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1、Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestars2021/8/11 星期三1Warming upWhat are the names of the eight planets that circle our sun?2021/8/11 星期三2土星土星 SaturnSaturn 天王星天王星UranusUranus 金星金星VenusVenus 地球地球EarthEarth 火星火星Mars Mars 木星木星JupiterJupiter 海王星海王星Neptune Neptune 水星水星MercuryMercury Thesun2021/8/11 星期三3Doyouk
2、nowanyquestionsthatastronomersareinterestedin?Howdidtheuniversebegin?Howdidlifebegin?Istherelifeonotherplanets?Arethereotherlifeformsintheuniverse?Whathappenedtoallthematterafterthe“BigBang”?Whatare“blackholes”?2021/8/11 星期三41.Theoriginoflifeonearthisaquestionthatinterestsastronomers.Whatdoyouknowab
3、outit?Howoldistheuniverse?(severalbillionyearsago)HowoldistheEarth?(between4.5and3.8billionyearsago)WhichwerethefirstcreaturesorplantsonEarth?(extremelysmallplants)Pre-reading2021/8/11 星期三52.Eachreligionandculturehasitsownideasabouthowlifebeganonearth.Whatdoyouknow?InChina,weallknowthatPanguseparate
4、stheskyfromtheearthandNvwamadehumans.2021/8/11 星期三6Panguseparatestheskyfromtheearth.2021/8/11 星期三7 中国神话传说中有盘古开天地的说法。中国神话传说中有盘古开天地的说法。巨人盘古用一把利斧劈开混沌巨人盘古用一把利斧劈开混沌,将天地将天地分开。死后分开。死后,他的气息化成风和云他的气息化成风和云,声音声音变成轰轰的雷声变成轰轰的雷声,左眼化为太阳左眼化为太阳,右眼化右眼化为月亮为月亮,手足与四肢变成大地的四极与手足与四肢变成大地的四极与五方的名山五方的名山,血液化成江河血液化成江河,筋脉铺成道筋脉铺成
5、道路路,肌肉形成田地肌肉形成田地,须发成为星星须发成为星星,牙齿牙齿和骨骼化为金属、珍珠、玉石和骨骼化为金属、珍珠、玉石,汗水成汗水成为滋润万物生长的甘霖和雨露。为滋润万物生长的甘霖和雨露。2021/8/11 星期三8Nvwamadehumans.2021/8/11 星期三9Otherlegendsaboutthebeginningofuniverse.2021/8/11 星期三10The Biblical AccountDay 1:God spoke and separated light from darkness creating Day and Night.Day 2:God spok
6、e and separated the water creating sky and ocean.Day 3:God spoke and created dry land.2021/8/11 星期三11Day 4:God spoke and created the sun,moon and stars.Day 5:God spoke and created living creatures in the air and sea.Day 6:God spoke and created the land animals and man.Day 7:God rested and blessed th
7、is day calling it Holy.2021/8/11 星期三12Howlifebeganontheearth“BigBang”otherbodies_starsEarth:acloudof_atomsdustSummary 2021/8/11 星期三13asolid_theearths_other4._Water:_tothedevelopmentoflifewatervapournitrogencarbonextremelysmall_onthesurfaceofthewaterglobegasesatmospherefundamentalplants2021/8/11 星期三1
8、4early_andallsortsoffishgreenplantsonlandlandanimalsinsectsamphibians_hugeanimals(dinosaurs)theriseof_humanbeingsshellfishreptilesmammals2021/8/11 星期三15Comprehending1.Readthepassagecarefullyandanalyseitsstructure.Writethemainideaforeachparagraph.2021/8/11 星期三16Para.1 The formation(形成形成)of the earth.
9、Para.2 The importance of water for life.Para.3 A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe.Para.4 The arrival of humans and their impact on the earth.Para.5 The development of plants and animals on the earth.2021/8/11 星期三17TheorderofdevelopmentoflifeTheuniversebeganwitha“BigBang”.Th
10、eearthwasacloudofdust.Theearthbecameasolidball.Waterappearedontheearth.Smallplantsgrewonthewater.Shellfishandotherfishappeared.2021/8/11 星期三18Plantsbegantogrowondryland.Insectsandamphibiansappeared.Reptilesappeared.Dinosaursappeared.Mammalsappeared.Cleveranimalswithhandsandfeetappeared.2021/8/11 星期三
11、19Think about what you have read and discuss these questions in pair.1.Why was the earth different from other planets?The water remained on the earth.2.Why did the plants grow before the animals came?Because plants provide oxygen for animals to breathe.2021/8/11 星期三203.Why is it wrong in films and s
12、tories to show dinosaurs and people together?Because dinosaurs died out long before human beings developed on the earth.2021/8/11 星期三214.There used to be nine planets in the solar system.Recently scientists have decided that one of them can no longer be considered a planet.Do you know the name of th
13、at planet?Do you know why they removed it?Pluto.Scientists now think it is too small to be called a planet.2021/8/11 星期三225.Whatproblemiscausedbyhumanbeings?Humanbeingscausedglobalwarming.2021/8/11 星期三23Readthepassageagainandunderlineallthediscoursemarkersandsentenceconnectors.Discoursemarkers:howev
14、er,next,afterthat,later,finally,thus,asaresultofthisSentenceconnectorsorconjunctions:and,but,because2021/8/11 星期三24Theotherpuzzleshiddenthepassageare:Howdidtheearthsatmospheredevelop?Whydidwaterstayontheearthbutnotontheotherplanets?Howdidlifeformsdevelop?Whydidsomelifeformsdisappear?2021/8/11 星期三25L
15、anguagepoints2021/8/11 星期三261.systemn.系统；体系；制度系统；体系；制度Theyhaveawarningsysteminthehouse.Thelegalsystemarequitedifferentinthesecountries.solarsystem太阳系太阳系systematicadj.有系统的；系统化的有系统的；系统化的2021/8/11 星期三272.However,accordingtoawidelyacceptedtheory,theuniversebeganwitha“BigBang”thatthrewmatterinalldirectio
16、ns.beginwith=startwith：“以以开始开始”.tobeginwith=tostartwith以以为起点为起点;开始开始(做做)这两个词组都可以单独使用这两个词组都可以单独使用,表示表示“首先首先;第一第一;起初起初;最初最初”。在句中作时间状语。在句中作时间状语。e.g.Tobegin/startwith,Icouldntlikehimatall.2021/8/11 星期三283.They were in time to produce carbon,which were to make important is in time:及时及时;最终最终 in time(for s
17、th./to do sth.):及时；不迟及时；不迟我迟早会遇见他我迟早会遇见他.Ill see him_.她会及时回来准备晚餐她会及时回来准备晚餐.She will be back _ to prepare dinner.你认为我们能及时赶上火车吗你认为我们能及时赶上火车吗?Do you think we can get there _the train?in time forin timein time2021/8/11 星期三29 与与time相关的短语相关的短语:in no time 立刻立刻,马上马上 at times 有时有时 at a time 每次每次;依次依次 once up
18、on a time 从前从前 on time 按时按时;准时准时 at one time 从前从前 for the time being 暂时暂时 from time to time 不时地不时地 2021/8/11 星期三304.Whatitwastobecomewasuncertainuntilbetween4.5and3.8billionyearsagowhenthedustsettledintoasolidglobe.Whatisevenmoreimportantisthatastheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.考点考点
19、以上两句均为以上两句均为what引导的主语从句。引导的主语从句。2021/8/11 星期三311._（使大家吃惊（使大家吃惊的是）的是）isthathedidntcometothemeeting.Whatsurprisedeverybody2._（他所做的）（他所做的）addedtoourdifficulty.Whathedid2021/8/11 星期三325.astheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.随着地球的冷却随着地球的冷却,地球的表面就开始出现地球的表面就开始出现了水。了水。1)cooldown变凉变凉,冷却冷却,平息平息,
20、冷静冷静晒了一天的太阳之后晒了一天的太阳之后,他喜欢在海水中凉快他喜欢在海水中凉快一下。一下。Afteradayinthesun,helikedto_inthesea.他的话平息了她的怒气。他的话平息了她的怒气。Hiswords_heranger.cooldowncooleddown2021/8/11 星期三332)appear“出现出现,似乎似乎”是不及物动词当是不及物动词当表示表示“似乎似乎,好像好像”时是系动词时是系动词,该该词无被动语态。词无被动语态。OurteacherappearedonTVthismorning.Themanwhocameyesterdayappeared/see
21、med/lookedanhonestman.2021/8/11 星期三346.Itwasnotimmediatelyobviousthatwaterwastobefundamentaltothedevelopmentoflife.水会对于生命的发展起关键作用水会对于生命的发展起关键作用,这一点在这一点在当时并不太明显。当时并不太明显。用用It做形式主语是因为做形式主语是因为that引导的从句较长引导的从句较长,如果按照正常语序来安排的话就显得头重脚如果按照正常语序来安排的话就显得头重脚轻了。如轻了。如:Itisnowonderthathehaspassedtheexam.Itisquitene
22、cessaryforustolearnEnglishwell.2021/8/11 星期三357.This produced a chain reaction,which made it possible for life to develop.1)Chain reaction 连锁反应连锁反应2)Make it possible for life to develop.使生命的发展成为可能使生命的发展成为可能 make it+adj./n.for sb./sth.to do sth.老师让他们容易地明白那个问题。老师让他们容易地明白那个问题。The teacher _.madeiteasyfo
23、rthemtounderstandthequestion2021/8/11 星期三368.They produced young generally by laying eggs.lay-laid-laid-laying 放放,把把.放在放在.;产卵产卵 He laid his books on the desk.注意注意:lay(laid;laid;laying)放置放置;产卵产卵 lie(lay;lain;lying)躺躺;位于位于 lie(lied;lied;lying)说谎说谎 2021/8/11 星期三37Thenaughtyboy_tomethatthehenthat_therej
24、ustnowhad_twoeggsthedaybefore.A.laid;laid;laidB.laid;lay;lainC.lied;laid;lainD.lied;lay;laidD2021/8/11 星期三389.they gave birth to young baby animals 1)生（孩子）生（孩子）Shes just given birth to a healthy baby girl.她刚刚生了个健康的女婴。她刚刚生了个健康的女婴。2)产生产生 The extraordinary experience gave birth to his latest novel.这段奇特
25、的经历促成了他的最新的一部小这段奇特的经历促成了他的最新的一部小说的诞生。说的诞生。2021/8/11 星期三3910.Theyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,whichpreventsheatfromescapingfromtheearthintospace.他们把太多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中他们把太多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中,这就是使得热量不能从地球上散发到太空这就是使得热量不能从地球上散发到太空中去。中去。Therewasnothingtopreventherfromdoingso.Wemustpreventthewater
26、frombeingpolluted.2021/8/11 星期三40归纳归纳prevent.from的意思是的意思是_。拓展拓展近义短语有近义短语有:stop.from阻止阻止干某事干某事;keep.from阻止阻止干某干某事。注意事。注意:prevent和和stop后的后的from都都可以省略可以省略,而而keep.from中的中的from则不能省略，如果省略了则不能省略，如果省略了,其意义将其意义将发生改变。发生改变。制止、阻止、使制止、阻止、使不做某事不做某事2021/8/11 星期三4111.millionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherdependon
27、sb.依靠依靠,相信某人相信某人dependonsth.取决于某物取决于某物我们都靠你来做决定了我们都靠你来做决定了Wellall_tomakeadecision.明天是否能开校运会取决与天气明天是否能开校运会取决与天气Whethertoholdthesportsmeetingornotwill_.depend on youdepend on the weather2021/8/11 星期三4212.inonesturn轮到某人；接着轮到某人；接着Whenitisinmyturn,Iamtooexcitedtospeak.inturn依次；轮流依次；轮流byturns轮流轮流13.Unlike
28、John,Tomdislikesplayingfootball.14.Hedidntworkhard;thushewasfired.2021/8/11 星期三43I.根据下列各句句意及所给单词的首字根据下列各句句意及所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出该单词的正确形母或汉语提示，写出该单词的正确形式。式。1.This_(理论理论)helpstoexplainhowanimalscommunicatewitheachother.2.Thefinalcostcouldbeasmuchasoneb_dollars.3.31peoplehavebeeninjuredin_(暴力的暴力的)incidents
29、throughouttheday.练习坊练习坊theorybillionviolent2021/8/11 星期三444.Acrosstheg_,sealevelvariesbyhundredsoffeet.5.A(n)_(原子原子)issosmallthatwecannotseeit.6.Smokingish_tohealth,butsomepeoplecannotgetridofit.7.Thebestwaytogetthat_(二氧化碳二氧化碳)intotheatmosphereistowarmtheentireplanet.globeatomharmfulcarbondioxide202
30、1/8/11 星期三458.Thenewownershavetriedtogivetherestaurantamorefamily-friendly_(气氛气氛).9.O_isakindofgasthatisnecessaryformostanimalsandplantstolive.10.Iwassurprisedbythe_(出席出席)ofsomanypeopleatthemeeting.atmosphereOxygenpresence2021/8/11 星期三46II.用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。1.Theshiprocked_(violent)fro
31、msidetoside,causingmanypassengerstofeelseasick.2.Thereisa_(fundament)differenceinattitudebetweenthesetwopoliticians.3.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatsmokingis_(harm)toourhealth.violentlyfundamentalharmful2021/8/11 星期三474.Ourproblemshave_(multiply)sincelastyear.5.Scientistswanttoknowwhetherlife_(exist)onot
32、herplanets.6.Shelistenedwitha_(puzzle)expressiononherface.multipliedexistspuzzled2021/8/11 星期三48Answerkeyforexercise1:-enceun-presentcertainviolentfairconfidentpaiddifferentlikepatientkindpresenceviolenceconfidencedifferencepatienceuncertainunfairunpaidunlikeunkindDiscovering useful words and expres
33、sionsDiscovering useful words and expressions2021/8/11 星期三49-al-istcultureartglobephysicsuniversechemistryagriculturebiologymathematicsscienceculturalglobaluniversalagriculturalmathematicalartistphysicistchemistbiologistscientist2021/8/11 星期三50CACBAnswerkeyforexercise2:Answerkeyforexercise3:fundamen
34、tal,astronomy,gavebirthto,existed,Asaresult,atoms,preventsfrom,puzzle2021/8/11 星期三51emotionalwordscalmwordsAnswerkeyforexercise4:violentangryrudeshockedexcitedcrazypatientgentlerelaxingkindeasy-goingcalm2021/8/11 星期三52Subject Clauses 主语从句主语从句2021/8/11 星期三531引导主语从句的连接词有三类：引导主语从句的连接词有三类：(1)连词连词that、wh
35、ether:(从属连词）从属连词）在从句中在从句中不作不作任何成分任何成分Whetherwegobytrainorbyboatmakesnodifference.Whetherhellcomehereisntclear.Thatpricewillgoupiscertain.主语从句主语从句在复合句中作主句的在复合句中作主句的主语主语.2021/8/11 星期三54Whatshedidisnotyetknown.Whowillwritethepoemhasnotbeendecidedyet.Whateverhedidisright.Whoeverbreakstheruleshouldbepuni
36、shed.Whowillgomakesnodifference.Whomshelovesisclearenough.她爱的是谁已经够清楚了。她爱的是谁已经够清楚了。Whosewalletwasstolenmustbemadeclear.谁的谁的钱包被偷了必须被搞清楚。钱包被偷了必须被搞清楚。(2)连接代词连接代词what,who,whom,whose,which,whoever,whatever,whichever等等.连接代词在从句中充当连接代词在从句中充当主语，宾语主语，宾语,表语或定语表语或定语，不能不能省略。省略。2021/8/11 星期三553)连接副词连接副词when,where,
37、why,how,whenever,wherever,however等等。它们在它们在句句中中充当充当状语状语，不能不能省略省略。此类主语从句也可以。此类主语从句也可以用带有形式主语用带有形式主语it的句子转换。的句子转换。Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone.Whenhewillbebackdependsontheweather.Howthepyramidswerebuiltisstillamystery.2021/8/11 星期三56主语从句后置主语从句后置!为了避免主语冗长为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻句子头重脚轻,经常用经常用it作作形式主语形式主语,主语从
38、句放在后面作真正的主语主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.例例:Thatweshallbelateiscertain.-Itscertainthatweshallbelate.1.Thattheearthisroundisknowntoall.-2.Thatyoumissedthechanceisapity.-Itisapitythatyoumissedthechance.Itsknowntoallthattheearthisround.2021/8/11 星期三57It+be+形容词形容词that从句从句 Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.It+be+-e
39、d分词分词that从句从句ItissaidthatMr.GreenhasarrivedinBeijing.用用it形式主语的形式主语的that从句有以下四种从句有以下四种不同的搭配：不同的搭配：2021/8/11 星期三58It+be+名词名词that从句从句Itsnowonderthatyouhaveachievedsomuchsuccess.Itsapitythatyoudidntattendthelectureyesterday.It+不及物动词不及物动词that从句从句Itseemsthatyouareagainsttheplan.IthappenedtomethatIhadbeena
40、waywhenyoucalled.Itdoesntmatterwhethershewillcomeornot.2021/8/11 星期三591.Whereshallwespendtheholidayisntdecided.2.Youhavemadeamistakeisafact.3.Thatiscertainthatwecanwin.4.Nomatterwholeavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.5.Ifthepolicemenwillcomeisnotcertain.weshallThatyouhaveItisWhoeverWhether改错练习改
41、错练习2021/8/11 星期三60Listening2021/8/11 星期三61Pre-listening IsaacNewton16421727英国物理学家英国物理学家2021/8/11 星期三62经典物理学理论体系的建立者。经典物理学理论体系的建立者。1665年创立微分；年创立微分；1666年开始研究积分。年开始研究积分。1666年年,开始想到研究重力开始想到研究重力(gravity)问题，问题，苹果落地的传说，也是在此时发生的轶事。其苹果落地的传说，也是在此时发生的轶事。其一生的重大科学思想是在这两年期间（一生的重大科学思想是在这两年期间（22至至23岁）岁形成的。岁）岁形成的。16
42、69年，把自然哲学的数学年，把自然哲学的数学原理，宇宙体系等手稿送到剑桥大学图原理，宇宙体系等手稿送到剑桥大学图书馆收藏。晚年研究宗教。书馆收藏。晚年研究宗教。2021/8/11 星期三63AlbertEinstein（18791955）2021/8/11 星期三64质量质量(m)和能量和能量(E)的相当性：的相当性：Emc2爱因斯坦爱因斯坦在量子论、分子运动论、相在量子论、分子运动论、相对论对论(TheoryofRelativity)等物理学的三等物理学的三个不同领域取得了历史性成就，特别是个不同领域取得了历史性成就，特别是狭义相对论的建立和光量子论的提出，狭义相对论的建立和光量子论的提出，
43、推动了物理学理论的革命，他对社会进推动了物理学理论的革命，他对社会进步事业也有重要贡献。步事业也有重要贡献。2021/8/11 星期三65霍金霍金bornin19422021/8/11 星期三66 斯蒂芬斯蒂芬藿金藿金是当今科学界的一位是当今科学界的一位传奇性人物。这不仅仅因为他是一位传奇性人物。这不仅仅因为他是一位被誉为继爱因斯坦后最著名的科学思被誉为继爱因斯坦后最著名的科学思想家和最杰出的理论物理学家，还在想家和最杰出的理论物理学家，还在于他是在常人无法想象的身体状况下于他是在常人无法想象的身体状况下进行研究和创造性工作的。进行研究和创造性工作的。2021/8/11 星期三67blackh
44、ole黑洞黑洞 2021/8/11 星期三68 黑洞黑洞并非只是吞噬物质。除了并非只是吞噬物质。除了会在星系形成的过程中扮演重要会在星系形成的过程中扮演重要角色外，在经过一段相当漫长的角色外，在经过一段相当漫长的时间后，黑洞也会把一些曾被它时间后，黑洞也会把一些曾被它吸入的物质信息向外界释放出来。吸入的物质信息向外界释放出来。2021/8/11 星期三69Listening SummaryBiscorrectbecauseitgivesaclearideaofwhatthelisteningpassageisabout.SummaryAisnottrue.Thethreescientistsw
45、antedtoexplainhowtheuniverseworkedandnothowitbegan.SummaryCistoogeneralanddoesnotgiveenoughdetailaboutwhatthelisteningpassageisabout.Choose the best summary.2021/8/11 星期三70ListentoPart1againandfillinthefirstcolumnofthechart.2021/8/11 星期三71IsaacNewtonAlbertEinsteinStephenHawkingIdeaLargebodieshaveafo
46、rcewhichpullsthingstowardsthemInspacelargeobjectsmakespaceandtimebend;thelargertheobject,thefurtherspaceandtimebendsBlackholeshaveaverylargemassandpullthingstowardsthemtowardstheiredge.2021/8/11 星期三72IsaacNewtonAlbertEinsteinStephenHawkingDevelopmentThebiggertheobjectthestrongerthegravity.Timegoessl
47、owerinverystronggravity.Ifyougoovertheedge,youcannotgetout;butifyoudonot,youmaybeabletoescape.2021/8/11 星期三73AVISITTOTHEMOONAVISITTOTHEMOON2021/8/11 星期三74spacewalkLook at the pictures!2021/8/11 星期三75ReadandthendescribethethreewaysinwhichgravitychangedforLiYanpingandhowhisweightchanged.1.Thepullofgra
48、vitybecameverystrongasshelefttheearthsatmosphere.Hisweightisnormal.2.Itdisappearedwhenhewasinspace.Heisweightless.3.Itwasverylightwhenhewasonthemoon.Heweighslessthanonearth.2021/8/11 星期三761.LastmonthIwasluckyenoughtohaveachancetomakeatripintospacewithmyfriendLiYanping,anastronomer.上个月我有幸得到一个机会同我的上个月
49、我有幸得到一个机会同我的朋友，一位宇航员李彦平一道去太空朋友，一位宇航员李彦平一道去太空旅行。旅行。Languagepoints2021/8/11 星期三77enough的用法的用法:1）用作代词：作主语或宾语。）用作代词：作主语或宾语。Youhavedonemorethanenough.你已做得够多了。你已做得够多了。Ihavehadenough.Thankyou.我吃的已经够多的了，谢谢。我吃的已经够多的了，谢谢。2021/8/11 星期三782）形容词作定语：）形容词作定语：enough用在名词前、用在名词前、后都可以。后都可以。Ihaveenoughtimetodothework./I
50、havetimeenoughtodothework.我有足够的时间做此项工作。我有足够的时间做此项工作。3）用作副词修饰形容词或副词表示程度）用作副词修饰形容词或副词表示程度:enough一般放在形容词或副词的后边。一般放在形容词或副词的后边。2021/8/11 星期三79longenough,easyenough,fastenough,quicklyenough等。等。但一般不说：但一般不说：enoughlong,enougheasy,enoughfast,enoughquickly.Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.这孩子到上学的年龄了。这孩子到上学的年龄了。20