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1、 In the second part Im going to talk about my understanding of the benevolence proposed by Confucius.Whats new in it?From the above analysis,We can draw the conclusion that Confuciuss benevolence can be treated as the pursuit of personal improvement.So,the implications of benevolence not only have s
2、pecific reference and specific content,but also contain the universal truth.There are points rooted in reality,For example,Confucius once said that When I think of benevolence in my heart,benevolence comes naturally.But therere also difficult goals.Confucius had another student named Zeng Shen,In hi
3、story,he was also called Zeng Zi.He once said that Isnt it important to regard benevolence as your own responsibility,Working hard in whole life isnt it far away.And then,Confuciuss answers for benevolence are not only related to behavior,but also related to knowledge.Of course,The knowledge here me
4、ans making self-reflections.Its about inspecting your own behaviors.So we can analyze conversely and understand Confuciuss students separately.They have vivid and specific images respectively.For example,Fan Chi,The first time he asked the question about benevolence,Confuciuss answer was“The benevol
5、ent care for others”.This answer is very simple,But here Whats the specific point Confucius intended to make?I think we can find some clues in the Analects of Confucius.The benevolent care for others is obviously aimed at Fan Chi.He probably not regarded caring for people as his first priority in da
6、ily life.For example,in the Analects of Confucius He asked Confucius How to grow crops,Confucius replied,“Im not as good as the farmer.And he asked how to grow flowers,Confucius replied Im not as good as the gardener.In fact What did Fan Chi care about?How to be a good gardener,How to be a good farm
7、er,But not how to be engaged in politics,How to be engaged in education,How to be a gentleman,which was what Confucius craved.Take another example,Sima Niu asked about benevolence.Confucius answered The benevolent should speak cautiously.Whats Confuciuss point here?It may be because Sima Niu behaved
8、 well in many aspects,but didnt pay attention to the way of speaking.So Confucius gave a special instruction to him.The third student Yan Yuan asked about benevolence,Confucius answered Restrain yourself and follow social norms,Once this is done,everything in the world will be benevolent.Actually,Ya
9、n Yuan himself also felt that what Confucius said was too abstract.So he asked what this meant.Confucius replied Dont look at what is contrary to propriety,Dont listen to what is contrary to propriety,Dont speak what is contrary to propriety,Dont do what is contrary to propriety.So,can these words r
10、eflect that Confucius thought highly of Yan Yuan?In the Analects of Confucius,when Confucius summarized his life he said,At seventy,I could do things right at my hearts desire,As for“do things right at my hearts desire,what is right?Actually its etiquette.It means that when Confucius was seventy,eti
11、quette as a norm was not an external thing.It was internalized as an integral part of his life.So when Yan Yuan asked about benevolence,Confucius said,“Restrain yourself and follow social norms.He taught his favorite student with the high standard of etiquette.When Zhong Gong asked about benevolence
12、,Confucius offered a weighty advice.He said,Going out to do things should be as serious as serving VIPs,Slaving people should be as cautious as undertaking major sacrifices.Whatever you dont desire,dont impose it on others.No matter what you do in your country or in your family,dont make people rese
13、nt you.“People here means civilians,Thats the common people.In todays words,Asking employees to work for you is like making a sacrifice.We know that sacrifice was very important in ancient China.Emperors made sacrifices for the heaven and the earth,Feudatories made sacrifices for Earth God and Valle
14、y God,for mountains,for rivers.The common people also made sacrifices for their ancestors.In fact,No matter what kind of sacrifices,Its all from the inferior to superior.So why did Confucius talk about such things to Zhong Gong,who was his another valued student?We can say Confucius also had his pur
15、pose.That is although Zhong Gong was very excellent,he still had something to improve.For example,when he went out,did he treat everyone as a distinguished guest,and slave people as cautiously as undertaking major sacrifices.When he asked people to do the work for him,was he really solemn and seriou
16、s.Had him ever forced others to do something?Was there a time when he didnt do something well and looked for objective causes?Of course Confucius might encourage his students in a positive way.His students were so excellent,They could understand immediately.So We know that they had their own vivid c
17、haracters,Confucius lived with his students all the time,He knew them very well.So when these students came to ask about benevolence Confucius seized the moment to give them some kind advice,pointing out the problems that they tended to overlook in daily life.And another point I want to emphasize is
18、 that to understand ones thought especially the thought that has such a profound impact on a nation,we should know the persons life and personality.Confucius once summed up his life in this way,At fifteen I set my heart upon learning,At thirty I planted my feet firm upon the ground,At forty I no lon
19、ger suffered from perplexities,At fifty I knew what were the biddings of Heaven,At sixty I heard them with docile ears,At seventy I could do things right at my hearts desire.Throughout his life,he lost his father at the age of three and lost his mother at the age of seventeen.When he was young,he di
20、d a lot of mannual labor.Especially he and his mother were in a situation of being driven out of the house by his mother-in-law.When his mother died,he managed to bury his parents together,so he was able to reclaim his lordship.Through unremitting efforts he was gradually accepted by the upper class
21、 at that time.It can be seen that Confucius had some experiences that ordinary people dont have,so he could sum up these ideas.The most fundamental thing about Confuciuss benevolence is self-cultivation.Only when a persoon has self-cultivation will others associated with him feel his benevolence and
22、 kind heart.In this sense,the first chapter of the Analects of Confucius has a saying,filial piety and fraternal submission are the root of benevolence.In other words,one should start self-cultivation with filial piety at home.In the first chapter of the same book,the Xue Er article,Confucius said,t
23、hose who talk glibly and flatteringly are hypocritical and heartless.In other words,benevolence isnt displayed by some beautiful words.It depends on pepoles behavior.People should use their own temperament and qualifications to make self-reflection and self-improvement constantly,And then they can i
24、mprove themselves,Finally they can get close to benevolence.So,the benevolence proposed by Confucius is not a concept but a behavior.Its a behavior of self-understanding and self-cultivation.In this sense,Confuciuss students like Zi Lu,Ran You,Gongxi Hua who had abilities in administration and diplo
25、macy,were fully recognized by Confucius,But he said the following words to these students I dont know if they have benevolence.It means that Confucius didnt know the real thing in these students heart.Did they really have benevolence,At the time,for some people,like Lingyi Wenzi and Chen Wenzi(two officials in the Spring-autumn and Warring States Period)?Confucius said how could these men be called the benevolent?Obviously,Confucius commented on his students and these two men differently.Well,thats all for the benevolence proposed by Confucius Thank you for watching