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1、What Life Means To MeWhat Life Means To Me Jack London Jack LondonJack LondonJack London(born Jan.12,1876,died Nov.22,1916)is best known for his books The Call of the Wild,White Fang,and The Sea-Wolf,and a few short stories,such as To Build a Fire and The White Silence.In fact,he was a prolific（作品丰富
2、的）writer whose fiction explored three geographies and their cultures:the Yukon,California,and the South Pacific.He experimented with many literary forms,from conventional love stories to science fantasy.His noted journalism included war correspondence,boxing stories,and the life of Molokai lepers(莫洛
3、凯麻风病人).A committed socialist,he insisted against editorialedit:ril pressures to write political essays and insert social criticism in his fiction.He was among the most influential figures of his day,who understood how to create a public personal and use the media to market his self-created image of
4、poor-boy-turned-success.Londons great passion was agriculture,and he was well on the way of creating a new model for ranching(大牧场)through his Beauty Ranch when he died of kidney disease at age 40.He left over fifty books of novels,stories,journalism,and essays,many of which have been translated and
5、continue to be read around the world.杰克伦敦(18761916)，美国小说家。出身社会下层。他站在否定资本主义社会制度的高度，对美国黑暗社会作了有力批判，对劳动人民的悲惨生活作了生动的描写。他出生在贫苦的农民家庭，从小就靠出卖自己的劳动力过活，做过童工、水手、，当过流浪汉，也曾去北方淘金。他一面劳动，一面刻苦学习。起初受过尼采的影响，继而又向往空想社会主义。他最初的创作是“北方故事”，其中热爱生活（1906）写普通淘金者的生活和冒险，表现他们在艰苦的自然条件下战胜环境的非凡毅力。1903年出版特写集深渊中的人们，描写伦敦贫民窟中工人的悲惨生活。1908年出
6、版社会空想小说铁蹄写工人出身的革命领袖与“铁蹄”（垄断资产阶级寡头政治）的斗争，引起广泛反响。代表作是1909年发表的马丁伊登，写水手出身的青年作家终于得到了过去渴望的名声、地位、爱情，却发现这些都是空虚的。世人并不理解他的作品，他的爱人爱的只是他的作家声誉。马丁伊登在精神的极度痛苦中自杀了结一生。杰克伦敦本人也面临着精神危机，尽管他来自下层，有进步的社会理想和变革社会的激情，但在现实生活中找不到真正的出路。1916年他宣布退出社会党，同年在极度苦闷中自杀。杰克伦敦(18761916)，美国小说家。出身社会下层。他站在否定资本主义社会制度的高度，对美国 黑暗社会作了有力批判，对劳动人民的悲惨生
7、活作了生动的描写。他出生在贫苦的农民家庭，从小就靠出卖自己的劳动力过活，做过童工、水手、，当过流浪汉，也 曾去北方淘金。他一面劳动，一面刻苦学习。起初受过尼采的影响，继而又向往空想社会主义。他最初的创作是“北方故事”，其中热爱生活（1906）写普 通淘金者的生活和冒险，表现他们在艰苦的自然条件下战胜环境的非凡毅力。1903年出版特写集深渊中的人们，描写伦敦贫民窟中工人的悲惨生活。1908年出版社会空想小说铁蹄写工人出身的革命领袖与“铁蹄”（垄断资产阶级寡头政治）的斗争，引起广泛反响。代表作是1909年发表的马丁伊 登，写水手出身的青年作家终于得到了过去渴望的名声、地位、爱情，却发现这些都是空虚
8、的。世人并不理解他的作品，他的爱人爱的只是他的作家声誉。马丁 伊登在精神的极度痛苦中自杀了结一生。杰克伦敦本人也面临着精神危机，尽管他来自下层，有进步的社会理想和变革社会的激情，但在现实生活中找不到真正的 出路。1916年他宣布退出社会党，同年在极度苦闷中自杀。Synopsis of the essayWhat life means to me is an important thesis which was written by Jack London in 1905.In this thesis he criticized that capitalism turned everything
9、 to merchandise.He also put forward his political ideal to demolish and bury the capitalism thoroughly.In this thesis,the author revealed the changes of his ideal and opinions.At first,he naively thought that the people in the up-class were fine,noble,and gracious.He wanted to climb out of his worki
10、ng-class and up into the parlor of the“colossal edifice of society”.He tried every possible way to realize his dream.But finally the author realized that in the capitalist society“all things were commodities,all people bought and sold their commodities”such as shoes,manhood,trust,honor and flesh.Syn
11、opsis of the essayLabor had muscle alone to sell which couldnt be renewed and would diminished each day and brain was also a kind of commodity which was different form muscle.When people were 50 or 60,a brain seller was at his prime while a laborer was a muscle bankrupt.So he began to pursuit knowle
12、dge and got involved with the socialists and found many precious qualities.Finally he became a socialist,a revolutionist.When the author as a brain seller was successful enough to enter the upper-class,his disillusionment proceeded rapidly.So he went back to the working class trying to topple over t
13、he capitalist society with all its rotten life and unburied dead.He strongly believed in the working class and believed that“the stairway of time is ever echoing with the wooden shoe going up,the polished boot descending.”Summary:主人公出生于一个工薪阶层。小时候虽然过着艰苦的生活，尽管生活只是给他肮脏和不幸，使他的精神和肉体忍受着折磨，但是，他仍拥有着热情，野心和理想
14、。面对着如此的困境，他下定决心往上爬。小时候，作者尝试到一个农场当雇工，在大街上当报童，逐渐发现他成为一个资本家，开始拥有了第一个雇工，到后来破产了，倒回原地，也不再走从商这条路。从此之后他被资本家无情地剥削，开始以他的肌肉为生，当上码头工人，罐头工人，清洁地毯窗户的等等，老板儿子的学费，他的享受都是由作者的肌肉辛劳换来的。但是作者没因此生气，直到他发现他的卖力，使两个人失业，看到社会如此多吃人的现实，失去生活空间的状况强迫作者去忽略它，可是作者看到的只是一个糟糕的恐惧。看到生活一幕幕的不堪，他下定决心，不再出卖自己的劳力，以著书立说为生。由于一开始知识匮乏，他手忙脚乱地钻研起各方面的学说，不
15、断地拓宽自己的思想，后来作者幡然醒悟，社会存在着一处又一处的阴暗面都是在追逐着利益，当他回想起那个看着日耀星闪的日子，才发现这才叫做生活。For a better understanding of the text,we may trace chronologicallykrnldikli按年代的按年代的 the life experiences of J.London and see how he understood the meaning of life at different stages of his life:A naive child Anxious to climb up i
16、nto the upper society(having enthusiasm,ambition,ideals;cherishing romantic ideas about upper class)to enter Newsboy(at 10)climbing the first rung of“business ladder”Oyster pirate(16)believing in the law of the jungle A hard labourer(muscle seller)game of capitalism;the survival of the fittest(cruel
17、ly exploited)A tramp流浪者流浪者,beggar(at 18)slipping back the rung of ladder,Be scared into thinking realizing the truth of“commodities”in society“muscle seller”vs“brain vendor卖主”A knowledge pursuer determined to become a brain vendor A successful writer disillusioned with the upper class:-materialism,-
18、hypocrisy callousness麻木不仁(moral paralysis)-intellectually ignorance-corruption(down in the cellar,beneath the point at which had started)determined socialistwith a proletarian无产阶级(的)outlookresolving to topple推翻 over the society he had once been so eagerStructural Analysis of the Text I.Introduction(
19、paras 13)The narrators desire and determination to climb into the upper class of the society.1.1The narrator was not content to be at the bottom of the society where life offered nothing desirable(1)1.2The narrators determination to climb into the upper class to which he was attracted by his illusio
20、ns(2)Structural Analysis of the Text II.A detailed account of the narrators climbing experience and disillusionments(paras 327)2.1The failure of the first-rung-climbing experience by the business ladder(37)2.2The climbing by selling muscles ended up with falling beneath the starting point into the s
21、ellar.(814)2.3The enlightenment and pleasure when he,as a socialist,was working with the working class and intellectual revolutionists(1518)2.4 His experience in the upper class society(parlor floor)as a successful brain merchant and his final disillusionment with the upper class people(1927)Structu
22、ral Analysis of the Text IIIConclusion(paras 2830):The narrators decision to give up climbing and his determination to overthrow the present political system(capitalism)and to build a new habitation(socialism)for mankind together with the working class.Stylistic Features of the Text A.Ironical and H
23、umorous touches:1.There werent any dividends that night,and the Chinese fishermen were richer by the nets and ropes we did not get.(pa 7)2.In short,as I accepted the rising of the sun,I accepted that up above me was all that was fine and noble and gracious,all that gave decency and dignity to life,a
24、ll that made life worth living and that remunerated one for his travail and misery.(pa 2)B.Parellelism:1.I had expected to find men who were clean,noble,and alive,whose ideals were clean,noble,and alive.I went about amongst the men who sat in the high places the preachers,the politicians,the busines
25、s men,the professors,and the editors.I ate meat with them,drank wine with them,automobiled with them,and studied them.It is true,I found many that were clean and noble;but with rare exceptions,they were not alive.(pa 22)2.This man,talking soberly and earnestly about the beauties of idealism and the
26、goodness of God,had just betrayed his comrades in a business deal.This man,a pillar of the church and heavy contributor to foreign missions,worked his shop girls ten hours a day on a starvation wage and thereby directly encouraged prostitution.This man,who endowed chairs in universities,perjured him
27、self in courts of law over a matter of dollars and cents.(pa 26)3.It was the same everywhere,crime and betrayal,betrayal and crime men who were alive,but who were neither clean nor noble,men who were clean and noble but who were not alive.(pa 27)4.I discovered that I did not like to live on the parl
28、or floor of society.Intellectually I was bored.Morally and spiritually I was sickened.(pa 28)Stylistic Features of the Text C.Figures of speech:1.Metaphor:All about me were nobleness of purpose and heroism of effort,and my days and nights were sunshine and starshine,all fire and dew,with before my e
29、yes,ever burning and blazing,the Holy Grail,Christs own Grail,the warm human,long-suffering and maltreated,but to be rescued and saved at the last.(pa 18)2.Antithesis:The imposing edifice of society above my head holds no delights for me.It is the foundation of the edifice that interests me.(pa 29)3
30、.Repitition:Life was a matter of food and shelter.In order to get food and shelter men sold things.The merchant sold shoes,the politician sold his manhood,and the representative of the people,with exceptions,of course,sold his trust;while nearly all sold their honor.Women,too,whether on the street or in the holy bond of wedlock,were prone to sell their flesh.All things were commodities,all people bought and sold.(pa 13)