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1、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔霍桑(1804-1864)An American novelist and short story writer in the 19th century.His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and,more specifically,dark romanticism（黑色（黑色浪漫主浪漫主义).Many of his works featuring moral allegories(寓寓言）言）with a Puritan inspiration.A man
2、 of literary craftsmanship,extraordinary in the use of symbol:symbols serve as a weapon to attack reality.It can be found everywhere in his writing.His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity.His works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity.Novels:lFanshawe(
3、1825，范肖范肖）lThe Scarlet Letter(1850,红字红字）lHouse of the Seven Gables(1851,七个尖角阁的七个尖角阁的房子房子)lThe Blithedale Romance(1852,福谷传奇福谷传奇)lThe Marble Faun(1857,玉石雕像玉石雕像)Short stories:lTwice-Told Tales（1837，故事重述故事重述）lMosses From an Old Manse(1846,古屋青苔古屋青苔)Background17th CenturyBoston,Massachusetts,New England c
4、olonyPuritan 清教徒:Puritans believed God and Satan were present in everyones soul.They were constantly fighting against each other.They believed that the relationship of an individual to the community was an important concern.Antinomian 唯信仰论者：主张基督徒可以废弃道德，依靠信仰来拯救灵魂。Quaker 教友派：靠内心意识指引的教派Witch 巫女The Scar
5、let Letter:BackgroundThe setting of The Scarlet Letter is Boston in the 1640s.Persecuted in England,the Puritans came to North America to form their own communities.Life in the Colonies was harsh,but it gave the Puritans the opportunity to form a society based on their religious ideals.Puritans soug
6、ht the freedom to live by their beliefs.However,the Puritan leaders did not tolerate religious beliefs that differed from their own.IntroductionThe Scarlet Letter told a story of a puritan woman Hester Prynne who was punished to wear a scarlet A which stood for the crime of adultery.The pretty young
7、 lady tried to settle down in Boston with her old and ugly husband Chillinggworth,a scholar.But the latter did not appear for years.During this time,Hester committed adultery with a local Minster Dimmesdale,and gave birth to a girl Pearl.Facing the terrible punishment,Hester refused to give her love
8、rs name away to protect him.Years later,the husband Chillinggworth came to the town and found out the whole truth,and he operated an horror revenge on Dimmesdale,with hiding his own true name.Yet,as the story going,Hester and Dimmesdale became sympathetic figures,while Chillinggworth was a devil at
9、last.Just because of the ending,The Scarlet Letter was defined as nothing but a coarse and vulgar book with ideas that would pervert the minds of readers,when it was published at first.However people realized that it was a thoughtful book with great value and worthy to study again and again.The achi
10、evements of the novel The Analysis of Various SubjectsOn the thinking side,the topics of those achievements varied as widely as from feminism to nineteenth-century male identities,from Puritanism to Race and Slavery,from Transcendentalism to Policy.For instance,from the point of religion,Feng Guolin
11、g said the religious ethics stopped the author from uniting the lovers with wedlock,The Study of Writing SkillsIt is the first point that he was good at putting symbols into full play.The second one is the phantasmagoria that was imbedded into his novel.The Use of Intertextual ReadingThis mode cover
12、s two parts that intertextual reading of different literary works as well as of literary works and history.In contrast,the studies of Hawthorne in America,put focus on the concept of romance with drawing on the achievements of science community,like electric theory.There are so many great achievemen
13、ts concerning all kinds of ideas,however,when readers think of Hawthornes attitude to religion,they are limited to the idea that Hawthorne was in a dilemma:either betray his religion or depress the nature.But in fact Hawthorne found the balance between them in The Scarlet Letter when he treated reli
14、gion as a tool of regulation function rather than pure belief.相比之下，中国的研究主要是文学研究，而美国则关注于作品中的科学原理。虽然研究众多，但是读者在思考霍桑的宗教态度时候总是认为霍桑处于两难境地，是背叛信仰还是抑制人性。但是在红字中，霍桑其实已经找到了两者之间的平衡点他把宗教当成是一种具有调节社区的工具而不是纯粹的信仰Major characters in The Scarlet LetterHester Prynne Arthur Dimmesdale Roger Chillingworth daughterloverhus
15、bandheroinePearl Hester Prynne Hester is portrayed as an intelligent,capable,woman.She speculates on human nature,social organization,and larger moral questions.Hesters tribulations also lead her to be stoic and a freethinker.She cares for the poor and brings them food and clothing.Arthur Dimmesdale
16、Dimmesdale was a scholar.The fact that Hester takes all of the blame for their shared sin goads his conscience,and his resultant mental anguish and physical weakness open up his mind and allow him to empathize with others.The personal guilt drives Dimmesdale to further internalize his guilt and self
17、-punishment and leads to still more deterioration in his physical and spiritual condition.Roger Chillingworth Roger Chillingworth is a man deficient in human warmth.His twisted,stooped,deformed shoulders mirror his distorted soul.He is interested in revenge,not justice,and he seeks the deliberate de
18、struction of others rather than a redress of wrongs.His desire to hurt others stands in contrast to Hester and Dimmesdales sin.PearlPearl，Hesters daughter，makes us constantly aware of her mothers scarlet letter and of the society that produced it.Pearls innocent,or perhaps intuitive,comments about t
19、he letter raise crucial questions about its meaning.Symbolism in the NovelNathaniel Hawthorne is a master of symbolismThe Scarlet Letter:the first symbolic novel to be written in the United States.The Symbolic Meaning of the Four Major CharactersHester -beauty “The young woman was tall,with a figure
20、 of perfect elegance,”-strong will and endurance “I will not speak.It is too deeply branded.Ye cannot take it off.And would that I might endure his agony,as well as mine!”-kindnessArthur Dimmesdale -Arthur Dimmesdale AD Adultery -weak and cowardRoger Chillingworth -“chill”cool -heartless and mercile
21、ss -his misshapen body reflects or symbolizes the evil in his soul,which builds as the novel progresses.The Symbolic Meaning of the Four Major CharactersSymbols of The Letter“A”1.“A”firstly stands for the crime Adultery.To the puritans it is a symbol of just punishment.to Hester,a device of unjust h
22、umiliation.to Dimmesdale,a piercing reminder of his guilt.to Chillingworth,a spur to the quest of revenge to Pearl,a bright and mysterious curiosity2.“A”varies its meaning as the development of the story,Adultery-Alone and Alienation-Able-Angel and Award.Symbols of the NamesuHester Prynne 1.HestiaTh
23、e Virgin Goddess in Greek mythology,symbol of beauty and virtue,showing the authors praise to Hesters beauty and saint,Goddess-like beauty.2.Hastierher marriage to Chillingworth is hasty.her love with Dimmesdale is hasty.her joy with Dimmesdale the priest is hasty.uHester Prynne 1.Prurient(desire fo
24、r physical love),which is considered as the root of sin and crime.2.Prune(purify or get rid of),which foreshadows Hesters self-save from the sin or crime.3.Pry(probe into),probe into the human nature(sin)u Arthur Dimmesdale lThe initials AD are the beginning of“Adultery”;l“Dim”means lack of light;“d
25、ale”means valleyIt symbolizes the ministers dim interior world of his love and the shadow of sin and guilt of his mind.Roger ChillingworthJolly RogerPirates nature is to explore treasures and revenge.Chillingworths act to his wife and to Dimmesdale.u Roger Chillingworth“Chilling”means chilly.He is a
26、 man deficient in human warmth.He is a cruel and cold-blooded man.uPearl PrynneTreasure-the treasure to her motherComes out of an ugly shell but is beautifulComes out of an torturing process Symbol of the Characters1.Hester Prynneexposed sin.Hesters sin is revealed.2.Arthur Dimmesdaleconcealed sin.H
27、is humanity is been constrained by the Puritan society.His sin is not adultery but not having the courage to admit that he had adulterated.3.Roger Chillingworthtrue sin/evilHe is a merciless avenger.The real sinner of morality in this novel.4.Pearlthe human symbol of the sinThe human symbol of the s
28、in of adultery in the fact that she leads Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale to accept and admit to their sin.She is also the living symbol of the scarlet letter.Hawthorne:“the scarlet letter in another form;the scarlet letter endowed with life.”Themes lPuritanismlLove,lustlSinlRevenge lInner heart conflict lRebellion and loyaltyThank you!