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1、句子成分与结构句子成分与结构语法系列语法系列英语的词性:名名词(nouns)n.(nouns)n.代代词(pronoun)pron.(pronoun)pron.实词 数数词(numeral)num.(numeral)num.形容形容词(adjective)adj.(adjective)adj.或或a.a.副副词(adverb)adv.(adverb)adv.动词(verb)v(verb)v 冠冠词(article)art(article)art虚虚词 介介词(preposition)prep.(preposition)prep.连词(conjunction)conj.(conjunction)
2、conj.助助词(auxiliary)aux.作文作文题目中,目中,实词都大写,虚都大写,虚词要小写要小写一一.英语句子的基本成分有英语句子的基本成分有8种:种:主语主语 (subject)-s谓语谓语 (predicate)-v宾语宾语 (object)-o定语定语 (attribute)-attrib状语状语 (adverbial)-adv补语补语 (complement)-c表语表语 (predicative)-p同位语同位语(Appositive)句子成分句子成分主语主语:行为主体,句子描述的主体行为主体,句子描述的主体谓语谓语:主语发出的动作主语发出的动作 宾语宾语:动作的承受者动作
3、的承受者 定语定语:用来修饰名词、代词用来修饰名词、代词状语状语:时间、地点、原因等时间、地点、原因等 表语表语:表示主语表示主语“是什么是什么”“怎么样怎么样”句子成分句子成分主语:主语:Youbeathim.谓语谓语:Youbeathim.宾语宾语:Youbeathim.定语定语:Youbeatthebadboy.状语状语:Youbeathimathome.表语表语:Heisbad./Heisaboy.ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语简单句句并列句并列句复合句复合句只有一个主谓结构只有一个
4、主谓结构有两个或两个以上主谓结构有两个或两个以上主谓结构一个主句加一个或几个从句一个主句加一个或几个从句陈述述对象象+陈述内容述内容主主语+谓语谓语动词决定了一个句子的骨架决定了一个句子的骨架结构构启示启示:(:(1 1)分析复)分析复杂句句时,先找,先找谓语。(2 2)写句子)写句子时,要知道,要知道谓语动词的用法特点的用法特点主主语+谓语+宾语主主语+谓语+间接接宾语+直接直接宾语主主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足足语动词动词系动词系动词不及物动词不及物动词及物动词及物动词主语主语+系系+表语表语主语主语+谓语谓语基本句型(基本句型(1):主):主+系系+表表 表语是说明主语的,如用来说明主语的
5、表语是说明主语的,如用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,通常在身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,通常在系动词后。系动词后。1)My uncle is a professor.2)He looked tired.3)The basketball match is on.4)All the pupils are on the playground now.5)Our aim was to win more medals.6)His work is teaching French.7)The question is who can really repair the machines.1)M
6、y uncle is a professor.2)He looked tired.3)The basketball match is on.4)All the pupils are on the playground now.5)Our aim was to win more medals.6)His work is teaching French.7)The question is who can really repair the machines.系系动词:1)be1)be,seem seem,appearappear2)look2)look,sound sound,tastetaste
7、,smell smell,feel feel 3)get3)get,turn turn,grow grow,becomebecome,go go4)stay4)stay,remain remain,keep keep,continue continue感官类变化类维持类谓语动词特特点:谓语动词特特点:不及物动词不及物动词(本身意思完整,后面(本身意思完整,后面不需要宾语)不需要宾语)1.The sun rises.1.The sun rises.(rise-rose-risen rise-rose-risen 是是vi vi,不能,不能带O.O.)2.The 2.The redred sun
8、rises.sun rises.(red red修修饰sunsun,作定,作定语)3.The red sun rises 3.The red sun rises in the eastin the east.(状(状语AdverbialAdverbial)【练1/41/4】第一印象很重要。第一印象很重要。【练2/42/4】近年来政府近年来政府对报纸的控制已的控制已经放放松了。松了。【练3/43/4】当焦点人物或其角色成当焦点人物或其角色成员对他在他在某特定某特定时段所担任角色的确切定段所担任角色的确切定义在思想在思想上存在疑惑上存在疑惑时,就出就出现了角色模糊。了角色模糊。(剑3,T2,R3,
9、T2,R)The first impression counts/matters.The control has loosened.Role ambiguity results when1.你你应当努力学当努力学习。2.她昨天回家很晚。她昨天回家很晚。3.那天早上我那天早上我们谈了很多。了很多。4.会会议将持将持续两个小两个小时。5.在在过去的十年里,我的家去的十年里,我的家乡已已经发生了巨大的生了巨大的变化。化。You should study hard.She went home very late yesterday evening.That morning we talked a gr
10、eat deal.The meeting will last two hours.Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years.基本句型(基本句型(3)主语)主语+谓语谓语+(S.+V.+O.)该句型的谓语动词必须是该句型的谓语动词必须是vt或或vt的的动词词组;动词词组;宾语必须是宾语必须是名词名词或或相当于名词的成分。相当于名词的成分。【练练1/5】教育满足需要。教育满足需要。【练练2/5】美国的一项研究已表明气温和美国的一项研究已表明气温和街头骚乱之间存在联系。街头骚乱之间存在联系。【练练4/5】所
11、有这些因素或许可以证明巨所有这些因素或许可以证明巨大的收入是合理的。(剑大的收入是合理的。(剑6,T2,W)Education meets/satisfies the demand/need.Research shows a relationship.Factors can justify earnings.Translation1.昨晚我写了一封信。昨晚我写了一封信。2.今天下午我想同你谈谈。今天下午我想同你谈谈。3.这本书他读过多次了。这本书他读过多次了。4.他们成功地完成了计划。他们成功地完成了计划。I wrote a letter last night.I want to talk w
12、ith you this afternoon.He has read this book many times.They have carried out the plan successfully.注意:带注意:带V-ing做宾语的动词有:做宾语的动词有:suggest,advise,stop,resist,enjoy,imagine,finish,escape,admit,excuse,delay,practise,consider,keep,mind,understand,avoid,miss,risksucceedin,bebusy,beworth,beusedto,giveup,lo
13、okforwardto注意:带注意:带todo做宾语的动词有:做宾语的动词有:offer,learn,intend,plan,demand,ask,promise,help,prepare,decide,determine,refuse,dare,manage,wish,hope,want,expect,fail,pretend,choose,seem,expect,hope,offer,agree,refuse,learn,help,plan,intend,etc.基本句型(基本句型(4)主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾语宾语(S.+V.+O.+O.)请观请观察:察:1)Hebringsme
14、cookieseveryday.如果意思不如果意思不变变,也可以怎么,也可以怎么说说呢?呢?2)Hebringscookies tomeeveryday.即要借助于介即要借助于介词词to或或for 朗朗读读:Hebringsmecookieseveryday.Hebringscookies tomeeveryday.Shemademeabeautifuldress.Shemadeabeautifuldressforme.归纳归纳:to侧侧重指重指动动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对对着某人。着某人。for侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,
15、替某人。替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有常跟双宾语的动词有:(需需借借助助to的的)bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask,等。等。(需需借借助助for的的)buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare,等。等。翻译练习:翻译练习:1.Johnson先生去年教我先生去年教我们们德德语语。2.奶奶昨晚奶奶昨晚给给我我们讲们讲了一个有趣的故事。了一个有趣的故事。3.Mary把把钱钱包交包交给给校校长长了了
16、4.请把那本字典递给我好吗?请把那本字典递给我好吗?5.他把车票给列车员看。他把车票给列车员看。1.MrJohnsontaughtusGermanlastyear.2.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.3.Maryhandedthewallettotheschoolmaster.4.Wouldyoupleasepassmethedictionary?5.Heshowedthetickettotheconductor.基本句型(基本句型(5 5)主)主谓宾宾补 S+Vt.+O+O.C S+Vt.+O+O.C 宾语与宾语补足语宾语与宾语补足语有逻辑的
17、主谓关系有逻辑的主谓关系,若无宾语补足,若无宾语补足语,则句意不完整。宾补时补充说明宾语的。可以用语,则句意不完整。宾补时补充说明宾语的。可以用做宾补的有:做宾补的有:名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,动词名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,动词不定式,分词不定式,分词等。如:等。如:Thesunkeepsuswarm.Iheardhimsinging.Youmustgetyourhaircut.TheymadeTommonitor.用用 it it 做形式做形式宾语,而将真正的,而将真正的宾语放到放到宾语补足足语的的后面,以使句子后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英构平衡,是英语常用的句型常用的句型结构方构方
18、式。即:式。即:主主语+谓语+it+it+宾补+真正真正宾语。如:。如:I found I found it it very pleasant very pleasant to be with your familyto be with your family.Translation:1我们叫她我们叫她Alice.2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。我们大家都认为他是诚实的。3他们把小偷释放了。他们把小偷释放了。4我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。5.卫兵命令我们立即离开。卫兵命令我们立即离开。6.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。7他每个月理一次发他每个月理一
19、次发8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。我们不会让她在晚上外出的。We call her Alice.All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free.I want you to tell me the truth.The guards ordered us to leave at once.Every morning we hear him read English aloud.He has his hair cut once a month.We wont let her go out at night.句子基本结构句子基本结
20、构(5(5种种)1)主语主语+连系动词连系动词+表语表语(S+L+P)He is a professor.He is a professor.他是一位教授他是一位教授.Revision句子基本结构句子基本结构(5(5种种)2)主语主语+谓语谓语(S+V)Day dawns.Day dawns.天亮了天亮了.句子(Sentence)句子基本结构句子基本结构(5(5种种)3)主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语(S+V+O)She understands French.She understands French.她懂法语她懂法语.句子(Sentence)句子基本结构句子基本结构(5(5种种)4)主主语语
21、+谓谓语语+间间接接宾宾语语+直直接接宾宾语语(S+V+IO+DO)He told us the whole story.He told us the whole story.他把全部经过告诉了我们他把全部经过告诉了我们.句子(Sentence)句子基本结构句子基本结构(5(5种种)5)主主 语语+谓谓 语语+宾宾 语语+宾宾 语语 补补 语语(S+V+O+C)He found George intelligent He found George intelligent.他发现乔治很聪明他发现乔治很聪明.句子(Sentence)根据所学知识,分析句子结构1.They work hard.主主
22、+谓谓2.The flower is dead.主主 +系系 +表表3.Plants need water.主主 +谓谓 +宾宾4.He gives me some seeds.主主 +谓谓 +直宾直宾 +间宾间宾5.We should keep the plants in the shade.主主 +谓谓 +宾宾 +宾补宾补6.Many animals live in trees.主主 +谓谓7.He kept me a dictionary.主主+谓+间接接宾语+直接直接宾语8.Shall I leave you the camera?主主+谓+间接接宾语+直接直接宾语9.We find
23、the book very interesting.主主+谓+宾+宾补10.My uncle bought me an e-dictionary.主主+谓+间接接宾语+直直宾11.Singing makes me happy.主主+谓+宾+宾补12.Daming calls his cat Mimi.主主+谓+宾+宾补13.Youmustlistentoher.主主+谓+宾14.Heisascientist.主主+系系+表表基本句型(基本句型(6)“Therebe”句型句型此句型是由此句型是由“there+be+主语主语+状语状语”构成,构成,用以表达存在有,一种无主语的有。用以表达存在有,一
24、种无主语的有。它其实是倒装的一种情况,主语位于谓语动词它其实是倒装的一种情况,主语位于谓语动词be之后,之后,there仅为引导词,并无实际语。仅为引导词,并无实际语。be与其与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致,有时态和情态变后的主语在人称和数量上一致,有时态和情态变化。化。如,如,现在有thereis/are过去有therewas/were将来有therewillbe/thereis/aregoingtobe.现在已经有therehas/havebeen可能有可能有theremightbe.肯定有肯定有theremustbe/theremusthavebeen.过去一直有过去一直有thereus
25、edtobe似乎有似乎有thereseems/seem/seemedtobe碰巧有碰巧有therehappen/happens/happenedtobe此句型有时不用此句型有时不用be动词,而用动词,而用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等。等。翻译练习:翻译练习:1.今晚没有会。今晚没有会。Thereisntgoingtobeameetingtonight.2.这个村子过去只有一口井。这个村子过去只有一口井。Therewasonlyawellinthevillage.3.这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老
26、师。Thereis(are)ateacherofmusicandateacherofartintheschool.4.公共汽车来了。公共汽车来了。Therecomesthebus.5.就只剩下二十八美元了。就只剩下二十八美元了。Thereremainedjusttwenty-eightdollars.6.在这个山洞前面长着一棵高大的松树。在这个山洞前面长着一棵高大的松树。Infrontofthecave,therestands(grows)atallpinetree.句子种类句子种类按句子的用途分 按句子的结构分陈述句疑问句祈使句简单句并列句复合句感叹句1 1)简单句句:只有一个主:只有一个主
27、语(或(或并列主并列主语)和一个)和一个谓语(或并列(或并列谓语)。)。e.g.e.g.HeHe often often readsreads English in the English in the morning.morning.Tom and MikeTom and Mike are American are American boys.boys.She She likes drawinglikes drawing and often and often drawsdraws pictures for the wall pictures for the wall newspapers.
28、newspapers.我我们可以可以给句子的句子的动词加上副加上副词修修饰,给名名词加上形容加上形容词、介、介词短短语修修饰,给句子加上句子加上状状语进行修行修饰等,以使整个句等,以使整个句子的意思子的意思变得更加的丰富和充得更加的丰富和充实。但不。但不管如何管如何变,都只有一个主,都只有一个主谓结构。构。He worked He worked hard all his lifehard all his life.(.(划划线部分在句部分在句中作状中作状语,修,修饰动词worked)worked)He is a school student He is a school student in
29、No.1 Middle in No.1 Middle SchoolSchool.(.(划划线部分在句中作定部分在句中作定语,修,修饰名名词student)student)并并列列句句用用分号分号或或并列连词并列连词把两个或几个简单句把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子。连接起来的句子。并列句中的各简单句并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要,意义同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,相互之间没有从属关系,是平行并列的关系是平行并列的关系。用分号:用分号:Wefishedallday;wedidntcatchathing.用并列连词(如用并列连词(如and、but、so、yet等等)Wefishedallday,
30、butwedidntcatchathing.句型句型:简单句简单句+并列连词并列连词+简单句简单句1 1、表示、表示连接接两个同等概念两个同等概念,常用,常用and,not onlybut also,neithernor,and,not onlybut also,neithernor,thenthen等等连接。接。e.g.e.g.TheteachersnameisSmith,andthestudentsnameisJohn.2 2、表示、表示选择,常用的,常用的连词有有or,or,eitheror,otherwiseeitheror,otherwise等。等。e.g.e.g.Hurryup,o
31、ryoullmissthetrain.3 3、表示、表示转折折,常用的,常用的连词有有but,still,yet,but,still,yet,while,whenwhile,when等。等。e.g.e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4 4、表示、表示因果因果关系,常用的关系,常用的连词有有so,for,so,for,等。等。e.g.e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIwo
32、rkfromdawnuntildark.Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。Hewastired,sohewenttobed.1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.2.Thechilddidntgoout.Hewasafraidofthedog.3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidntkeepit.Hemadeapromise,butHedidntkeepit.Thechilddidntgoout,becausehewasafraidofthedog.由一个由一个主句主句和一个或者一个以上和一个或者一个
33、以上从句从句所所构成的句子构成的句子,中间用中间用从属连词从属连词连接。连接。主句是一个完整的句子主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个它必须和一个主句连用,不能独立存在。主句连用,不能独立存在。复合句复合句=主句主句+从属连词从属连词+从句;从句;复复合合句句从属连词从属连词+从句从句+主句主句复合句主要包含以下类型从句,包括复合句主要包含以下类型从句,包括名词性从句名词性从句(主语从(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句);句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句);定语从句和状定语从句和状语从句语从句等。等。:1.主
34、语从句主语从句2.宾语从句宾语从句3.表语从句表语从句6.同位语从句同位语从句4.定语从句定语从句5.状语从句状语从句1.Having finished his homework,1.Having finished his homework,the boy the boy went on to help his mother.went on to help his mother.2.What he says doesnt suit what he does.2.What he says doesnt suit what he does.(简单句简单句划线部分在句中作状语,修饰划线部分在句中作状
35、语,修饰整个句子整个句子)(复合句复合句包含两个名词性从句:包含两个名词性从句:What he says 是一个主语从句;是一个主语从句;what he does 是一个宾语是一个宾语从句从句)3.We often study Chinese history on 3.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.Friday afternoon.4.The boy who offered me his seat is 4.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.called Tom.5
36、.There is a chair in this room,isnt 5.There is a chair in this room,isnt there?there?简单句简单句复合句复合句简单句简单句9.Neither has he changed his mind,nor 9.Neither has he changed his mind,nor will he do so.will he do so.10.What he said at the meeting is very 10.What he said at the meeting is very important,isnt it?important,isnt it?11.The farmer is showing the boy how to 11.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.plant a tree.12.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country 12.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.music.并列句并列句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句简单句简单句