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1、Ilya Prigogine-Structure,Dissipation and Life 伊利亚伊利亚 普里高津普里高津-结构、耗散和结构、耗散和生命生命 In the history of modern natural science,there are three milestones which attract worldwide attention:The first one is classical mechanics associated with the name of the scientific giant Newton;The second one is Relativi
2、ty Theory Associated with Einsteins Name,the Founder of Modern Physics；The third one is quantum mechanics associated with the names of Bohr,Heisenberg and others.For decades,scientists all over the world have been looking up to the peak of science while looking forward to the rise of another giant m
3、onument,Ilya Prigogine-A physicist who views the world from the perspective of evolution.Ilya Prigogine won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977 for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics,particularly the theory of dissipative structures.He was born in Moscow.He worked for ULB(Universit
4、 Libre de Bruxelles),and University of Texas.PART ONE Biography Thermodynamics is about heat and its transformation into other forms of energy-basically involving statistical descriptions of atomic and molecular movements.Irreversible thermodynamic processes go in only one direction,usually toward m
5、ore disorder.However,during the 1960s,Prigogine developed a theory about dissipative structures,which says that long before a state of equilibrium is reached in irreversible processes,orderly and stable systems can arise from more disordered systems.The result has been applied in many areas.Prigogin
6、e is known best due to his definition of dissipative structures and their role in thermodynamic systems far from equilibrium,a discovery that won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.Dissipative structure theory led to pioneering research in self-organizing systems,as well as philosophy inquiries into t
7、he formation of complexity on biological entities,and the quest for a creative and irreversible role of time in the natural sciences.His work is seen by many as a bridge between natural sciences and social sciences.Bifurcations and fluctuations One of Prigogines most-cited papers is his“Order Throug
8、h Fluctuations:Self Organization and Social System,”in which he applied his earlier internal entropy theory:where entropy variation dS of a body or system is split into two different components,one the sum of the entropy exchanges,deS,the subscript“e”meaning entropy exchanged at the boundary,and two
9、 the entropy inside,diS,the subscript“I”meaning entropy variation inside or internal to the system,the latter type referring to irreversible processes,to explain social system change in terms of“order through fluctuations”.In this paper,which according to some is said to mark the beginning of“social
10、 thermodynamics”,Prigogine is said to model a human as an atom or group of atoms,and a family as molecule,along the way giving definitions of social entropy,free energy,among others.This internal entropy model was first outlined in his Study of the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Phenomenon.Underlyin
11、g much of Prigogines work was his aim to explain evolution by a new version of thermodynamics of his own formulation,a mixture of non-equilibrium or convection flow thermodynamics,fluid mechanics,and chaos theory mathematics.The seeds of this drive seem to trace to French philosopher Henri Bergson a
12、nd his book Creative Evolution (Lvolution Cr atrice).This publication was said to have“inspired”Prigogine to reconsider the foundations of thermodynamics work.In his Nobel lecture,he recalled:“since my adolescence,I have read many philosophical texts I still remember the spell Creative Evolution (Lv
13、olution Cr atrice)cast on me.I felt that some essential message was embedded,in Bergsons remark:“The more deeply we study the nature of time,the better we understand that duration means invention,creation of forms,continuous elaboration of absolutely new.”In his article“Thermodynamics of Evolution”,
14、Prigogine and associates state:“To their credit,there are a few evolutionists(though apparently very few)who recognize the critical nature of the problem of the second law and who are trying to solve it.”In the years to follow,he attempted to explain evolution in terms of the abstract conceptions of
15、 dissipative structures(such as B nard cells,bifurcations,and fluctuations.)The problem of time in physics and chemistry is closely related to the formulation of the second law of thermodynamics.Thermodynamic equilibrium may be characterized by the minimum of the Helmholtz free energy defined usuall
16、y by the following equation:F=E-TS.PART THREE “Time,Structure and Fluctuations”The second law confirms the existence of a function,the entropy S,which increases until it reaches its maximum at the state of thermodynamic equilibrium.It is easy to extend this formulation to systems which exchange ener
17、gy and matter with the outside world.(see fig.2.1).The second law assumes then that the entropy production inside the system is positive(or zero).There are three aspects which are always linked in dissipative structures:the function as expressed by the chemical equations,the space-time structure,whi
18、ch results from the instabilities,and the fluctuations,which trigger the instabilities.The interplay between these three aspects leads to most unexpected phenomena,including“order through fluctuations”.The macroscopic thermodynamic distinction between reversible and irreversible processes has in thi
19、s way been transposed into the microscopic description.We have obtained what could be considered as the“missing link”between microscopic reversible dynamics and macroscopic irreversible thermodynamics.The scheme is as follows:Now,we therefore have established,in general,the link between non-equilibr
20、ium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics,at least in the linear region.This is the extension of the result which was obtained long time ago in the frame of Boltzmanns theory,valid for dilute gases.Prigogine was also concerned with the broader philosophical issues raised by his work.In the 19th c
21、entury the discovery of the second law of thermodynamics,with its prediction of a relentless movement of the universe toward a state of maximum entropy,generated a pessimistic attitude about nature and science.Prigogine felt that his discovery of self-organizing systems constituted a more optimistic
22、 interpretation of the consequences of thermodynamics.In addition,his work led to a new view of the role of time in the physical sciences.Lets hear what did Prigogine say in the Nobel Lecture?“The inclusion of thermodynamic irreversibility through a non-unitary transformation theory leads to a deep
23、alteration of the structure of dynamics.But already now the development of the theory permits us to distinguish various levels of time.I believe that this diversification of the concept of time permits a better integration of theoretical physics and chemistry with disciplines dealing with other aspe
24、cts of nature.”I think Prigogine is not only a great physical chemists,but also a philosopher.How do you think of him?Thank you for watching.思思 考考 1977年，当被科学界誉为现代热力学的奠基人、比利时布鲁塞尔学派著名的统计物理学家普里高津，以其创立的耗散结构理论把当年的诺贝尔化学奖桂冠举过头顶的时候，这一伟大的时刻终于到来了。人们清楚地知道：普里高津所创立的耗散结构理论对于整个自然以至社会科学产生的划时代的重大影响，远远超出了一次诺贝尔奖的价值。普里高津于1969年在国际“理论物理与生物学会议”上发表了结构、耗散和生命一文，提出了耗散结构理论，把理论热力学的研究推向了当代的最高峰，从而在“存在”和“演化”的两种科学之间、在两种文化之间构架了一座科学的桥梁。其工作风格：一一：普里高津是一位利用演化论而非原子论的观点来看待世界的物理学家。二二：普里高津的学术生涯是由简入繁。早年研究化学反应，中年研究热力学和统计物理，晚年深入到量子混沌的理论基础。三三：普里高津凭借自己的学识、热情与组织才能，以战略家的眼光，一手缔造了布鲁塞尔学派，使得非主流的前沿研究得以长期坚持。