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1、必修四 单词词组语法Unit 1fiction,bonus,ridiculous,integrity, dignity, salary, appointment,suspend, dismiss,declare,whereas,rumour,weeky,calculate,flour, venue,superior,labour,backwards,fetch,pace,division,urge,fare,random,explodeexperiment with,science fiction,test out,more like,on a basis,Pros and cons,Supe
2、rior to,takeover,conflict with,turn out, fall way, have an urge to passive voiceWrite a sci-fi short story 被动语态(Passive Voice)一、被动语态常用于以下两种情况: 1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者, 或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。*Rice is grown in the south of China. 中国南方种植水稻。2. 强调动作的承受者。*The tree was broken by that boy. 这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。二、将主动语态变为被动语态应注意的几种
3、情况1. 含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时, 有两种方法: (1) 间接宾语变为主语, 直接宾语不变; (2) 直接宾语变为主语, 间接宾语用介词to或for引导。*He told us a story. 他给我们讲故事。We were told a story by him. 我们听(他讲)故事。A story was told to us by him. 故事由他给我们讲。2. 动词短语视为一个整体, 其后的介词或副词不能省去。*She will take good care of the children. 她将会好好照顾孩子们。The children will be taken go
4、od care of by her. 孩子们将由她来好好照顾。3. 复合句通常将宾语变为被动句的主语, 而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意: 省略to的不定式作宾语补足语时, 不定式符号to必须补上。例如: *Someone saw him swim in the lake yesterday. He was seen to swim in the lake yesterday. 1 特殊疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序: 一般用“By+疑问词”开头。 *Who has broken the cup? 谁打碎了杯子? By whom has the cup been broken? 杯子被谁打碎
5、了? 四、 常见主动表被动的情况1. 有些动词(cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等)常用主动形式表被动。如: *This pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔写起来很流畅。*This car sells well. 这车很畅销。2. 在某些形容词(hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible, convenient, cheap, expensive等)后的不定式用主动形式表被动。如: *
6、English is easy to learn. 英语很容易学。*The box is heavy to carry. 这箱子重得搬不动。3. “半系动词+形容词”结构, look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。如: *The food in this restaurant tastes good. 这家餐馆的饭菜味道很好。*The news turned out (to be) true. 这消息原来是真的。4. need, want, require, deserve, be worth后面接动词的-ing形式, 主动表被动。*
7、The novel is worth reading. 这本小说值得一读。*The old house requires repairing. 这所旧房子需要修理。四、常见主动表被动的情况1. 有些动词(cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等)常用主动形式表被动。如: *This pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔写起来很流畅。*This car sells well. 这车很畅销。1 在某些形容词(hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comforta
8、ble, convenient, impossible, convenient, cheap, expensive等)后的不定式用主动形式表被动。如: *English is easy to learn. 英语很容易学。*The box is heavy to carry. 这箱子重得搬不动。3. “半系动词+形容词”结构, look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。如: *The food in this restaurant tastes good. 这家餐馆的饭菜味道很好。*The news turned out (to be)
9、true. 这消息原来是真的。2 need, want, require, deserve, be worth后面接动词的-ing形式, 主动表被动。*The novel is worth reading. 这本小说值得一读。*The old house requires repairing. 这所旧房子需要修理。词汇词组语法Unit 2located,joint,premier,vibrate,pitch,hollow, phase,straightforward,entitle,sponsor,libertydistribution,fence,grand,核心单词了解不同自然环境中不同的
10、动、植物特点 violence,prison,hatchmake up,in close contact with,a handful of, dim sim,prime minister,peak season,a flock of过去分词过去分词是非谓语动词形式之一。过去分词保留着动词的部分特性, 有完成或被动含义, 可带状语构成过去分词短语。在句法功能上, 过去分词(短语)与形容词或副词作用类似, 在句子中可充当定语、状语、宾语补足语、表语等成分。一、过去分词作定语及物动词的过去分词作定语往往表示被动和完成; 不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动, 只表示完成。(1)表示被动和完成a p
11、olluted river一条被污染的河流the watered flowers浇过水的花(2)只表示完成, 不表示被动fallen leaves落叶the risen sun升起的太阳过去分词作定语单个的过去分词作定语时, 通常放在所修饰词的前面; 过去分词短语作定语时, 通常放在后面, 其作用相当于一个定语从句。*A watched pot never boils. 谚语心急锅不开。*The student dressed in white is my daughter. =The student who is dressed in white is my daughter. 穿白色衣服的
12、那个学生是我女儿。二、过去分词作表语位于系动词(如be, get, become, look, feel, seem等)之后, 多表示主语的状态或状况, 它所体现的是形容词的特性。*She looks disappointed. 她看上去很失望。*We were encouraged at the news. 听到这个消息我们很受鼓舞。过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别过去分词作表语时, 强调主语所处的状态, 而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者, 强调动作。*The cup is broken. 杯子破了。(系表结构)*The cup was broken by Tom. 杯子是被汤姆打破的。
13、(被动语态)三、过去分词作宾语补足语过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语有着动宾关系, 宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者。*He watched the TV set carried out of the room. 他看着电视机被搬出了房间。*Last year they had the house rebuilt. 去年他们让人重建了房子。几类能够接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词(短语)1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词(短语), 如see, watch, observe, find, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。*I heard the
14、song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱这首歌。2. 表示“致、使”意义的动词, 如have, make, get, keep, leave等。*They managed to make themselves understood by using very simple English. 他们用了很简单的英语以使别人能听懂。*Dont leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完。“have+宾语+过去分词”的三种含义(1)表示“让某人做某事”*Ill have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要去理发。(2)表示“遭遇某种不
15、幸; 受到打击”*He had his wallet stolen. 他的钱包被偷了。(3) 做某事(主语可能参与其中)*I had my house repaired last week. 上周, 我修补了房子。3. 表示“希望、要求”等意义的动词, 如like, want, wish, order等。*The teacher doesnt wish such questions (to be) discussed in class. 老师不希望在课堂上讨论这样的问题。*The police, finding the film unhealthy, ordered it banned. 警察
16、发现这部电影不健康, 令其禁演。四、过去分词(短语)作状语表示被动或完成的动作, 可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。1. 作时间状语过去分词作时间状语时, 相当于一个when, while, after, once等引导的时间状语从句。*Once published(=Once it is published), the dictionary will be very popular. 一旦出版, 这本词典将大受欢迎。2. 作原因状语过去分词作原因状语时, 相当于一个as, since, because等引导的原因状语从句。*Absorbed in painting(=Beca
17、use John was absorbed in painting), John didnt notice evening approaching. 由于专心画画, 约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。3. 作条件状语过去分词作条件状语时, 相当于一个if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。*Given another hour(=If I am given another hour), I can also work out this problem. 如果再给我一个小时, 我也能把这道题算出来。4. 作让步状语过去分词作让步状语时, 相当于一个though, although, even if/
18、though等引导的让步状语从句。*Beaten by the opposite team(=Though we were beaten by the opposite team), we didnt lose heart and encouraged each other. 虽然被对方的队打败了, 但我们并没有灰心而是相互鼓励。5. 作方式或伴随状语过去分词作方式或伴随状语时, 可以转换成一个并列句。*The old man got on the bus, supported by a girl(=and he was supported by a girl). 在一位姑娘的搀扶下, 老人上
19、了公共汽车。过去分词作状语的注意事项(1) 过去分词作状语时, 其前面可以带有相应的连词, 如when, though, although, as if, as though, if, unless, until, once等, 表时间、让步、条件、方式等。*If (I am) invited, I will attend the wedding of my friend. 如果受到邀请, 我会参加我朋友的婚礼。(2)过去分词(短语)作状语时, 分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语要一致。*Caught, the thief will be punished by the police. (caught
20、的逻辑主语为the thief)小偷如果被抓, 就会受到警方的处罚。(2) 有些过去分词已形容词化, 作状语时表示人的状态。常见的有satisfied, surprised, interested, moved, worried, pleased, disappointed等。*Disappointed at the examination results, the girl stood there without saying a word. 因为对考试结果很失望, 小女孩站在那里一句话也没说。单词词组语法extend,negotiate,league,withdraw,mercy,merc
21、hant,behold,royal,channel,bond,mixturecoverage,applaud,meanwhile,exploit,murderpossession,opponent,arrestset sail,in hand,in a league of ones ownwithdraw from,press conference不定式作定语和状语不定式由“to动词原形”构成，有时to可以省略，其否定形式是“not to do”。不定式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态、语态的变化。不定式不能作谓语，但可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语、定语和补语。2.句式功能(1)动词不定式作定语：当
22、不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，要用主动表被动。(1) 不定式作定语需要后置。(2) 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着三种主要的逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语(逻辑上的主谓关系)或逻辑宾语(逻辑上的动宾关系)或修饰性关系(同位关系)。动宾关系：I have a lot of work to do(要做)Give me a piece of paper to write on(写)主谓关系：Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboat(登上救生艇)修饰性关系：不定式前的名词是它修饰的对象，它所修饰的
23、词多为抽象名词。need, time, way, right, chance, courage, reason, wish, movement.There is no need for him to come.He has no time to read the book.提示为动宾关系的不定式，必须是及物动词或不及物动词加介词；如果不定式所修饰的词是way或place，介词可省略。It is a comfortable sofa to sit on.He has no way to go.This is the best place to work(2)不定式作状语：不定式作状语修饰动词、形
24、容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。To learn a foreign language well，you must try your best.提示不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。He searched the whole room only to find nothing.他搜遍了整个房间结果什么也没找到。提示不定式作状语与only连用放句尾常表出乎意料的结果。Im glad to see you.见到你我很高兴。提示在表示“高兴、愉快、生气、遗憾”等表感情的形容词后，常用不定式作原因状语词汇词组语法Unit 4parcel,jam,mail, sec
25、ondary,clay, dust, weed,chorus, cotton,uniform,tablet, rubber, washroom,rigid,tube, circus,chemist,shade,jaw, wrinkle,forehead,housing, platform,ripe,drag,privilege, plug,disabled,resign, deserve, input,tune,contract,grant, circuit, disability,consultation,capsule,relay,criterion,stability, praya ch
26、orus of,not to mention,take for granted,relay to,pray that短语(Phrases)、名词短语(NP)名词短语的构成: (限定词)+(形容词、形容词短语、描述性名词)+名词+(介词短语) 。在句中当作名词用, 一般用作主语、宾语、表语或宾语补足语。*More than 50 million people have been reported to be infected by the novel coronavirus globally. (作主语)报告称全球已有逾5 000万人感染了新冠病毒。*Many people including
27、doctors, nurses and scientists are real heroes. (作表语)很多人, 包括医生、护士和科学家是真正的英雄。名词短语中的限定词在名词短语的“构成”中, 限定词包括冠词(a/an/the)、指示代词(this、that、these、those等)、物主代词(my、your、his、her、our、their等)和不定代词(some、no、neither、both等)。二、动词短语(VP)动词短语的构成: 1. 动词+副词; 2. 动词+介词; 3. 动词+副词+介词; 4. 动词+名词+介词; 5. 动词+名词等。在句中作谓语。*Putin said
28、the vaccine has undergone proper testing and is safe. 普京说疫苗已经经过充分测试, 是安全的。Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills. 她的丈夫做两份工作来还账单。三、形容词短语(AdjP)形容词短语的构成: (副词)+形容词+(介词短语)。 在句中当作形容词用, 可以修饰名词或代词, 还可以用作表语或者宾语补足语。I have found you charming and intelligent. (作宾语补足语)我发现你很有魅力, 很聪明。*A Chinese painting sh
29、ow is always attractive. (作表语)国画展总是很有吸引力。四、副词短语(AdvP)副词短语的构成: (副词)+副词。在句中当作副词用可以修饰动词、形容词或副词。*Equally importantly, we should develop a good habit of living. 同样重要的是, 我们应该养成一种良好的生活习惯。五、介词短语(PreP)介词短语的构成: 介词+宾语, 能充当介词后宾语的主要有名词、宾格代词、动词的-ing形式等。在句中作表语、定语或状语。*The worlds population is likely to peak at 9. 7
30、 billion in 2064. (作状语)世界人口可能会在2064年达到97亿的峰值。幸亏他在疫情防控方面做的努力, 才使得我们社区状况良好。词汇词组语法Unit 5aptitude,lawyer, debt, categorise, profile,participant, detective, estate,spy,justice,accuse,greedy,receptionistsocialist, communist, dedicate,employer,canal, parking, fry,sew,priority, finance,receipt,certificate,d
31、esert,acquirebounce around,a chest of drawers, head start,come to a conclusion，attend to，flea collar，长句(Long Sentences)长句(long sentences)多因含有较多较长的修饰成分或包含多个并列句或从句而使得整个句子变长。一、长句的主要类型1. 含有较多成分的简单句(同位语、介词短语、非谓语动词、定语、状语、插入语); 3. 含有多个简单句的并列句; 3. 并列句和主从复合句并存。*The average number of days with heavy pollution
32、 in cities at county level and above has dropped from 10 to 6. (主语: number 谓语: has dropped )县级及以上城市重度污染的平均天数从10天下降到6天。*Since 2013, China has rolled out a series of State-level regional development strategies to create new economic growth poles, push forward integrated and coordinated development, an
33、d explore ways of sustainable development for future generations. (主语: China 谓语: has rolled out 宾语: strategies)自2013年以来, 中国推出一系列国家级区域发展战略, 着力打造新的经济增长极, 推进一体化协调发展, 探索子孙后代可持续发展之路。二、句子的三种基本类型如果按照句子的结构分类, 英文句子可分为三个类别: 简单句(Simple Sentence)、并列句(Compound Sentence)和复合句(Complex Sentence)。这里所说的结构, 主要是指句子中主语和谓
34、语之间所构成的关系。1. 简单句(Simple Sentence)简单句只有一个主谓结构。句子可能有两个或更多的主语, 也可能有两个或更多的谓语, 但是句子中的主谓关系只有一个。简单句还可以有定语、状语等句子成分。*The people in the meeting room remained silent. 会议室里的人保持沉默。*Many young artists are advised to learn by copying the masters. 许多年轻艺术家们被建议通过临摹大师们的作品来学习。2. 并列句(Compound Sentence)并列句有两个或两个以上存在并列、对等
35、关系的主谓结构。从语法上讲, 这些主谓结构都能独立地表达意思, 没有从属关系。但是它们在意思或逻辑上有一定程度的内在联系, 使它们有必要构成并列句。在并列句中, 并列连词用来连接两个或几个主谓结构, 即连接平行对等(即互不从属)的分句。*Computers are used widely in most countries now, and they are a sign of progress. 现在计算机在大多数国家被广泛使用, 它们是进步的标志。*She is tall, while her elder sister is short. 她很高, 而她姐姐很矮。3. 复合句(Comple
36、x Sentence)复合句由一个主句(Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause) 构成, 即有一个(或更多)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分, 如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句都属于复合句, 主句是全句的主体, 通常可以独立存在, 从句则只用作句子的一个成分, 不能独立。(1)主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that, whether, if和连接代词what, who, which, whatever, whoever以及连接副词how, w
37、hen, where, why等词引导。that在句中无词义, 只起连接作用; 连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用, 在从句中充当从句的成分。有时为避免句子头重脚轻, 常用形式主语it代替主语从句放于句首, 而把主语从句置于句末。*What the doctor is uncertain about is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. 医生不能确定的是我母亲是否会很快从这个严重的疾病中康复。*It is recommended that the project not be s
38、tarted until all the preparations have been made. 建议在所有准备工作完成后再开始这项工程。(2)宾语从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词与主语从句、表语从句大致一样, 在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。that引导宾语从句时, that在句中不担任任何成分, 在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去, 但如从句是并列句时, 最后一个分句前的that不可省。在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,
39、 宾语从句常用“(should+) 动词原形”。who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句, 但句子语序要用陈述语序。(3)表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句的引导词与主语从句大致一样, 表语从句位于系动词后, 有时用as if引导。其基本结构为: 主语 + 系动词 +从句(若用that引导从句时, 不能省略)。(4)同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。后跟同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fa
40、ct、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。同位语从句和定语从句的区别: that引导定语从句, 充当句子成分, 在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时, 没有实际意义, 不充当句子成分, 一般不能省略。如: *I had no idea that you were here. (that引导同位语从句, 不能省略)我不知道你在这里。*Have you got the idea (that) this book gi
41、ves you of life in ancient Greece? (that引导定语从句, 作宾语, 可以省略)你明白这本书让你了解古希腊的生活了吗? (5)定语从句定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中作定语, 修饰一个名词或代词, 被修饰的名词, 词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后, 由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。(6)状语从句状语从句 (Adverbial Clause) 指起副词作用的句子。可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其意义可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由从属连词引导, 也
42、可以由词组(如the moment等)引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开, 位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。 必修四 单词词组语法Unit 1fiction,bonus,ridiculous,integrity, dignity, salary, appointment,suspend, dismiss,declare,whereas,rumour,weeky,calculate,flour, venue,superior,labour,backwards,fetch,pace,division,urge,fare,random,explodeexperiment with,scien
43、ce fiction,test out,more like,on a basis,Pros and cons,Superior to,takeover,conflict with,turn out, fall way, have an urge to passive voiceWrite a sci-fi short story 被动语态(Passive Voice)一、被动语态常用于以下两种情况: 1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者, 或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。*Rice is grown in the south of China. 中国南方种植水稻。2. 强调动作的承受者。*The t
44、ree was broken by that boy. 这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。二、将主动语态变为被动语态应注意的几种情况1. 含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时, 有两种方法: (4) 间接宾语变为主语, 直接宾语不变; (5) 直接宾语变为主语, 间接宾语用介词to或for引导。*He told us a story. 他给我们讲故事。We were told a story by him. 我们听(他讲)故事。A story was told to us by him. 故事由他给我们讲。2. 动词短语视为一个整体, 其后的介词或副词不能省去。*She will take good care of the children. 她将会好好照顾孩子们。The children will be taken good care of by her. 孩子们将由她来好好照顾。3. 复合句通常将宾语变为被动句的主语, 而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意: 省略to的不定式作宾语补足语时, 不定式符号to必须补上。例如: *Someone s