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1、细胞自噬与疾病细胞自噬与疾病(Autophagy in the Pathigenesis if Disease)广州医学院病理生理学教研室广州医学院病理生理学教研室董伟华董伟华系统生物学细胞生物学分子生物学系统生物学细胞生物学分子生物学细胞生物学细胞增殖细胞分化细胞死亡:形式有几种?细胞死亡的分类 非程序性细胞死亡:Necrosis 程序性细胞死亡基于机制的分类:Apoptosis(已学)自噬性程序性细胞死亡(这次课的重点细胞自嗜)Paraptosis:形态学特征细胞浆空泡化,线粒体和内质网肿胀,但没有核固缩现象。现在Paraptosis的文献报道比较少,其机制有待于进一步深入研究。细胞有丝分
2、裂灾难:DNA发生损害时,细胞无法进行完全的分裂从而导致四倍体或多倍体的现象。胀亡(Oncosis):特征细胞肿胀,体积增大,胞浆空泡化,肿胀波及细胞核、内质网、线粒体等胞内结构,胞膜起泡,细胞膜完整性破坏,周围有明显炎症反应。发生的机制研究尚少,有研究者认为胀亡只是坏死前的一个被动性死亡阶段,但是近年来的研究更倾向于胀亡是一个程序性的死亡方式细胞自嗜(Autophagy)19621962年年AshfordAshford等在胰高血糖素处理的小鼠肝细胞中观察等在胰高血糖素处理的小鼠肝细胞中观察到到autophagyautophagy 19631963年年,De Duve,De Duve首次提出细
3、胞自噬的生物学首次提出细胞自噬的生物学概念概念:细胞细胞在缺乏营养和能量供应时,在缺乏营养和能量供应时,部分细胞质与细胞器被包裹进部分细胞质与细胞器被包裹进一种特异性的双层膜或者多层膜结构的自噬体一种特异性的双层膜或者多层膜结构的自噬体(autophagosomeautophagosome)中,形成的自噬体再与溶酶体中,形成的自噬体再与溶酶体(LysosomeLysosome)融合形成自噬溶酶体融合形成自噬溶酶体(autolysosomeautolysosome),胞质和细胞器成分在,胞质和细胞器成分在这里被降解为核苷酸、氨基酸、游离脂肪酸等小分子物质,这里被降解为核苷酸、氨基酸、游离脂肪酸等
4、小分子物质,这些小分子物质可以被重新利用合成大分子或者合成这些小分子物质可以被重新利用合成大分子或者合成ATPATP。Autophagyautophagy is a process by which cells undergo partial autodigestion that prolongs survival for a short time under starvation conditions.It provides nutrients that are necessary to maintain cell viability.autophagy is also involved i
5、n the killing of bacteria that are ingested by cells.细胞生存的一种机制,在很多生理过程如清除损伤、衰老细胞器以及冗余蛋白上发挥着重要作用Autophagy细胞正常生理活动中,自噬维持在一个非常低的水平保持细胞稳态细胞处于饥饿和营养因子缺乏环境、进行结构调整、降解胞内代谢产物及损伤细胞器时,细胞内的自噬水平迅速上调Autophagy is activated by Changing of environmental conditionsChanging of environmental conditions:starvation condit
6、ions associated with starvation conditions associated with deficiency of nutrients such as amino deficiency of nutrients such as amino acids;hypoxic conditions;high acids;hypoxic conditions;high temperaturestemperatures Cellular remoldingCellular remolding:during development during development and d
7、ifferentiationand differentiation(诱导因素:营养和能量缺乏、氧化应激、感染、蛋白质大量聚集)Autophagy 通过自噬通过自噬,细胞可以在饥饿条件下存活数天甚至细胞可以在饥饿条件下存活数天甚至数周数周 过度激活的自噬引起细胞发生程序性死亡过度激活的自噬引起细胞发生程序性死亡型程序性死亡型程序性死亡(凋亡凋亡型程序性死亡)型程序性死亡)Determination of lifespanDetermination of lifespan Preventing certain types of disease:Preventing certain types of
8、 disease:contribute to some pathologiescontribute to some pathologies 近年来由于酵母自噬突变株的产生,使自噬分子近年来由于酵母自噬突变株的产生,使自噬分子基础的研究有很大的进展基础的研究有很大的进展Autophagy 细胞利用溶酶体降解自身受损的细胞器和大分子物质的过程,是真核细胞特有的生命现象 细胞内物质的两种降解途径:蛋白酶体系统:降解胞内的短寿命蛋白蛋白酶体系统:降解胞内的短寿命蛋白自噬作用:长寿命蛋白和一些细胞器的降解利用自噬作用:长寿命蛋白和一些细胞器的降解利用the proteasome breaks down
9、ubiquitinated proteins,but it may not recognize misfolded proteins and protein aggregates细胞自噬过程自噬体膜:来源:粗面内质网的非核糖体区域高尔基体一种新合成的结构被降解物:部分胞浆细胞内需降解的细胞器(线粒体)细胞内需降解的蛋白质细胞自噬过程1.1.饥饿、氧化应激损伤饥饿、氧化应激损伤自噬体膜脱落,形成环状自噬体膜脱落,形成环状分隔膜,包绕在被降解物周围分隔膜,包绕在被降解物周围2.2.分隔膜逐渐延伸,将要被降解的胞浆成分完全包分隔膜逐渐延伸,将要被降解的胞浆成分完全包绕形成自噬体(绕形成自噬体(aut
10、ophagosomeautophagosome)3.3.自噬体通过细胞骨架微管系统运输至溶酶体,与自噬体通过细胞骨架微管系统运输至溶酶体,与之融合形成自噬溶酶体之融合形成自噬溶酶体(autolysosomeautolysosome),),并降解并降解其内成分,自噬体膜脱落再循环利用其内成分,自噬体膜脱落再循环利用自噬的分类 微自噬:包绕底物的是自身发生内陷的溶酶体膜 巨自噬:即通常所指的自噬,胞质被来源于内质网的非核糖体区域、高尔基体等脱落的双层膜所包绕 CMA:胞浆内蛋白结合到分子伴侣后转运到溶酶体腔中,被溶酶体酶消化自噬的功能 对外源性刺激对外源性刺激(包括营养缺乏、细胞密度负荷、低氧、包
11、括营养缺乏、细胞密度负荷、低氧、氧化应激、感染等氧化应激、感染等)的适应性反应:降解产物氨基酸、的适应性反应:降解产物氨基酸、核苷酸、游离脂肪酸等可供物质能量循环核苷酸、游离脂肪酸等可供物质能量循环 细胞保持稳定状态的管家机制:调控长寿命蛋白、细胞保持稳定状态的管家机制:调控长寿命蛋白、过氧化物体、线粒体和内质网的更新过氧化物体、线粒体和内质网的更新 参与一定的组织特异性融合参与一定的组织特异性融合 一种防御机制一种防御机制:清除胞质内受损的细胞器、代谢产物清除胞质内受损的细胞器、代谢产物,进行亚细胞水平上的重构进行亚细胞水平上的重构,保护受损的细胞;作为一保护受损的细胞;作为一种细胞死亡程序
12、诱导细胞主动性死亡种细胞死亡程序诱导细胞主动性死亡自噬的生理学意义自噬在生理过程的作用:参与发育和分化过程中机体的重新构建(remomding)营养缺乏时产生氨基酸清除不需要的、损伤的细胞器与分子细胞自噬的分子机制1.1.参与自噬体形成的两个泛素样蛋白系统:参与自噬体形成的两个泛素样蛋白系统:分别由分别由Atg3、Atg5、Atg7、Atg10、Atg12和和LC3参与组成参与组成Atg12 首先由首先由E1 酶酶 Atg7 活化,之后转运至活化,之后转运至 E2 酶酶 Atg10,最后与,最后与Atg5 结合结合,形成自噬体形成自噬体前体前体(autophagosomal precursor
13、);LC3-也也被被 Atg7 活化,转运至第二种活化,转运至第二种 E2 酶酶 Atg3,并,并被修饰成膜结合形式被修饰成膜结合形式 LC3-。LC3-定位于前定位于前自噬体和自噬体自噬体和自噬体自噬体的标志分子(自噬体的标志分子(LC3 是是酵母细胞自噬相关基因酵母细胞自噬相关基因 Atg8 的类似物的类似物)细胞自噬的分子机制2.型磷脂酰肌醇三磷酸激酶(ClassPI3K)PI3 kinase type III,which includes Atg6 in its complex,promotes the nucleation of autophagic vesicles.自噬的生理和病
14、理意义 广泛存在于正常的生理过程中:如清除细胞废物、结构重建、生长分化等 细胞对不良环境的一种防御机制:如对抗营养缺乏、电离辐射 参与多种疾病的病理过程:无论是自噬过度还是自噬不足都可能导致疾病发生Physiological Functions of AutophagyAutophagy Defends against Metabolic StressAutophagy Works as a Cellular HousekeeperAutophagy May Be a Guardian of the GenomeAutophagy in Life and Death Decisions of
15、the Cell1.Autophagy Defends against Metabolic StressAutophagy is activated as an adaptive catabolic process in response to different forms of metabolic stress:nutrient deprivationgrowth factor depletionhypoxia2.Autophagy Works as a Cellular HousekeeperHousekeeping functions performed by autophagy in
16、cludes:the elimination of defective proteins and organelles the prevention of abnormal protein aggregate accumulation the removal of intracellular pathogensCritical for autophagy-mediated protection against aging,cancer,neurodegenerative diseases,and infection3.Autophagy May Be a Guardian of the Gen
17、omeAutophagy-defective cells:genomic instability.Related to:failure to control the damage of checkpoint or repair proteins,deregulated turnover of centrosomes,insuficient energy for proper DNA replication and repairexcessive generation of reactive oxygen species due to ineficient removal of damaged
18、mitochondriaThe precise mechanisms are unclear4.Autophagy in Life and Death Decisions of the CellAutophagy can independently inluence life and death decisions of the cell(by being cytoprotective or selfdestructive),it is also intricately linked to apoptotic death pathwaysFactors that may control the
19、 cellular“decision”between the autophagy and apoptosis include:potentially variable thresholds for each processmolecular links that coordinately regulate apoptosis and autophagymutual inhibition or activation of each pathway by the otherAutophagy in DiseaseAutophagy and Neurodegenerative DiseasesAut
20、ophagy and Liver DiseaseAutophagy and Muscle DiseaseAutophagy and Cardiac DiseaseAutophagy and CancerAutophagy and AgingAutophagy in Infection,Immunity,and Inlammatory Diseases1.Autophagy and Neurodegenerative DiseasesAutophagy functions as a quality-control system that targets oligomeric(低聚物,低聚体)pr
21、oteinsSubstrates need to be unfolded to pass through the narrow pore of the proteasomal barrel,oligomeric and aggregated proteins are poor substrates for proteasomal degradation and better targets for autophagic degradationAutophagy activation reduces the formation of protein aggregates and the neur
22、otoxicity of aggregate-prone proteins2.Autophagy and Liver DiseaseProtein quality-control function may be important in the pathogenesis of the most common genetic cause of human liver diseaseA broader question of biomedical relevance is whether the protein quality-control function of autophagy plays
23、 a more general role in protecting the liver against alcohol and other hepatotoxic agents3.Autophagy and Muscle Disease Pathogenesis of myodegenerative diseases involve:the failure of autophagosomes to fuse with lysosomesthe aggregation of misfolded proteins that exceed the autophagic clearance capa
24、city of the myocyte4.Autophagy and Cardiac DiseaseAutophagy may constitute an important physiological or pathophysiological response to cardiac stresses ischemia or pressure overloadcoronary artery diseasehypertensionaortic valvular diseasecongestive heart failureCardiomyocyte(similar to the neuron)
25、is a postmitotic cell in which basal autophagy may be important in protein and organelle quality control5.Autophagy and CancerAutophagy is a tumor suppressor pathwaystrong correlation between:molecules that are involved in autophagy induction and tumor suppression molecules that are involved in autophagy inhibition and oncogenesis细胞自噬与肿瘤自噬对于肿瘤细胞存在双向效应 肿瘤发展不同阶段、组织类型、细胞分化状态、周围环境以及特定的基因特征和信号转导途径共同影响着自噬的活性和结果细胞自噬与肿瘤Autophagy and AgingAutophagy in Infection,Immunity,and Inflammatory Diseases存在问题 自噬体膜的来源自噬体膜的来源 自噬的调节机制自噬的调节机制 自噬与程序性死亡的关系等自噬与程序性死亡的关系等Autophagy and apoptosis