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1、Bernard Feringa-Design and Synthesis of Molecular Machines 伯纳德伯纳德费林加费林加-分子机器的分子机器的设计与合成设计与合成 The American film“Fantastic Voyage”in 1966 told us how a submarine fleet was miniaturized and injected into a scientists body,performing vascular surgery for him and saving his life.Fifty years later,people
2、still havent turned science fiction into reality,but the predictions of movies are still being confirmed by many people.There is a scientist,named Bernard L.Feringa,who turned the science fiction into reality.He was born in Netherlands.He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2016 His Prize motivation
3、 was for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.He shared the prize with Jean-Pierre Sauvage and J.Fraser Stoddart.PART ONE Biography Here is the Nobel Lecture of Bernard L.Feringa,given on 8 December 2016,at Stockholm University,where he was introduced by Professor Olof Ramstr m,Member of t
4、he Nobel Committee for Chemistry.Can you imagine that the components of the smallest machines could be molecules?For a machine to function,its parts must be able to move relative to each other.Bernard Feringa constructed a molecular motor by making a molecular rotor blade continuously spin in the sa
5、me direction.In the future,molecular machines could be used for new materials,sensors,and energy storage systems.PART TWO Achievement In 1999 Feringa and collaborators announced that they had created the first“molecular motor”that is,a molecule that can be made to spin in one direction.The molecular
6、 motor was made of two“blades”in which one blade would spin 180 degrees when exposed to ultraviolet light.This rotation would set up a“tension”in the bond that connects the two blades that would cause the other blade to rotate.Each blade had a methyl group connected to it so rotation could only happ
7、en in one direction.The Feringa group built molecular motors that rotated faster and faster,which culminated in 2013 with the development of one that rotated with a frequency of 12 MHz.The Feringa group used molecular motors in more ambitious projects.In 2005 they were able to spin with molecular mo
8、tors a glass cylinder that was 28 micrometres long,10,000 times larger than the motors.In 2011 they created a“nanocar”which consisted of a“chassis”and four molecular motors for wheels and which could drive over a surface.This graphic picture shows the journal of discovery from the chiral overcrowded
9、 alkene in 1977,that led to the light-driven molecular rotary motor in 1999.And the presentation of the first electric car designed in 1835 and the molecular nanocar developed in 2011 to the Nobel Museum in Stockholm.The development of molecular motors arguably offers a fine starting point for the c
10、onstruction of soft robotics,smart materials and molecular machines.Their ability to design,use and control motor-like functions at the molecular level sets the stage for numerous dynamic molecular systems.This picture shows the first generation light-driven rotary molecular motor and four stage rot
11、ary cycle.Rotary motion is achieved,fueled by light energy,shows control over directionality,and is a repetitive rotary process.Starting with the“synthesis of function”,their focus was to program molecules by incorporating responsive and adaptive properties and being able to control motion.Molecular
12、 information systems,responsive materials,smart surfaces and coatings,self-healing materials,delivery systems,precision therapy,adaptive catalysts,roving sensors,soft robotics,nanoscale energy converters and molecular machines are just a small fraction of the systems where fascinating discoveries ca
13、n be expected.Building the art of small will have to reach out to new levels of sophistication when dealing with complex dynamic molecular systems.While trying to imagine the unimaginable,Natures motors and machines can to some extent guide the molecular explorer.However,at the start of their next j
14、ourney they should not forget the words of daVinci:“Where Nature finishes producing its own species,man begins,with the help of Nature,to create an infinity of species.”Prof.Fellinga has good collaborations with China.On May 13,2019,Prof.Feringa was invited to Shanghai Organic Institute for an acade
15、mic visit and gave a lecture entitled“Exploring Catalytic Space”.More than 300 scientific researchers participated in the academic activities.In 2018,Shanghai issued permanent resident identity cards and residence permits for seven foreigners,including Bernard Fellinga.思思 考考 诺贝尔评选委员会指出，这三位科学家研发出了世界上
16、最小的机器分子机器，只有人类头发的千分之一大小。它可以是微型“起重机”、人工“肌肉”和袖珍“马达”。这三位科学家对分子的可控运动进行了优化，当注入能量时，分子能执行任务。费林加则是分子马达第一人，在分子马达的基础上，他成功地让一只比马达大上1万倍的玻璃杯旋转，还设计了一辆纳米车。费林加教授指出，探索源于对身边的事物保持好奇心。他谈到自己从小就对身边的环境充满好奇，在不断追问为什么中启发思考，科研探索的根本是学会观察、思考和提问。当有人问到为什么需要分子马达的时候，他以飞机的发明和使用做比喻，1903年莱特兄弟发明第一架飞机时也不曾预料到100年后的今天飞机被广泛用于交通工具。这个事例告诉大家，
17、做科研不要带有过多的功利心，要享受自己当前研究领域的魅力，或许它未来的发展前景会远远超出你的预期。最后，希望同学们自信地追逐梦想，挖掘潜能，设立目标。正如计算机大师Alan Kay所说的，“The best way to predict the future is to invent it.”创造成就未来，这正是科研的意义所在。Life Bernard Feringa was born in Barger-Compascuum in the Netherlands,where his family had a farm.He studied at the University of Groni
18、ngen,where he received his PhD in 1978.That year he became a research chemist for the oil company Royal Dutch Shell in Amsterdam.He was at the Shell Biosciences Laboratories in Sittingbourne,England,from 1982 to 1983.Feringa then returned to Shell in Amsterdam,and in 1984 he became a lecturer in org
19、anic chemistry at Groningen.He was appointed a professor there in 1988.He shared the prize with French chemist Jean-Pierre Sauvage and Scottish-American chemist Sir J.Fraser Stoddart.The first light-driven unidirectional rotary motor reported in 1999,has two distinct stereochemical elements:a helica
20、l structure(P or M helicity as in the chiroptical switches)and stereocenters(R or S)both in upper and lower halves.The methyl substituents,originally introduced for the purpose of absolute stereochemical determination,can adopt a pseudo-axial or pseudo-equatorial orientation.Photochemical switching
21、experiments revealed a surprising result;helix inversion as detected by CD spectroscopy was commonly associated with trans-cis isomerization in our chiroptical switches but in this case CD measurements indicated the same helicity for starting material and product.NMR,chiroptical and kinetic studies,
22、supported by calculations,revealed“the missing isomer”and a sequential process of photoisomerization from stable trans to unstable cis followed by a thermal helix inversion to stable cis.This system has all characteristics of a power-stroke rotary motor;rotary motion is achieved,fueled by light energy,shows control over directionality,and is a repetitive rotary process.