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1、关于非谓语动词整理第一页,本课件共有91页什么是非谓什么是非谓语动词啊?语动词啊?“非谓语非谓语非谓语非谓语”,就就是不是谓语的动词呗是不是谓语的动词呗!那不是谓语那不是谓语是什么呢?是什么呢?。第二页,本课件共有91页英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构如果出现更多动词:加连词(and/but/so)放入从句 变为非谓语动词 主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语第三页,本课件共有91页e.g.He works.He wants to work here.He is working now.The meeting held last week is very impor
2、tant.非谓语:非谓语:无人称,数的变化,不单独作谓无人称,数的变化,不单独作谓语,但保留动词特点,可以有宾语或状语。语,但保留动词特点,可以有宾语或状语。第四页,本课件共有91页过去分词过去分词v-ed不定式不定式to+v动词的动词的v-ing非非谓谓语语动动词词第五页,本课件共有91页第六页,本课件共有91页动动词词不不定定式式Todothatsortofthingisfoolish.Iwanttoseeyouthisevening.MyjobistoteachEnglish.Doyouhaveanythingtosay?ShecameheretostudyEnglish.主语主语宾语宾
3、语表语表语定语定语状语状语宾补宾补(Itisfoolishtodothatsortofthing.)Sheaskedmetostayhere.第七页,本课件共有91页注注:在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用常采用it作形式主语,而把不定式后置。作形式主语,而把不定式后置。Itsagreatpleasuretobeheretobehere.Itisnotaneasythingtomasteralanguagetomasteralanguage.注注注注 :不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出,也可以由或情景中
4、看出,也可以由“for/of+名词词组名词词组”来表示,来表示,如:如:Itwasdifficultformeformetodothework.Itskindofyoutothinksomuchofus.作主语作主语第八页,本课件共有91页下列情形用不定式作定语下列情形用不定式作定语lMadeCuriewasthefirstpersonintheworldtoreceivetwoNobelPrizes.lThebestwaytokeepfitistodevelophealthyeatinghabits.作定语作定语1.由由theonly,thefirst,thelast,thenext以及序数
5、以及序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词词或形容词最高级修饰的名词,常用不定式作定常用不定式作定语语.第九页,本课件共有91页lThreeyearslaterhehadachancetogotoAustralia.lHefailedinhisattempttoescapefromprison.2.当修饰词是名词当修饰词是名词:ability,way,chance,attempt,plan,failure等等,这时用不定式作定语这时用不定式作定语,对所修饰对所修饰词起补充说明的作用词起补充说明的作用.第十页,本课件共有91页作宾补作宾补Sheaskedmetostayhere.1.她叫我呆在这儿。她叫
6、我呆在这儿。2.请允许我介绍请允许我介绍Mr.White给你们。给你们。PleaseallowmetointroduceMr.Whitetoyou.adviseallowaskcauseencourageexpectforcegetinforminviteorderpermitremindrequestteachtellwantwarnenablewish第十一页,本课件共有91页做独立成分做独立成分1.Totellthetruth,Idontagreewithyou.(老实说老实说)类似的短语有类似的短语有:tobefrank,坦白说坦白说tobeexact,确切的说确切的说tobeginw
7、ith,首先首先,第一第一第十二页,本课件共有91页注意注意1.有些动词后面的不定式有些动词后面的不定式不带不带to,如,如feel(一(一感)感)hear,listento(二听)(二听)make,have,let(三让)(三让)see,watch,notice,observe(四看)(四看).Iheardthemsingapopsong.Wewatchedthemplayfootball.A.不带不带to的不定式的不定式注注:这些动词若用于被动语态这些动词若用于被动语态,不定式必须加不定式必须加toThemanwasmadetomovehiscarbythepoliceman.第十三页,本
8、课件共有91页2.在在wouldratherthan,ratherthan,等结等结构后的构后的than之后不用之后不用to.3.在在cantbut,cantchoosebut,canthelpbut,donothingbut,之后的不定式不用之后的不定式不用to4.介词介词but,except,besides+todo,但是如果这但是如果这些介词前有行为动词些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式的各种形式,那么那么,介词后介词后的不定式不用的不定式不用to.第十四页,本课件共有91页5.一些特定结构中一些特定结构中:whynotdo(为什么不做为什么不做)hadbetterdo(最好做最好做)wo
9、uldratherdo(宁愿;宁可宁愿;宁可)I would rather have a cup of tea.我宁愿喝茶。我宁愿喝茶。You had better go back.你还是回去的好。你还是回去的好。Whynotseeafilmtonight?第十五页,本课件共有91页注意注意B.带疑问词的动词不定式在带疑问词的动词不定式在to前前加疑问词加疑问词。Mr.Linwillteachushowtousethecomputer.Canyoutellmewheretogetthebook?(what,when,where,which,who,how)第十六页,本课件共有91页注意注意D.
10、作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时,作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时,动词不定式常常省去动词不定式常常省去to后面后面的动词,只的动词,只保留保留to。A:Wouldyouliketocometomyparty?Marywantedtousemybike,butIaskedhernotto(usemybike).B:Yes,Idloveto(cometoyourparty).Mary想用我的自行车,但我叫她别用。想用我的自行车,但我叫她别用。第十七页,本课件共有91页E.有些动词后面既可跟不定式有些动词后面既可跟不定式todo,又可跟动名词,又可跟动名词doing,但是意义不一样,如,但是意义不一样
11、,如remember,forget,try,stop,goon,mean,regret,like/love,canthelp,propose等等等等 Iremembered to post the letters.Iremembered posting/having post the letters.1)remember/forgettodo表示记得表示记得/忘记忘记要去做某事要去做某事remember/forgetdoing表示记得表示记得/忘记忘记做过某事做过某事 2)trytodo设法努力做某事设法努力做某事trydoing尝试着做某事尝试着做某事 3)goontodo表示接着做另外一件
12、事情表示接着做另外一件事情goondoing表示接着做原来的那件事情表示接着做原来的那件事情 第十八页,本课件共有91页4)stoptodo表示停下来去做另外一件事情表示停下来去做另外一件事情stopdoing表示停止做某事表示停止做某事 5)meantodo表示打算,意欲做某事表示打算,意欲做某事meandoing表示意味着,意思是表示意味着,意思是6)regrettodo表示很遗憾要去做某事表示很遗憾要去做某事regretdoing表示很遗憾已经做过的事情表示很遗憾已经做过的事情8)canthelp(to)do表示不能做,无助于表示不能做,无助于canthelpdoing表示请不自禁表示请
13、不自禁 9)usedtodo表示过去常常做某事表示过去常常做某事be/getusedtodoing表示习惯于做某事表示习惯于做某事第十九页,本课件共有91页注:注:need/want/require;worth/worthy的特殊用法的特殊用法 Thebikeneedstoberepaired.Theroomneedsrepairing.1)need/wanttobedone=2)need/wantdoing需要需要(含被动意义含被动意义)ThebookisworthreadingThebookisworthytoberead.Thebookisworthyofbeingread.2)bewo
14、rthdoingbeworthytobedone/beworthyofbeingdone这本书值得一读。这本书值得一读。第二十页,本课件共有91页注注:prefer的用法:的用法:preferdoingtodoingprefertodoratherthandowouldratherdothando Ipreferwaiting here to staying at home.Ipreferto waithereratherthanstay at home.Iwouldratherwaitherethanstay at home.第二十一页,本课件共有91页Heisusedto_inthatci
15、ty.(live)Imlookingforwardto_yousoon.(see)Sheobjectsto_theproblemnow.(discuss)Hedevotedhimselfto_thenewtheory.(establish)Ihavebeenaccustomedto_inthatcompanysinceIcamehere.(work)Inadditionto_hisownworkwell,heisreadytohelpothers.(do)F.下面的下面的to是是介词介词,而不是不定式,而不是不定式 be/getaccustomedto,be/getusedto,inaddit
16、ionto,+livingseeingdiscussingestablishingworkingdoing第二十二页,本课件共有91页主动主动被动被动一般式一般式进行式进行式完成式完成式否定式否定式不定式的时态和语态不定式的时态和语态 todotobedonetobedoingtohavedonetohavebeendone在在to前加前加not第二十三页,本课件共有91页动词不定式的时态和语态动词不定式的时态和语态1.Iopenedthedoortoentertheroom.2.Mr.Smithisgoingtoattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow.一般式一般式(
17、todo).所表示的动作在谓所表示的动作在谓语动词之后发生。语动词之后发生。(将要(将要)被动式:被动式:tobedone3.Hedidntliketobelaughedat.第二十四页,本课件共有91页.进行式进行式(tobedoing)1.Iamverygladtobeworkingwithyou.2.Heissaidtobecoming.所表示的动作和谓所表示的动作和谓语动词同时发生。语动词同时发生。(正在进行)(正在进行)没有被动式没有被动式第二十五页,本课件共有91页.完成式完成式(tohavedone)1.Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.2.Y
18、ouseemedtohavereadthenovelwrittenbyMr.Smith.不定式的动作不定式的动作发生在谓语动发生在谓语动词之前。词之前。(已经做过)(已经做过)3.Heclaimed_inthesuppermarketwhenhewasdoingshoppingyesterday.A.beingbadlytreatedB.treatingbadlyB.C.tobetreatedbadlyD.tohavebeenbadlytreated.被动式:被动式:tohavebeendone第二十六页,本课件共有91页1.Thelightintheofficeisstillon.-Oh,I
19、forgot.A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.havingturneditoffD.toturnitoff2.Shecanthelp_thehousebecauseshesbusymakingacake.A.tocleanB.cleaningC.CleanedD.beingcleaned3.Noteverybodyhastheabilityinpublic.A.ofspeakB.speakingC.spokenD.tospeak练习练习第二十七页,本课件共有91页4 4.Maryisalwaysthefirststudent_to answertheteachersque
20、stionsinclass.A.risingB.toriseC.roseD.risen5.Mum,whydoyoualwaysaskmetoeataneggeveryday?-_enoughproteinandnutritionasyouaregrowingup.A.GetB.GettingC.TogetD.Tobegetting6.Wouldyoubesokind_usout?-Withpleasure.A.helpingB.inhelpingC.helpD.astohelp第二十八页,本课件共有91页7.Wetumbrellasarenotallowed_intothishotelacco
21、rdingtotherule.A.tobetakenB.totakeC.takenD.taking8.Robertissaid_abroad,butIdidntknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.AtohavestudiedBtostudyCtobestudyingDtohavebeenstudying9.InAustralia,hemadealotoffriends_averypracticalknowledgeofEnglish.A.getB.gettingC.togetD.got第二十九页,本课件共有91页10.Thepatientwaswarned_oilyfooda
22、ftertheoperation.A.toeatnotB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating11.Weagreed_here,butsofarshehasntturnedoutyet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet12.Pauldoesnthavetobemade_.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning第三十页,本课件共有91页13.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_
23、.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto14.Isawhim_outoftheroom.15.A.goB.hadgone16.C.hasgoneD.goes15.Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto_A.sitB.sitonC.besitD.besaton第三十一页,本课件共有91页16.Thereisntanydifferentbetweenthetwo.Ireallydontknow_A.wheretochooseB.whichtochooseC.tochoosewhatD.tochoos
24、ewhich17.Robertissaid_abroad,butIdidntknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.madeD.tomake第三十二页,本课件共有91页1.非谓语动词有哪些不同的形式?非谓语动词有哪些不同的形式?非谓非谓语动词语动词一般式一般式 完成式完成式 一般式一般式 完成式完成式to+v不定式不定式过去过去分词分词tobedonetohavebeendonebeingdonehavingbeendone及物动词的过去分词既表及物动词的过去分词既表示示被动被动又表示又表示动作已完成动作已完成,个别动词的过去分
25、词只表个别动词的过去分词只表示完成示完成(多数为不及物动词多数为不及物动词)主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式todo tohavedonedoinghavingdone不定式除一般式、完成式以外还有不定式除一般式、完成式以外还有_进行式进行式tobedoingv-edv-ingv-ing分分词词非谓语动词的否定:非谓语动词的否定:_not+非谓语动词非谓语动词第三十三页,本课件共有91页非谓语非谓语动词动词主语主语 宾语宾语 宾补宾补 主补主补 定语定语 状语状语 表语表语不定式不定式-ing分词分词过去分词过去分词2.非谓语动词在句中通常作什么成分?非谓语动词在句中通常作什么成分?第三十四页
26、,本课件共有91页第三十五页,本课件共有91页非谓语非谓语动词动词主语主语 宾语宾语 宾补宾补 主补主补 定语定语 状语状语 表语表语不定式不定式v-ing分词分词过去分词过去分词V-ing分词在句中通常作什么成分?分词在句中通常作什么成分?第三十六页,本课件共有91页V-ing现现在在分分词词Workingwithyouisapleasure.Iwanttoseeyouthisevening.MyjobistoteachEnglish.Doyouhaveanythingtosay?ShecameheretostudyEnglish.主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语状语状语宾补宾补(Itisa
27、pleasureworkingwithyou.)Sheaskedmetostayhere.第三十七页,本课件共有91页用法用法例句例句时间时间Walkingalongthestreet,ImetMary.(=WhileIwaswalkingalongthestreet,ImetMary.)第三十八页,本课件共有91页用法用法例句例句原因原因 Beingtired,Istoppedtotakearest.(=BecauseIwastired,Istoppedtotakearest.)条件条件 Workinghard,youwillsucceed.(=Ifyouworkhard,youwillsu
28、cceed.)第三十九页,本课件共有91页用法用法例句例句让步让步 KnowingwhereIlive,henevercometoseeme.(=ThoughheknowswhereIlive,henevercometoseeme.)第四十页,本课件共有91页用法用法例句例句伴随伴随 Istoodthere,waitingforher.(=Istoodthere,andwaitedforher.)结果结果 Itrainedheavily,causingseverefloodinginthearea.(=Itrainedheavilysothatitcausedseverefloodingint
29、hearea.)第四十一页,本课件共有91页v-ing形式的时态和语态形式的时态和语态主动主动被动被动一般式一般式完成式完成式否定式否定式doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendone在在v-ing前加前加not第四十二页,本课件共有91页例句:例句:Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy.Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenthome.Beingaskedtoanswerthequestion,hestoodup.Havingbeenwritteninhaste,thebookhassomefaults.
30、第四十三页,本课件共有91页not置于置于V-ing 之前之前Notgettingupearly,hemissedthefirstbus.Nothavingreceivedhisletter,weallfeltworried.2.V-ing形式的否定式形式的否定式第四十四页,本课件共有91页分词分词(短语短语)作状语时作状语时,其逻辑主语必须其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。与句子的主语一致。如果不一致,必须如果不一致,必须用独立主格结构来表示,也就是在分词用独立主格结构来表示,也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。前面加上它的逻辑主语。3.V-ing形式需注意形式需注意第四十五页,本课件共有91页
31、Enteringtheroom,IfoundTomwatchingTV.Lookingatthepicture,Icouldnthelpmissingmymiddleschooldays.比较比较Thebellringing,weallstoppedtalking.Weatherpermitting,wewillhaveanoutingtomorrow.第四十六页,本课件共有91页一、构成形式一、构成形式过去分词只有一种形式过去分词只有一种形式(v+ed)现在分词现在分词(否定式(否定式not+分词):分词):被动形式被动形式doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeen
32、done一般式一般式完成式完成式主动形式主动形式主动形式主动形式第四十七页,本课件共有91页二、二、分词的语法功能分词的语法功能1 1作定语作定语2 2作表语作表语3 3作宾语补足语作宾语补足语4 4作状语作状语第四十八页,本课件共有91页三、现在分词与过去分词三、现在分词与过去分词的用法区别的用法区别第四十九页,本课件共有91页1、作定语时、作定语时:position单个的分词作定语时一般前置(位于被修单个的分词作定语时一般前置(位于被修饰的词之前),分词短语作定语时后置。饰的词之前),分词短语作定语时后置。Do you know the (哭着的)(哭着的)boy?Do you know
33、the boy(在树下哭的)(在树下哭的)?We are trying our best to catch up with the (发达的)(发达的)country.The students are discussing a book (由鲁迅写的由鲁迅写的).cryingcryingcrying under the treecrying under the tree developeddevelopedwrittenbyLuXunwrittenbyLuXun第五十页,本课件共有91页作定语时作定语时:relationship1.The meeting held last week is v
34、ery important.2.2.Tell the children playing there not to make so 3.much noise.被动关系被动关系主动关系主动关系第五十一页,本课件共有91页现在分词和过去分词作定语的比较现在分词和过去分词作定语的比较飘雪飘雪_落叶落叶_令人惊讶的消息令人惊讶的消息感到吃惊的表情感到吃惊的表情-总结总结:v-ing现在分词作定语现在分词作定语:_v-ed过去分词作定语过去分词作定语:_fallingsnowfallenleavesthesurprisingnews表示表示“主动,或正在进行主动,或正在进行/令人感觉怎么样令人感觉怎么样”
35、表示表示“被动,或已完成被动,或已完成/人自身感觉怎么样人自身感觉怎么样”the surprised look第五十二页,本课件共有91页ItisthefirsttimethatJoyhascometoLianyungang.Shehasmuchdifficultyfindingherwayaround,astheroadshavemany_turnsandbranchroads.Scene1confusing/puzzling第五十三页,本课件共有91页Scene2Amywasperforminginadramawhensuddenlysheforgotthewords.Theaudienc
36、eclappedtheirhandstoencourageher,butshefeltthiswasher_(embarrass)situation.embarrassed第五十四页,本课件共有91页Practicemakesperfect!1.Mrs.White showed her students some old maps _ from the library.(10 全国全国)A.to borrow B.to be borrowed C.borrowed D.borrowing2.(2011江苏)江苏)Recentlyasurvey_pricesofthesamegoodsintwo
37、differentsupermarketshascausedheateddebateamongcitizens.AcomparedBcomparingCcomparesDbeingcompared3.With the governments aid,those _ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.(09上海)上海)A.affect B.affecting C.affected D.were affected 第五十五页,本课件共有91页2、作表语时(跟在系动词后)、作表语时(跟在系动词后)现在现在分词多表示主语所具有的分词
38、多表示主语所具有的特征特征或或属性属性;过去过去分词分词多表示主语所处的多表示主语所处的状态状态。现在分词表示。现在分词表示“令人令人的的”,过去分词表示,过去分词表示“感到感到”.”.常见的分词有:常见的分词有:amazed/amazing;annoyed/annoying;interested/interesting;pleased/pleasing;surprised/surprising;satisfied/satisfying;amused/amusingLearnthembyheart!第五十六页,本课件共有91页Translation:1.有人认为如果一本书是有趣的,它一定会使读
39、者感有人认为如果一本书是有趣的,它一定会使读者感兴趣的。兴趣的。2.2.先生们、女士们,请一直做到飞机已完全停下来止。先生们、女士们,请一直做到飞机已完全停下来止。Itisbelievedthatifabookisinteresting,itwillsurelyinterestthereader.Ladiesandgentlemen,pleaseremainseateduntiltheplanehascometoacompletestop.第五十七页,本课件共有91页3、作宾语补足语时、作宾语补足语时:relationship取决于取决于分词分词与与宾语宾语的关系:的关系:主动主动关系,用关系
40、,用doing被动被动关系,用关系,用done例如例如1.Ifoundthempaintingthewindows.2.Ifoundthewindowspainted.主动关系主动关系被动关系被动关系(现在分词表(现在分词表主动、进行)主动、进行)(过去分词表(过去分词表被动、完成被动、完成)第五十八页,本课件共有91页Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.1.(09全国全国)Theyusecomputerstokeepthetrafficrunsmoothly.2.(2011江苏)江苏)Youlookupset.Whatsthemat
41、ter?Ihadmyproposaltoturndownagain.(running)(running)turneddownturneddown第五十九页,本课件共有91页 3.(10安徽卷安徽卷)JustnowIcaughthimtostealthingsfromthesupermarket.stealing第六十页,本课件共有91页4、作状语时、作状语时:relationship_from the moon,the earth looks like a blue ball.(see)_nobody at home,he left.(see)被动关系被动关系主主动动关关系系分词的选取分词的选
42、取:取决于分词与句子主语的关系:取决于分词与句子主语的关系:主动关系主动关系:用:用 doing被动关系被动关系:用:用doneSeenSeenSeeingSeeing第六十一页,本课件共有91页Astheharelooksdownuponthetortoise,heliesdownandsleepssoundly.RewritethesentencesusingRewritethesentencesusingingingor-or-ededforms:forms:第六十二页,本课件共有91页_thetortoise,thehareliesdownandsleepssoundly.Lookin
43、gdownupon第六十三页,本课件共有91页1.(10天津天津)Whenweapproachedthecitycentre,wesawastonestatueofabout10metersinheight.Approachingthecity,wesawastonestatueofabout10metersinheight.2.(04北京北京)Becausehewastiredafterthetrip,hesoonfellasleep.Tiredafterthetrip,hesoonfellasleep.COME ON!COME ON!第六十四页,本课件共有91页Note 1:现在分词的现在
44、分词的一般式一般式与与完成式完成式:一般式一般式:doing 表示非谓语动作与谓语动作几乎同表示非谓语动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生。时发生。完成式完成式:having done 表示非谓语动作与谓语动作表示非谓语动作与谓语动作有着先后顺序有着先后顺序。_ such heavy loss,the businessman didnt have the courage to go on.(suffer)例如例如:_thenews,herfansbecamewildwithexcitement.(hear)Hearing Having suffered Having suffered第六十五页,本课件共
45、有91页Remember:Practicemakesperfect!1.(08全国卷全国卷I)Thestormleft,_alotofdamagetothisarea.A.causedB.tohavecausedC.tocauseD.havingcaused2._ the programme,they have to stay there for another two weeks.(09 广东广东)A.Not completing B.Not completed C.Not having completed D.Having not completed 第六十六页,本课件共有91页Note
46、2:分词作状语的基本原则:分词作状语的基本原则:分词作状语时,分词的分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语逻辑主语必须与句子的主语必须与句子的主语保持保持一致一致。当非谓语动作的主语不是句子的主语时,必须加。当非谓语动作的主语不是句子的主语时,必须加上其自己的逻辑主语,这种结构称为上其自己的逻辑主语,这种结构称为独立主格结构独立主格结构。如:。如:Spring coming,the fields are full of life.再如:再如:Weather permitting,we will go out for a spring outing.Thejobhavingbeendone,wewenth
47、ome.因为因为coming的逻辑主语,并不是的逻辑主语,并不是the fields,应,应补上它的逻辑主语补上它的逻辑主语spring,第六十七页,本课件共有91页独立主格结构非谓语动词,非谓语动词,主语主语+谓语谓语名词名词/代词代词+动作的逻辑主语动作的逻辑主语第六十八页,本课件共有91页 falling here and there,I suddenly notice autumn is drawing pleted,well have a global traveling.LeavesTask第六十九页,本课件共有91页Consolidation:1.Many students _
48、around,I explained the story into details.(07 重庆)重庆)A.stood B.standing C.to stand D.were standing2.There _ nothing to talk about,every one in the room remained silent.A.was B.had C.being D.having3.Everything _ into consideration,they believed themselves more and returned to their position.A.to taken
49、 B.taken C.to be taken D.taking 第七十页,本课件共有91页The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft,the most recent _ at the end of last March.(2007山东)A.has been launched B.having been launchedC.being launched D.to be launchedB第七十一页,本课件共有91页The children went home from the grammar school,their les
50、sons _ for the day.(07重庆)A.finishing B.finished C.had finished D.were finishedB第七十二页,本课件共有91页有些分词作状语时,其形式的选用不受上下文的影响,称作有些分词作状语时,其形式的选用不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分或插入语。常见的有:独立成分或插入语。常见的有:generally/frankly/strictly speaking 一般而言一般而言/坦率地坦率地说说/严格地说严格地说judging from/by 根据根据来判断来判断considering/taking into consideration考虑