，搅浑考查熟词的引申义或一词多义在特定场合的意思考查熟词的引申义或一词多义在特定场合的意思lThe biggest finding in brain research in the last ten years is that the brain at any age is highly plastic.If you ask your brain to learn,it will learn.(07四川卷)lBy saying“the brain at
7、any age is highly plastic”,the writer means the brain can be _.A.used B.mastered C.developed D.researched对句义的猜测对句义的猜测77 7(2013(2013四川卷四川卷四川卷四川卷B B篇篇篇篇)Two12yearoldboy,Christianand)Two12yearoldboy,ChristianandJack,rowedoutaboattosearchforafootball.OnceJack,rowedoutaboattosearchforafootball.Oncetheydr
8、owedbeyondthecalmwaters,abeachumbrellatheydrowedbeyondthecalmwaters,abeachumbrellatiedtotheboatcaughtthewindandpulledtheboatintotiedtotheboatcaughtthewindandpulledtheboatintoopenwater.Thepairpanickedandtriedtorowbacktoopenwater.Thepairpanickedandtriedtorowbacktoshore.Buttheywerenomatchforshore.Butth
9、eywerenomatchforit itandtheboatwasandtheboatwasoutofcontrol.outofcontrol.36.Whatdoes“it”inParagraph2referto?36.Whatdoes“it”inParagraph2referto?A.Thebeach.B.Thewater.A.Thebeach.B.Thewater.C.Theboat.D.Thewind.C.Theboat.D.Thewind.D D对代词的猜测对代词的猜测词义猜测题常用的提问方式有词义猜测题常用的提问方式有：1The underlined word/phrase“_”i
10、n the third paragraph means_.2The underlined word“_”in the second paragraph can be replaced by_.3Which of the following is closest to the meaning of the underlined word“_”in the last paragraph?4The underlined word“_”in the fourth paragraph refers to_.生活生活常识常识上下文上下文对比对比转折转折因果因果关系关系同位同位关系关系同义词同义词反义词反义
11、词构词法构词法定义定义猜猜How to guess the meaning of words?高分秘笈高分秘笈1.Definition定义法定义法3.Similarity相似法相似法2.Contrast对比法对比法4.Causeandeffect因果法因果法5.Example例举法例举法8.CommonSense普通常识普通常识6.WordFormation构词法构词法猜猜测测词词义义7.Context上下文上下文1.Itwillbeveryhardbutverybrittlethatis,itwillbreakeasily.1.Definition定义法：定义法：一般通过定义、定语一般通过定
12、义、定语（从句）或同位语（从句）来确定词义。（从句）或同位语（从句）来确定词义。A.fragileB.softC.weakD.strong2.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.(n.牧羊人牧羊人)1212123.(2013四川卷四川卷E篇篇)“Wehavefoundanimportantmechanismbywhichtheheartandbrainspeaktoeachothertochangeourfeelingsandreducefear，”Dr.Garfinkelsaid.49.Whichofthefollowi
13、ngisclosestinmeaningto“mechanism”inParagraph6?A.Order.B.System.C.Machine.D.Treatment.B B 通过标点符号来下定义通过标点符号来下定义 使用破折号，引号，冒使用破折号，引号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容3.Theywillbeonthenightshiftfrommidnightto6a.m.nextweek.由破折号之间的解释内容，我们可以了解到由破折号之间的解释内容，我们可以了解到“night shift”night shift”意思为意思为“夜班夜班”。1.1.定
14、义法定义法定义或释义关系常由定语从句或由定义或释义关系常由定语从句或由is，or，thatis(tosay),inotherwords，becalled，beknownas,bedefinedas等词汇等词汇或破折号来表示或破折号来表示Guess the Meaning of the Word小小结结2.Contrast对比法：对比法：利用文中的反义词以及表对比关利用文中的反义词以及表对比关系的词（组）猜测词义。系的词（组）猜测词义。表示对比的词有表示对比的词有but、while、however、otherwise等。等。1.Mostofusagreed,however,Billdissent
15、ed.2.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclasses,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.A.punctualB.lateC.slowlyD.quicklyA(disagreed)lTests on rats show that those who raise two or three litters of pups do considerably better in tests of memory and skills than rats who have no babies.lA.baby rats B.ani
16、mals lC.old rats D.grown-up ratslMy mind was in a million different places.Thanks to the strict training,Bell is now no longer nervous and a lot more confident.lA.she was absent-mindedlB.she was nervous lC.she was excited lD.she was curious表转折关系的词常有如表转折关系的词常有如but,while,however,instead of,rather than
17、,unlike,yet,otherwise,though on the contrary等。等。小结小结2.2.对比法对比法3.Similarity相似法：利用同义相似法：利用同义词、近义词或词组猜测词义。词、近义词或词组猜测词义。1.Cleaningupwaterwaysisangigantictask.Thejobissolarge,infact,thatthegovernmentmaynotbeabletosavesomeoftheriversandlakeswhichhavebeenpolluted.(adj.巨大的巨大的;极大的极大的)2.“TheDaveyousawonTVwast
18、herealDave,”saysfriendPatWilliams,“Hewasntagreatactororagreatspeaker.HewasjustJoeEverybody.”74.“HewasjustJoeEverybody.”(inthelastparagraph)means_.A.DavewasfamousB.DavewasordinaryC.DavewasstupidD.Davewasshy根据同义词，根据同义词，3.Thenewtaxlawsupersedes,orreplaces,thelawthatwasineffectlastyear.and,or,suchas,lik
19、e，forexample,forinstance常连接同义词组常连接同义词组。小结小结取代取代4.CauseEffect因果法：从原因推因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。测结果，从结果推测原因。1.Onewhoisdestitutehasagreatneedforfoodandclothing.2.Thatmuseumissoimmensethatitwillbeimpossibletoseealltheexhibitsinoneday.(adj.贫穷的贫穷的,穷困的穷困的)(adj.大的大的)3.Shedidnothearwhatyousaidbecauseshewascomplete
20、lyengrossedinherreading.Nothearwhatyousaidconcentrate/focusherattentionon 4.SinceIhavefinishedmypapernow,Iamgoingtogivemyselfatreattonight.Iamgoingtowatchamovieoncampus,anactionmoviecalled“FaceOff”.Theunderlinedwords“atreat”heremeans_.A.anactionmovieB.somethingpleasanttoenjoyC.arestD.somethingniceto
21、eat5.Allhisattemptstounlockthedoorwasfutile,becauseshewasusingthewrongkey.徒劳的徒劳的Guessthemeaningoftheword根据因果关系根据因果关系小结小结 常用关联词常用关联词(如如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，so,so that,such thatso,so that,such thattherefore等等)表示前因后果。表示前因后果。5.Example例举法：利用文中的举例例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。常见的举例的提示词有猜测词义。常见的举例的提示
22、词有forinstance,forexample,suchas等等。1.Todayyoungcouplesoftenspendlotsoftheirmoneyonappliances,forinstance,washingmachines,refrigeratorsandcolortelevisions.(n.电器用具电器用具)2.Although the hazards of the trip 2.Although the hazards of the trip were many-for example,the unbearable were many-for example,the un
23、bearable heat,the lack of water,the possibility heat,the lack of water,the possibility of getting lost,the presence of wild of getting lost,the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakes-Collins animals and poisonous snakes-Collins nevertheless decided that she must go.nevertheless decided that s
24、he must go.A)pleasures A)pleasures B)conveniences B)conveniences C)dangers C)dangers D)equipment D)equipment 6.WordFormation构词法构词法：英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）和词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词最基本和词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头词的
25、意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头和词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易猜测和词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易猜测出由其构成的新词的含义了。出由其构成的新词的含义了。通过构词法猜测词义通过构词法猜测词义 运用合成，派生，转化的运用合成，派生，转化的方方面的知面的知识识，从生，从生词词本身猜本身猜测词义测词义。1.根据根据合成合成(compounding)(compounding)词词猜猜测词义测词义2.2.根据根据前缀前缀(prefix)(prefix)猜测词义猜测词义3.3.根据根据后缀后缀(suffix)(suffix)猜测词义猜测词义4.猜猜测词测词性性转换转换(conversion)(co
26、nversion)猜猜测测新新词词含含义义 表否定 un-,non-,in-,dis-表相反 un-,de-,dis-,counter-错误失当错误失当 mis-,mal-,pseudo-表向背 pro-,anti-表程度 arch-,super-,ultra-,over-,under-,mini-,semi-,表时间 pre,fore-,post-表方位 sub-,inter-,trans-prefixdecontrol transplant counterattack pseudonymdecontrol transplant counterattack pseudonym解除控制 移植
27、反击 假名，笔名 suffix-able （能（能的）的）-less （无，不）（无，不）-wards （向）向）-ship （身份；资格；权力；性质）（身份；资格；权力；性质）-some （易于易于的）的）-hood （状态；性质；时期）（状态；性质；时期）-ish （如（如的；有点儿的；有点儿的）的）-proof (防防的；不能穿透的）的；不能穿透的）-scape （景）（景）-most (最最的）的）waterproof streetscape innermost speechlesswaterproof streetscape innermost speechless防水的 街景最内心
28、的 无语的 supermanchildish(超人超人)nonnaturalmispronouce(非自然的非自然的)homelessantiageing(无家可归的无家可归的)shewolfsleepwalk(母狼母狼)Can you guess the right meanings?(孩子气的孩子气的)(抗衰老的抗衰老的)(发错音发错音)(梦游梦游)1.Withtheirshiningbrowneyes,waggingtails,andunconditionallove,dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningre
29、adertogainconfidence.(2003NMET)unconditional:nonjudgmental:无条件的，绝对的无条件的，绝对的没有判断力的没有判断力的根据构词法：合成、派生（前缀、后缀）、转化等根据构词法：合成、派生（前缀、后缀）、转化等派生派生 DerivationDerivationl2.According to Morrissey,trying to find a diet that can cure your illness,or make you superwoman is a fruitless search.l43.“a fruitless researc
30、h”means_lA.an effort without resultslB.a search for diet without fruiltslC.a research on fruitless dietlD.a diet serving as medicine l He was something out of an ancient legend,his very strange,dusty felt hat,his funny accent from who-knows-where（06广东卷）广东卷）合成合成 CompoundingCompounding 谁都不知是什么地方l Grea
31、t cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say.（08广东卷）广东卷）lShe rested herself against a post close to the tracks（09广东卷）广东卷）转化转化 ConversionConversionv.v.n.n.发言，发表意见发言，发表意见n.n.v.v.倚靠倚靠1.Spendingaslittleas$US5adayonsomeoneelsecould
32、significantlyboosthappiness,theteamattheUniversityofBritishColumbiafound.A.helptofindB.helptobringC.helptoincreaseD.helptogetC7.7.Context 上下文：利用语境及前后的上下文：利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义。提示来猜测词义。下文：下文：Theirexperimentonmorethan630Americansshowedthattheyweremeasurablyhappierwhentheyspendmoneyonothers.根据上下文线索根据上下文线索The
33、wholefamilyhadexperiencedsuchastormbeforeandeveryonerememberedthedamageithadcausedtostockandcropsTherewasverylittlewecoulddoaboutthecorps.Butweneededtoprotecttheanimalsincasetheriverfloodedagain(江西卷江西卷)Theunderlinedwordstockrefersto_.A.moneyownedbythefamilyBgoodsforsaleC.suppliesforfamilyuseDfarmani
34、malsD DTomsawanowlinatreelastnightAabirdBananimalC.astar2）TomsawanowllastnightAabirdBananimalC.astarTomsawanowlinatreelastnightbutitflewawaywhenhegotnearAabirdBananimalC.astarAABCAB(n.n.猫头鹰猫头鹰猫头鹰猫头鹰)3 3）ThechildrenarelookingatanThechildrenarelookingatanapeape.AAakindofmonkeyBakindofmonkeyBakindoftre
35、eakindoftreeCCakindofbirdakindofbirdThechildrenarelookingatanapeatthezooAakindofmonkeyBakindoftreeCakindofbird TheThechildrenchildrenarearelookinglookingatata alarge,large,hairyhairy apeape atatthethe zoozooAAakindofmonkeyBakindofmonkeyBakindoftreeakindoftreeCCakindofbirdakindofbirdA AA AB BC.C.AC(n
36、.猿猿)8.8.Commonsense 普通常识：普通常识：根据普通常识和根据普通常识和生活经验来猜测词义。生活经验来猜测词义。在阅读的过程中，如遇到生词，有时可以根据在阅读的过程中，如遇到生词，有时可以根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将其推测出来。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、将其推测出来。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构、社会制度等，可风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构、社会制度等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词时，猜测词义以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词时，猜测词义的能力自然就会增强。的能力自然就会增
37、强。Whenadoctorperformsanoperationonapatient，heusuallygivesananesthetictomakehimunconscious，becausehedoesnotwanthispatienttofeelpainortoknowwhatishappeningtohim.n.麻醉剂麻醉剂(药药)嫁妆嫁妆Guessthemeaning根据生活常识根据生活常识Inolddays,whengirlsfromrichfamiliesweremarriedtotheirhusbands,theyexpectedtobringwiththemselvesala
38、rgequantityofdowry.l根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将生词推测出来。自己已有的常识将生词推测出来。因此因此平时多了解英美国家的风俗习惯，宗教平时多了解英美国家的风俗习惯，宗教信仰，社会生活等，可以帮助加深对文信仰，社会生活等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词，猜测词义的能力章的理解，遇到生词，猜测词义的能力自然就提高了。自然就提高了。小结小结根据生活常识根据生活常识1.Definition定义法定义法3.Similarity相似法相似法2.Contrast对比法对比法4.Causeandeffect因果法因果法5.Exam
39、ple例举法例举法8.CommonSense普通常识普通常识6.WordFormation构词法构词法猜猜测测词词义义7.Context上下文上下文SummarylReview whatwelearnedinthisperiodandfinishtheexercisesyouaregiventodayl.“得阅读者，得高分得阅读者，得高分”让我们一起努力，让我们一起努力，征服阅读，战胜高考！征服阅读，战胜高考！May you succeed in your studies!May you succeed in your studies!Practice makes perfect!Practice makes perfect!