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1、Chapter 14The Anatomical Characteristics of AvianThe evolution of poultry bones is related to the development of flight ability,hind limb movement and habitat habits.SkeletonThe light weight of the skeleton is due to the thin compact bone and the air sac extends into the bone to form the gas-bearing
2、 bone.SkeletonHigh strength of the skeleton is reflected in the compact bone,which is very dense,and some of the bones have fused and replaced the joints,thus forming a strong skeleton structure.SkeletonSkeleton of poultrySkullSkeleton trunciForelimb bone(wing bone)Hindlimb boneThe number of cervica
3、l vertebrae in poultry is relatively large,which often like s-shaped.Cervical VertebraeThe vertebrae and joints of the cervical spine are developed,and the vertebrae form saddle intervertebral joints,which replace the intervertebral discs and form movable joints,thus making the cervical spine more f
4、lexible.The number of thoracic vertebrae in poultry is fewer(7 chickens,9 ducks,and 9 geese),and most of them connect with each other.Thoracic VertebraeSynsacrumNotariumDuckChickSynsacrumLumbosacral BoneLumbosacral boneSacral vertebraeLumber vertebraeSome coccygeal vertebrae(1114 vertebrae in total)
5、The breast of the poultry spine,especially the lumbosacral region,has little mobility.There are 11 to 12 coccygeal vertebraes in poultry,the first 6 of which are involved in the formation of the synsacrum,and the last 5 to 7 of which are nonunion(5 in chicken,and 7 in duck and goose),and at last is
6、a well-developed triangular pygostyle.Coccygeal VertebraeSynsacrumDuckBreast Bone(Sternum)Attached to both sides of the sternal crest are the pectoralis major and the pectoralis minor.The more developed the sternum,the more developed the pectoral muscle.SkullSkull(bounded by orbital fossa)Parietal b
7、oneOccipital boneSphenoid boneFacial boneSkullTemporal boneFrontal boneIn young poultry,the skull is relatively soft,and it united as a whole in adulthood.The suture between the bones is not obvious,so it is difficult to divide the boundary of the bones.SkullThe skull is also a gas-bearing bone and
8、a little bit thick,but the cranial cavity is not large.Shoulder GirdleShoulder girdleScapulaCoracoidClavicleScapula CCoracoid BClavicle AShoulder GirdleThe coracoid is large and long columnar,located on both sides of the thorax.The lower end forms a joint with the coracoid groove of the sternum.The
9、upper end is connected with the scapula.Scapula CCoracoid BClavicle AShoulder GirdleThe clavicle of chicken and pigeon are in the shape of V,while duck and goose are in the shape of U.Function:The purpose of the clavicle is to hold the shoulder apart while flying,resisting the force of the air on th
10、e wing and keeping the shoulder joint in place.Scapula CCoracoid BClavicle AThe biggest features of the hip bone:Hip BoneFirst,hip bone and lumbosacral bone form a firm connection.Second,the left and right hip bones are not connect,forming a pelvic joint.Therefore,the ventral flank of the bony pelvi
11、s is open to accommodate the need for oviposition.Hip BoneSkeleton Features of PoultryFirst,the poultry bone is lighter,and it is the gas-bearing bone.Second,the poultry bone is closely connected with each other.They have high bone density,high calcium salt content,high healing degree of skull and f
12、acial bone.The lumbosacral bones form a synsacrum,and the coccygeal vertebraes form a pygostyle.Between the adjacent ribs have the uncinate process.Skeleton Features of PoultryThird,the sternum is well developed and there is a sternal crestin the middle of the ventral side.Fourth,the scapula,clavicl
13、e,and coracoid form a joint with the arm bone.Fifth,the opening of the pelvis floor is conducive to laying eggs.The characteristics of poultry muscles can be summarized as follows:MuscleSecond,its most developed muscle group is in the shoulder belt.First,there is no fat deposition in poultry muscle,
14、which is divided into red muscle and white muscle.Third,in birds,the shoulder strap muscles account for more than half of the total body muscles,and the mainly muscle is pectoral muscle.Digestive SystemDigestive systemPharynxMouthEsophagusStomachCloacaLiverIntestineAnusPancreasOral CavityPoultrys or
15、al cavity and pharyngeal cavity are directly connected,without soft palate,nor lips,teeth,or cheeks.They are functionally replaced by a hard horny beak,and their morphological structure varies with the species.Oral CavityDuck and goose have no real crop,but the esophageal neck part may swell to a sp
16、indle shape.The crop is a swelling of the chickens esophagus at the anterior border of the breast.The stomach of poultry is divided into two parts:the glandular stomach in the front and the muscular stomach in the back.StomachGlandular StomachGlandular stomachPapilla ofglandular stomachMuscular stom
17、ach After glandular stomach,the muscular stomach is slightly oblong or elliptic,firm in texture,located slightly to the left of the abdominal cavity,between the two lobes of the liver.StomachMuscular StomachGlandular stomachMuscular stomach Muscular stomach IntestineIntestineDuodenumIleumLarge intes
18、tineSmall intestineJejunumThe duodenum begins at the pylorus,extends backward as descending portion,and turns back to form ascending portion.IntestineThere is the pancreas between the ascending portion and descending portion,and the ascending portion ends has the pancreatic duct,gallbladder duct and
19、 hepatic duct entering the duodenum.There are abundant lymphoid tissues in the intestinal wall of the base of caecum,forming the caecal tonsil.IntestineIn the small intestinal mucosa,there are intestinal glands but no duodenal glands.Cloacal ChamberCloacal chamber is behind the rectum,showing spheri
20、cal sacs shape.It is the common channel of end of digestive,urinary and reproductive system,backward with anus communicate with outside.The mucous membrane inside the cloaca forms folds,and the cloacal chamber is further divided into three parts:Cloacal ChamberCoprodeumProctodeumLumen of cloacal cha
21、mberUrodaeumThe anus is enclosed by the dorsal and ventral lips.AnusThe anal sphincter and anal gland are found in the wall of the proctodeum,the dorsal anal gland is obvious.The anal gland is mucinous gland,distributing the lymphatic tissue.Liver and PancreasThe liver of poultry is larger,located i
22、n the lower part of the abdominal cavity,and it is divided into the left and right lobes.The right lobe is larger and has a gallbladder(pigeon without gallbladder).The pancreas lies between the ascending and descending portions of the duodenum,being yellowish or reddish.Respiratory SystemRespiratory
23、 systemPharynxNoseLarynxTracheaBronchusSaccus pneumaticusSyrinx(Bulla syringeal)LungRespiratory SystemThe nasal cavity of poultry is narrow.The nostrils are located at the base of the upper beak.The nasal passages are separated by a septum,most of which is composed of cartilage.TracheaThe trachea is
24、 a direct continuation of the larynx.It is supported by a ring of cartilage and accompanied by the esophagus.The trachea is located on the ventral side of the neck,and leans to the right when it reaches the lower part of the neck.After entering the thorax,the dorsal part of the cardiac base is divid
25、ed into two bronchi,and the bifurcation forms the syrinx.SyrinxThe syrinx is the vocal organ of poultry,located behind the entrance of the thorax.Syrinx consists of cartilage rings of trachea and bronchus,as well as the pessulus,forming a stent.The lungs of poultry are bright red.The left and right
26、lungs are slightly flat quadrilateral with no lobes.They are located in the dorsal side of the thorax.The dorsal sides of both lungs are embedded in the intercostal space.There are deep rib imprint on the surface.LungSaccus pneumaticus are special organs for poultry.It is an extension of the bronchi
27、al mucosa outside the lung,the sac wall is very thin.Saccus PneumaticusInterclavicular air sac(1)Abdominal air sacs(1 pair)SaccuspneumaticusAnterior thoracic air sacs(1 pair)Cervical air sacs(1 pair)Posterior thoracic air sacs(1 pair)Anterior air sacsPosterior air sacsThe kidney is large,long and na
28、rrow,located in both sides of the lumbosacral bone,and the ilium fossa.It is divided into anterior,middle and posterior part.Urinary SystemKidneyUreterUrinary systemMale Reproductive SystemMale reproductive systemEpididymisTestisDeferent ductPenisThe testis of poultry is located in the abdominal cav
29、ity,suspended in front of the kidney in a short mesenterium,and the body surface is projected onto the upper part of the last two vertebral ribs.TestisThe size of the testis varies with age and season.Young chickens testis is only as big as rice with pale yellow.Silkies testicles are partially or en
30、tirely black.TestisThe mating organs of cock are undeveloped,and it is located on the dorsal side of the ventral lip of the anus and the bottom wall of the cloacal chambers proctodeum.It includes a pair of vas deferens nipples,lymphatic folds and a penile process.Mating OrganFemale Reproductive Syst
31、emFemale reproductive systemOvaryUterine tubeOvaryOnly the left side of the ovary develops normally,while the right side stagnate and degenerates early in embryonic development.The left ovary is attached to the anterior part of the left kidney and ventral adrenal by mesenterium and connective tissue
32、.The ovaries of young poultry are flat elliptic with granular surface and small follicles.Uterine TubeUterine tubeIsthmus Uterine partVaginal partMagnum(ovalbumin secreting part)Infundibulum(pavilion)Uterine TubeIn the center of the infundibulum has abodminal orifice of uterine tube,with thin edges
33、and like umbrella shape.The infundibulum rapidly become to thin and forms a infundibulum tube.There are infundibulum glands in the wall of the tube,whose secretions are used to form cahlaza.The infundibulum is also the place where sperm and ovum meet and fertilize.Uterine TubeMagnum of the uterine t
34、ube also known as the ovalbumin secreting part,is the longest and most curved oviduct section.When the egg production period,the magnum is the most thick,longest and gray part.There are longitudinal folds on the wall,a large number of glands in the wall,and the secretions form ovalbumin.It connected
35、 with the uterus by short and thin isthmus.Isthmus is thin and short,and its secretions constitute inner and outer shells.Uterine TubeThe uterine part,also called the shell gland part,is cystic,larger than the isthmus,and the wall is thicker.Eggs in this part have the longest survival time to form h
36、ard egg shell.The heart of the poultry take a large proportion of the whole body,located in the ventral side of the thorax,conical in shape.The base of the heart facing forward and above.It opposite to the first rib.HeartThe apex of the heart towards over the rear,opposite to the 5th rib,between the
37、 anterior of liver lobes.The aortic arch gives off left and right brachiocephalic arteries in front,and each brachiocephalic artery is divided into common carotid artery and subclavian artery.ArteryAfter the common carotid artery exits the anterior border of thorax,it enters the muscles of the ventr
38、al side of the cervical spine,runs parallel forward along the midline,and exits from the muscles at the anterior end of the neck,dividing to both sides of the head.ArteryLymphatic SystemLymphatic systemThymusCentral lymphatic organCloacal bursaPeripheral lymphatic organThe thymus is located under th
39、e skin of both sides of the neck,with 7(chicken)or 5(duck,goose,and pigeon)leaves on each side.It is pale pink and oval in shape,distributed along the jugular vein to the thyroid at the entrance to the thorax.ThymusCloacal BursaThe cloacal bursa is a specific lymphatic organ to poultry,located in th
40、e back of cloaca chamber,opening at the proctodeum.In chicken,the cloacal bursa is spherical,in duck and goose is a long oval.Cloacal BursaThe cloacal bursa is a primary lymphoid organ producing B lymphocytes,which is mainly related to humoral immunity.Spleen is located at the right side of the junc
41、tion between glandular stomach and muscular stomach.The chicken is obtuse triangle,the pigeon is long.It is soft and reddish brown,and the boundary between the white pulp and the red pulp is not obvious.SpleenLymph node is found only in waterfowl,such as duck,goose,and so on.There are two pairs of l
42、ymph nodes,developed in the lymphatic tube wall.Lymph NodeOne pair of lymph nodes are cervical and thoracic lymph nodes,the other are lumbar lymph nodes.Endocrine SystemEndocrine organParathyroid glandThyroid glandAdrenal glandParotid posterior glandHypophysisPineal glandIn poultry,the spinal cord i
43、s connected to the brain through the foramen magnum,extending backwards to the full length of the spinal canal.The posterior end forms a conus medullaris rather than a cauda equina.Spinal CordThe diameter of the spinal cord varies from part to part.The cervical thorax and lumbosacral form the cervic
44、al and lumbar sacs.It is the lower motor centers of the wings and legs,the latter one is more developed.Skin Derivative of PoultrySkin derivative of poultryWattleCombEarlobeScaleClawFeatherCutin beakCalcarFeatherFeatherContour featherScapePinnaPlumuleFiloplumeThe contour feather attaches to certain parts of the poultry body,called the feather area.The rest of the body is called the naked area,which helps the body move and release body temperature.Feather