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1、6.4.3 conjunction vSo they hang up a sock for him to put presents in.vIt is a very happy day for many boys and girls.vOn Christmas morning,although it is not light.v Later that night,Father or Mother will put presents in the sock.vChristmas Day falls on the Dec.25th.v the children wake up very early
2、 for their presents.vChildren think that at night of the Dec.24th,Father Christmas will come down the chimney or fireplace.v and leave others at the side of the bed.Key:uChristmas Day falls on the Dec.25th.Christmas Day falls on the Dec.25th.uIt is a very happy day for many boys and It is a very hap
3、py day for many boys and girls.girls.uChildren think that at night of the Dec.24th Children think that at night of the Dec.24th,Father Christmas will come down the,Father Christmas will come down the chimney or fireplace.chimney or fireplace.uSo they hang up a sock for him to put So they hang up a s
4、ock for him to put presents in.presents in.uLater that night,Father or Mother will put Later that night,Father or Mother will put presents in the sock,presents in the sock,uand leave others at the side of the bed.and leave others at the side of the bed.uOn Christmas morning,although it is not On Chr
5、istmas morning,although it is not light,light,uthe children wake up very early for their the children wake up very early for their presents presents What is conjunction?It presupposes a textual sequence and signals a relation between segments of the clauses.Four types of conjunction relations:additi
6、ve,adversative,causal and temporal.1.Additive relation:a succeeding sentence supplies some additional information to the preceding sentence.(and、or、furthermore、in other words,etc.)e.g.Im a single and I have no plan for marriage.Do you come here for study or simply on a visit.2.Adversative relation:t
7、he second sentence conveys the oppositional or contrastive information with the first one.(yet、but、however、otherwise、or,etc.)e.g.He was totally blind.Yet he had been very happy.Seize the chance,or you will regret it.3.Causal relation:it refers to the cause-effect relations.(so,then,therefore,consequ
8、ently,as a result,etc)e.g.This engine uses less fuel and is therefore better for the environment.My car broke down and consequently I was late.4.Temporal relation:it refers to between the two successive sentences:the one is subsequent to the other.(then,first,meanwhile,finally,in conclusion,etc.)e.g
9、.We must settle this matter finally.I went to college.Meanwhile,all my friends got well-paid jobs.6.6.4 lexical cohesionvIt refers to the cohesive effect achieved by the choice of lexical items.vtwo categories:reiteration&collocation 6.4.4.1 collocation It refers to the association of lexical items
10、that regularly co-occur.e.g.She is a good teacher,but she is a bad mother.Reiteration wit means either restating an item in a later part of the discourse by direct repetition or else reasserting its meaning by exploiting lexical relations.wFour forms of reiteration:repetition,synonymy,antonymy,hypon
11、ymy and meronymy 1.Repetition：It refers to the reoccurrence of the same lexical item.e.g.O my love is like red,red rose Thats newly sprung in June;O my love is like the melody (Robert Burns)2.Synonymy:It refers to the reoccurrence of two or more synonyms or near synonyms.e.g.I think that/For my mone
12、y/in my opinion in a word/above all/at least/consequently3.Antonymy:refers to the reoccurrence of two or more antonymous words or expressions to create cohesion within a text.e.g.It is the best of times,it was the worst of times,it was the age of wisdom,it was the age of foolishness,it was an epoch
13、of belief,it was the epoch of incredulity,it was the season of light,it was the season of darkness,it was the spring of hope,it was the winter of despair,we had everything before us,we had nothing before us 4.Hyponymy and MeronymyHyponymy refers to the reoccurrence of two or Hyponymy refers to the r
14、eoccurrence of two or more lexical items which are either more lexical items which are either subordinates or in general-specific relation with subordinates or in general-specific relation with each other.each other.e.g.e.g.I did I did cleaningcleaning last Sunday,last Sunday,washingwashing clothes,
15、clothes,wipingwiping the table,the table,sweeping sweeping the floorthe floor.Meronymy refers to the reoccurrence of lexical Meronymy refers to the reoccurrence of lexical items which are in a part-whole relation with items which are in a part-whole relation with each other.each other.e.g.-the old t
16、ree seems to be dying.Whats wrong e.g.-the old tree seems to be dying.Whats wrong with it?with it?-cant you see all its barks stripped off by a -cant you see all its barks stripped off by a lightening.lightening.Hyponymy&Meronymyplantflowervegetablecabbagepotatobeanlilyrose.calyxpetalbudrose From ev
17、ery mountainside,let freedom ring!From every mountainside,let freedom ring!And if And if AmericaAmerica is to be a great nation,this must become true.is to be a great nation,this must become true.And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New And so let freedom ring from the prodigious
18、hilltops of New Hampshire.Hampshire.Let freedom ring fromLet freedom ring from the mighty mountains of the mighty mountains of New York.New York.Let freedom ring fromLet freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania.Let freedom ring fromLet
19、 freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.Colorado.Let freedom ring fromLet freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of the curvaceous slopes of California.California.But not only that:But not only that:Let freedom ring fromLet freedom ring from Stone Mountain
20、of Stone Mountain of Georgia.Georgia.Let freedom ring fromLet freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.Tennessee.Let freedom ring fromLet freedom ring from every hill and molehill of every hill and molehill of Mississippi.Mississippi.From every mountainside,let freedom rin
21、gFrom every mountainside,let freedom ring.And when this happens,when we allow freedom ring,when we let it And when this happens,when we allow freedom ring,when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet,from every state and every ring from every village and every hamlet,from every state and
22、every city,we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children,city,we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children,blackblack men and men and whitewhite men,men,Jews and Gentiles,Protestants and Jews and Gentiles,Protestants and CatholicsCatholics,will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old,will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual:Negro spiritual: