《2023届全国新高考英语复习备考非谓语动词.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《2023届全国新高考英语复习备考非谓语动词.docx(30页珍藏版)》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、2023届全国新高考英语复习备考非谓语动词非谓语动词是指由动词变化而成,仍具有动词的性质与意义,但不能 作为动词使用单独作谓语的词。非谓语动词有动词不定式、动名词和 分词(现在分词和过去分词)三种形式。非谓语动词是我们学习英语的 重点,因为它在句子中出现的频率相当高;非谓语动词也是我们学习 英语的难点,因为汉语点痕迹也没有,另外,它所涉及的语言点繁 杂,很容易被用错。非谓语动词的形式、时态和语态、语法功能是我 们关注的焦点。准确并灵活地运用非谓语动词,可以使我们的英语表 达地道、上档次。、动词不定式(一)动词不定式的概念和形1 .动词不定式的概念和基本形式动词不定式由“to+动词原形构成。它可
2、以带有自己的宾语和状语, 这种带有自己的宾语和状语的不定式结构称为不定式短语。动词不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。当to需要被省 略时,否定词则位于不定式的原形动词前。2 .动词不定式的其他形式(1)动词不定式的复合结构动词不定式的复合结构由“for/o计名词(宾格代词)+(not)动词不定式 构成。for/of短语是不定式的逻辑主语。例如:The elevator button is too high for the little girl topress.电梯按钮太高 了,这个小女孩够不着。It wasnt wise of you not to attend that s
3、ymposium. (=You werent wise not to attend that symposium.)你不去参加那个研讨会是不明智的。(2) who、which what when、where how等连接词后加动词不定式 构成不定式短语在who、whichwhat when where how等连接词后加动词不定式 构成不定式短语,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。例如: When to pay a visit to the Great Barrier Reef of Australia has not been decided yet.何时参观澳大利亚大堡礁还没有决定。Th
4、e question was where to find the rare Chinese medicine for the wounded soldier.问题是去哪儿找到医治这名受伤战士的稀有中药。I have no idea whether to revise the textbook ornot.我不知道要不要修订 这本教材。(3 y汕即此出+名词/代词+动词不定式”结构“with/without+名词/代词+动词不定式”结构在句子中通常作独立主格结构(说为状语)。例如:With her husband to stay in the house,Catherine feels quit
5、e safe.有丈夫 在家里,凯瑟琳感到十分安全。Without anything to eat,all the mice in the hole died of hunger.由于没有 东西吃,洞里的所有老鼠都饿死了。(二)动词不定式的时态和语动词不定式有三种时态形式:一般式、进行式和完成式。其语态又分 为主动语态和被动语态两种。以动词do为例,一般式的主动形式为 to do被动形式为to be done:进行式的主动形式为to be doing,无 被动形式;完成式的主动形式为to have done,被动形式为to have been done。1 .动词不定式的时态(1)动词不定式的一
6、般式动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或几乎同 时发生,或之后发生。例如:I opened the window to air the room.我打开窗户给房间通通风。Professor Nathan is going to attend the meeting to be held the day after tomorrow.内森教授要参加后天举行的会议。(2)动词不定式的进行式动词不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时进行。例 如:Its my pleasure to be working with you.和你起工作是我的荣幸。He is said to be
7、 doing business abroad.据说他正在国外经商。(3)动词不定式的完成式动词不定式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。例如:Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long.对不起,让你等这么久。He was said to have been living in the outskirts of Melbourne for 20 years.据说他在墨尔本郊区已经住了 20年了。2 .动词不定式的语态当动词不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的执行者时,不定 式用主动式;当动词不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承 受者时,不定式
8、用被动式。例如:Cindy, who is going to Tokyo as a visiting scholar next year,intends to learn Japanese right now.辛迪明年要去东京做访问学者,她准备马上学 习日语。The chairman announced the meeting to be started.主席宣布会议开始。 We didnt expect you to be waiting for us.我们没想让你等我们。My nephew from the countryside living with me in Shijiazhuan
9、g wished to have been reading as much as his peers.我外甥从乡下来,现在和我 住在石家庄,他多想和同学样读了这么多书啊!Another primary school is reported to have been established for children in the earthquake-hit area.据报道,又一所为地震灾区孩子们而设的小 学建起来了。(三)动词不定式的用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句中可作主语、宾语、 定语、状语和补足语。1 .用作主语(1)动词不定式作主语,谓语动词用单三形式例如:To lo
10、ve and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.爱与被爱是 个人最大的幸福。It is almost impossible to catch the 19: 30 train at such a speed. 照这样 的速度走,不可能赶上19点30分的火车。To respect others is to be respected.尊重别人就是尊重自己。(当主语和 表语都是不定式时,不能用形式主语it代替动词不定式,不能说It is to be respected to respect others.)(2)“it is+形容词+
11、of+sb. +动词不定式”结构在“it is+形容词+of+sb.+动词不定式”结构中,形容词往往表示人物(即 不定式逻辑主语)的性格和特征,如kind、nice、clear、foolishsilly wise、 rude、 selfish rightwrong careless impolite bold thoughtful、honestgood bad、sensible naughty 等。例如:It is very kind of you to meet me at the airport and drive me to your home. 感谢你到机场接我并开车把我拉到你们家。I
12、t is really nice of you to spend so much time showing us around your company.非常感谢你花这么长时间领我们参观你们的公司。(3)“it+is+形容词+for+ sb. +动词不定式”结构在“it+is+形容词+for+ sb. +动词不定式”结构中,形容词通常表示事物(即不定式逻辑主语)的性质和特征,如 hard、difficult easy important necessary possiblereasonable 等。例如:It is hard for him to give up smoking.对他来讲,戒烟
13、太难了。It is reasonable for the governments of the two big countries to resort to diplomatic measures to settle down the disputes.这两个大国政府寻求外 交手段解决分歧是理智的。2 .用作表语动词不定式作表语,说明主语的内容。例如:The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it.人生重要的事情是拥有远大目标,并有决心实现这一目标。 His wish
14、is to become an astronaut when he grows up他希望长大后成 为一名宇航员。 需要注意的是:动词be后面的不定式与主语有逻辑上的主谓关系时,表示“要做的 事”,也可以看作将来时的种构成形式。例如:The local government is to take action to boost theeconomy.地力政府要 采取行动以促进经济发展。如果主语部分有动词do,作表语的不定式既可带to,也可省略too 例如:In class, the teacher asked the naughty boy to stand in the comer. All
15、 he could do was (to) listen.课上,老师让那个调皮的男生站到角落里,他 所能做的就是听了。有些作表语的不定式,如to let(出租)、toblame(责备)、to seek(寻找)等,用主动形式表被动意义。例如: These cars are to let.这些汽车要出租。The girls are to blame.这些女孩们应该受到责备。Highly-paid jobs are not far to seek for those experienced returned students from top American universities.对于那些从美
16、国名牌大学留学 归国的有工作经验的学生们来说,高薪工作不难找到。3 .用作宾语(1)作及物动词的宾语动词不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语,这些动词包括afford(负担 得起)、aim(以为目标)、ask (要求)、attempt(尝试)、agree (同意)、begin(开始)、care(喜欢)、choose(选择)、continue(继续)、decide (决 定)、desire(要求)、determine(决心)、expect (期待)、fail (没有能)、 forget (忘记)、hate(不愿)、hope (希望)、love (乐意/想要)、manage(设 法)、mean(打算)
17、、offer(想要)、plan(计划)、prefer(宁愿)、pretend (假装)、promise (答应)、refuse (拒绝)、remember(记起)、try (努力)、 want(想要)、wish(希望)、would like(乐意/想要)等。例如:Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte said that his country hopes to expand bilateral trade and two way investment.荷兰首相马克鲁特说荷兰希望 扩大双边贸易和双向投资。She determined to bring up the th
18、ree children herself after the death of her husband.丈夫去世后,她决定自己把三个孩子抚养成人。(2)it作形式宾语在 feel、find、make、thinkconsider 等动词后,如当宾语带有补足语时,人们常用it作形式宾语,而把作真实宾语的 动词不定式放在宾语补足语之后。例如:More and more students in my class found it very important to listen attentively and take necessary notes in class.我们班越来越多的学生发 现课堂上
19、认真听讲并作必要的笔记是非常重要的。We consider it a great honour to be able to host such an important international symposium.我们认为能够主办这么重要的国际研讨会是 莫大的荣幸。作表示“除外”之意的介词的宾语动词不定式可以作表示除外”之意的介词but expect besides than 等的宾语,其前面如有实义动词do时,不定式的符号to需省略。例 如:The patient had no choice but to queue outside the dentists chmc.那位病 人除了在牙
20、医诊所外等待,没有别的选择。The passengers family did nothing else than wait for the information of the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.马来西亚航空公司 370 号失联 客机的乘客家属除了等待消息,没有别的事情可做。(4)作形容词的宾语动词不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型,种是句子的主语是不定式 的逻辑主语,另种是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。句子的主语 是不定式的逻辑主语,这类形容词有able、afraid angry anxious careful clever conten
21、tcruel、determined disappointed eager foolish、 fortunate、frightened free glad、happy impatient、!ikely lucky naughty prepared proud ready slow、shocked sorrysure、surprised willing 等。句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语,这类形容词有cheap、dangerous、 difficult easy expensivefunnyfithard、 impossible interesting nice pleasant simplestr
22、ange useful等例如:The Johnsons were not content to live in a quiet life in a small town.约翰 逊一家不满足于在小镇子里过安静的生活。I am honored to invite Professor Bench to deliver a speech.我平吊宋幸 地邀请亨奇教授讲话。The fog and haze problem in North China is not easy to solve.华北地区 的雾霾问题不容易解决。The wood bed is uncomfortable to sleep on
23、.木 床睡起来不舒服。4 .用作补足语动词不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补 足语。在这一句型中,宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。跟动词不定式 作宾语补足语的常见动词有advise(劝告)、allow(允许)、ask(请/叫)、 beg (恳 求)、cause (促使/使)、command (命令)、encourage (鼓励)、 expect(期望)、force(强迫)、get(让/使得)、invite(邀请)、order(命令)、 permit(允许)、persuade(劝说)、remind (提醒)、require(要求)、teach(教)、 want(想要)、wa
24、rn(警告)、wish(愿望)、love(喜爱)、like(喜欢)、prefer(希 望)、hate(不愿/恨)等。需要注意的是,在感官动词或使役动词后,作 宾补的不定式省略too常见的感官动词有look at(看)、see(看见)、 watch(观看)、notice(注意到)、observe (观察)、listen to (听)、hear(听 见)、feel(感觉到);常见的使役动词有make(迫使)、have(使/让)、let(让)。 help(帮助)既可用于help sb. to do sth.,也可用于help sb.do sth.。主动 结构中的宾语补足语在被动结构中称为主语补足语,
25、动词不定式作宾 语补足语转为主语补足语时,一定带to。例如:As I have no relatives in Kyoto, Ill have the agent arrange my daughters lodging and boarding there.由于在京都我没有亲戚,我请中介安排我女 儿在当地的食宿。A large number of young and middle-aged men were made to work abroad in this village.这个村子的大量青壮年劳不得不出国务。5 .用作定语动词不定式作定语需要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后,和被修饰的 词
26、语逻辑上有主谓关系、动宾关系或同位关系。例如:The victims father was the last to know his sons death.受害者的父亲 是最后个知道儿子去世消息的人。(逻辑主谓关系)On Mondays, I always have a lot of business emails to reply to.每逢星期一,我总是有许多电子邮件要回复。(逻辑动宾关系)He broke his promise to chat online with his wife regularly when he worked in Malaysia.他没有履行以下诺言:在马来西
27、亚工作时和妻子 定期上网聊天。(逻辑同位关系)值得一提的是,动词不定式与它所修饰的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾 关系,有时需用主动的形式表示被动的含义。这样的场合是指:主语 是不定式中的动词所表示动作的逻辑主语或在句中能找到其逻辑主 语;有些句子中,尽管行文上没有不定式的逻辑主语,但是从句意角 度可以体会出不定式中隐含着for sb.to do”结构。例如:Do you have any other questions to propose?您还有其他问题要问吗? Her father, died two years ago, left her many mysteries to solve.她父
28、亲两 年前去世,留给她许多谜团要破解。(her是to solve的逻辑主语)Waiting will be the only thing (for them) to donow.等待恐怕是他们目前 唯一能做的事情。There is nothing (for him) to show off rightnow.他现在没什么可炫耀的 了。6 .用作状语动词不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。例如: Theyre saving up to buy a big house in thecountry.他们存钱在乡下买大 房子。(目的)Mother didnt tell Lane the
29、 truth of her injury so as not to disturb him while he was preparing for the college-entrance examination.母亲没有告 诉莱恩她受伤的真相,不想让他高考分心。(目的)In order to bar Mubaraks former prime minister from the presidential run-off, powerful political groups in Egypt are racking their brains.为 J 阻挠穆巴拉克时期的前总理竞选,埃及强权集团绞尽
30、脑汁。(目的) Kirk was so kind as to help me settle down in the town.柯克特别耐心, 帮我在镇子上安顿下来。(结果)She is such a diplomat as to help solve many disputes between the two countries.她是一名真正的外交家,帮助解决了两国间存在的许多分 歧。(结果)He made a long speech before his subordinates only to show his ignorance.他对下属讲了一大通,结果只是显露了他的无知。(结果) He
31、 is too experienced a lecturer to mind what the audience say. 他是个 经验非常丰富的演讲家,不会介意听众说些什么。(结果)You were a fool not to enter for the mathematics competition.你当时没报 名参加数学比赛,真是傻瓜。(原因)How can you get to the working place in time to start so late.这么晚动 身,你怎么能及时到达工作地点?(条件)需要说明的是,“ too-t”结构中带有表示某种心情或描绘性的形容 词或副词
32、,如 eager kind、pleased happy ready willing easy、 satisfied anxious pleased等,动词不定式没有否定意义。例如:The young singer was too eager to go to Italy for his further study.那位年 轻的歌手太想去意大利进修了。(结果)7 .用作独立成分有些动词不定式作为独立成分在句中作插入语(说为状语),如to tell you the truth(说老实话)、to be frank(坦率地说)、to begin with(首先)、 to be brief(简言之)、t
33、o make a long story short(长话短说) to be exact (精确地说)、to say nothing of(姑且不说)、to conclude (总而言之)、to be sure(诚然/固然)、to do him justice(说句对他公道的话)、so to speak (可 以这么说)、to make the matter worse(更糟糕的是)、to sum up(总之)等。二、动名词(一)动名词的概念和形式动名词由“动词原形+ing”构成,其否定形式是在其前面加noto动名 词可以起名词的作用,同时又保留动词的特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语。一般情况下,动
34、名词 的逻辑主语由句中主语充当,但出于句意表达的需要,动名词常常带 有自己的逻辑主语,构成动名词的复合结构。动名词自己带的逻辑主 语有两种形式:是由形容词性物主代词或名词所有格充当,二是在 口语中常用宾格代词或名词普通格充当。例如:I would appreciate your returning the books in time.你及时坯书,我将非 常感激。The managers attending their wedding ceremony himself made the new couple extremely surprised and happy.经理亲自出席他们的婚礼令这对
35、 新婚夫妇既惊讶又高兴。I can hardly imagine him finishing his graduation thesis only in one month.我几乎想象不出他仅仅个月就完成了毕业论文。I object to my colleagues making private calls on the office phone.我反对 同事为私事使用办公电话。(二)动名词的时态和语态1 .动名词的时态动名词有两种时态形式:一般式(doing)和完成式(having done) 一般 式表示动名词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生,或表 示没有时间概念的一般性动作;完
36、成式表示动名词的动作在谓语动词 的动作之前发生。例如:The little girl loves dancing and singing.这个小女孩喜欢跳舞和唱歌。I am thinking of going to the Agricultural Exhibition tomorrow morning. 我想明天上午去看农业展览。I regret having said some rude words to my students.我后悔对学生们说 了些粗话。He apologized for not having spoken out his mind.他为没能说出自己的 想法而表示歉意。
37、2 .动名词的语态如果动名词与句中的逻辑主语构成被动关系,即逻辑主语接受动名词 的动作,需用其被动形式being done/having been done,其否定形式是 not being done/not having been done 例如:I mind being interrupted while writing.写作时我介意被打搅。After having been trained in the special way,the students could listen to the teacher attentively in class.这些学生接受了特殊化训练后,课堂上 能
38、专心听老师讲课了。值得注意的是,在want、need、require deserve等动词后作宾语时, 常用动名词的主动式表示被动意义,但用动词不定式则用被动式。另 外,在be worth后面用动名词的主动语态表示被动意义。例如:The flowers andgrass in the garden want watering.(=The flowers and grass in the garden want to be watered.)花园里的花草需要浇水了。His research results are not worth considering. (=His research res
39、ults are not worthy to be/of being considered.)他的研究成果不值得考虑。(三)动名词的用法动名词具有名词的语法功能,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语等。1 .用作主语动名词用作主语,常表示概括性的或一般性的行为,谓语动词用单三 形式。例如:Cheating on an exam ruins ones reputation.考试作弊毁坏人的名声。His being appointed their director made most of the staff complain a lot. 他被任命为主任使大多数工作人员忿忿不平。I often say
40、 to my students that it is not a good habit reading without writing in learning English.我经常跟学生们讲学习英语时光读不写不 是好习惯。There is no denying the fact that China has made a rapid progress in every respect since it was founded in 1949.不容置疑这个事实,中国自 它!949年成立以来已在各个方面都取得了飞速发展。2 .用作表语动名词用作表语,表示一般性、经常性的动作,是主语的内容。例如:
41、 Their job is training trainers in the poverty- stricken areas, 他的工乍 是在贫困地区培训培训人员。The only thing that interests her is playing the piano.她唯一感兴趣的事 是弹钢琴。What I hate most is being disturbed while I am reading.我最讨厌的是读 书时被打搅。3 .用作宾语(1)作及物动词和动词短语的宾语动名词可以充当部分及物动词和动词短语的宾语,用动名词而不用动 词不定式作宾语的动词和动词短语包括admit(承认)
42、、avoid (避免)、 consider(考虑)、deny(否定)、enjoy(喜欢)、escape(逃脱)、finish(完成)、imagine (想象)、include(包括)、keep(保持)、stand/bear(忍受)、mind(介 意)、miss (失去)、practice (练习)、suggest(建 议)、risk(冒险)、prevent(防止)、appreciate(欣赏)、excuse (原谅)、persuade(劝告)、advise(建议)、allow/permit (允许)、forbid (禁止)、recommend (推荐/建议)、 cant help(忍不住)、f
43、eel like (想要)、give up (放弃)、put off(推迟)、insist on (坚持)、be fond of (喜爱)、be proud of(以为自豪)、succeed in(成 功)、depend on(依靠)、prevent sb. from(防止/阻止某人)等。例如: The suspect denied opening the safe in the office that night犯罪嫌疑人 否认他那晚开过办公室的保险箱。The silver-spoon boy often attempts to escape be in a fined whenever h
44、e breaks traffic regulations.每当违反交通规则时,那个富家子弟常常企 图逃避罚款的处分。Im looking forward to your replying anxiously.我急切盼望着你的回复。(2)作介词的宾语动名词还可以作介词的宾语。例如:Derek left the party without saying good-bye to anyone yesterday.昨天聚 会上,德里克没有向任何人告别就离开了。The girl was scolded for not having come home before 11 oclock last nigh
45、t.昨天晚上,那个女孩因没有在11点以前回家而受责备。(3)某些动词后可接动名词和动词不定式作宾有些动词之后既可接动词不定式,又可接动名词作宾语。这类动词分 为两种类型:是两种形式所表达的含义相同或基本相同,可以互换, 这类动词包括 continue intend、begin starthate like、!ove 等; 二是两种形式所表达的含义不同,不可以互换,这类动词包括stop、 ceasego on rememberforget、regret 等。例如:Having broken the glass into pieces,the little girl began to cry/cr
46、ying.打 碎了玻璃杯,那个小女孩开始哭起来。(begin to do和begin doing意 思基本一致,可以互换)Would you like to go dancing with us tonight?你今晚想和我们去跳 舞吗?一 I like dancing,but Im afraid I cant join you this time. Im busy working on my new project these days,我喜欢跳舞,但是我恐怕这次 去不了。这些天我正忙着新项目呢。(like doing表示泛指的动作,like to do表示特指的动作,两者略有区别)I re
47、membered to lock the door when I left the office.我记着离开办公室 时要锁门。(remember发生时,to lock还未发生)I remembered locking the door when I left the office.我记得离开办公室 时锁了门。(locking早于remember发生)He stopped to shake hands with the guests as soon as he saw them.看 到客人们来了,他就停下来和他们握手。(开始了 to shake hands with the guests,动词不
48、定式用作目的状语,不是宾语)He stopped shaking hands with the guests as soon as he saw them.看至 他们来了,他就停止了和客人们握手。4 .用作定语动名词用作定语,说明其所修饰的名词的用途,可以转换成for.结构, 动名词要重读。例如:Mr. Judd couldnt sleep until he had taken some sleeping pills last night.(=Mr.Judd couldnt sleep until he had taken some pills for sleeping last night.)昨天晚上,贾德先生服了几片安眠药睡着。It is strange that farmers put grain in the washing machines in that vill