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1、动词动词inging形式形式在英语中,不能做句子谓语,而是担任在英语中,不能做句子谓语,而是担任其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词非谓语动词有非谓语动词有三种三种:动词不定式动词不定式 (to(to do)do);动名词动名词 (doing)(doing)和和分词(分词(现在分现在分词词 doingdoing和和过去分词过去分词 donedone)另外,动另外,动名词和现在分词统称动词名词和现在分词统称动词-ing-ing形式形式传统语法把起传统语法把起名词名词作用的动词作用的动词-ing形式称为形式称为动名词动名词;而把起;而把起形容词或形容词或副词副词作用
2、的动词作用的动词-ing 形式称为形式称为现在现在分词分词1.动词-ing形式的构成:是在动词末尾加是在动词末尾加-ing 形式构成,因此又叫动词的形式构成,因此又叫动词的-ing 形式。形式。如:如:do-doing,be-being,ask-asking,etc.否定形式:否定形式:not+-ing构成构成2.动词-ing形式不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,但可以有自己的宾语和状语,还有时态和语态的变化。3.时时 态态 和和 语语 态态动词-ing形式在时态时态上可分为一般式和完成式。一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作;完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。动词-
3、ing形式在语态语态上可分为主动式和被动式。主动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词的动作执行者。被动式表示它的逻辑主语时-ing分词的动作承受者。4.-ing 分词的语法作用 -ing 分词一方面具有动词的性质,另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词,在句子中可以作在句子中可以作为主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语等为主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语等。1)-ing分词作主语和宾语主语和宾语:动词-ing形式可以在句子中做主语或宾语,此时也可称为动名词。如:Collecting stamps is a good hobby.He enjoys fishing.(1)-ing分词(短语)作主语主
4、语:Saying is easier than doing.说比做容易。-ing分词(短语)作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Teaching is my full-time job.在下面两种结构中,-ing分词(短语)也作主语:.为了保持句子平衡,通常用it作形式主语,而把真正主语-ing放在句末。Its useless taking this kind of medicine.在There is no结构中,通常用-ing分词。There is no holding back the wheel of history.历史车轮不可阻挡。(2)-ing分词(短语)作宾语宾语:作动词的宾语:I ha
5、ve just finished doing my home work.I suggested asking his brother for some money.只接动名词作宾语的常见动词有:避免错过少延期避免错过少延期 avoid/miss/delay/postpone建议完成多练习建议完成多练习 suggest/advise/finish/complete/practice喜欢想象禁不住喜欢想象禁不住 enjoy/imagine/cant help承认否定与嫉妒承认否定与嫉妒 admit/deny/envy逃避冒险莫宽恕逃避冒险莫宽恕 escape/risk/forgive/excuse
6、忍受保持不介意忍受保持不介意 stand/keep/mind允许感激和考虑允许感激和考虑 allow/permit/appreciate/consider明白鼓励要禁止明白鼓励要禁止 understand/encourage/forbid下列动词可以接动名词或不定式:like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,stop,forget,remember,try,intend(打算),prefer(较喜欢),cant bear(无法忍受)等。但有些词后面接动名词或不定式做宾语,表示不同意义,如:forget/remember/regret+V-ing(已做了)fo
7、rget/remember/regret+to V(未做)Mean+V-ing(意味着)Mean+to V(打算)Try+to V(设法在做)Try+V-ing(试着在做)I forget mailing your letter.Being early may mean wasting a little time.You really mean to go?He tried opening the door with the key.He tried to open the door with the key.I forget to mail your letter.我忘了已将你的信寄出了。我
8、忘了要去给你寄信。早去也许会浪费一点时间。你真的想走吗?他试着用这把钥匙开门。他想要用这把钥匙开门。c.做表语做表语My job is teaching=Teaching is my job.The music is exciting.现在分词做表语,表明的是主语的性质与现在分词做表语,表明的是主语的性质与特征(相当于特征(相当于形容词形容词),),主语和表语的主语和表语的位置不可互换。动名词做表语是对主语内位置不可互换。动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释(相当于容的解释(相当于名词名词),),这时这时主语和主语和表语的位置可互换。表语的位置可互换。d.做定语做定语现在分词做定语,它和被修饰的词之
9、间现在分词做定语,它和被修饰的词之间有一种逻辑上的有一种逻辑上的主谓主谓关系,相当于一个关系,相当于一个定语从句定语从句;而动名词做定语,与被修饰;而动名词做定语,与被修饰的词之间没有这种关系,它仅表示一种的词之间没有这种关系,它仅表示一种用途,相当于一个用途,相当于一个for的介词短语。的介词短语。A sleeping boy=a boy who is sleepingA swimming pool=a pool for swimmingA walking stick=a stick for walkingThe rising sun=the sun that is risinge.做宾补做
10、宾补/主补主补Hear/watch/see/observe/keep/have/notice/with sb.doingDont keep us waiting for a long time.I heard her singing in the next room.She was heard singing in the next room.With so many people watching me,I was nervous.With the lights burning,he left.f.做状语做状语现在分词短语做状语,可以表示时间,条现在分词短语做状语,可以表示时间,条件,原因,
11、方式,结果,伴随,让步。件,原因,方式,结果,伴随,让步。时间上:时间上:doing 表示的动作,与谓语动表示的动作,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生;词表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生;having done 表示的动作,发生在谓表示的动作,发生在谓语动词表示的动作语动词表示的动作之前之前。语态上:现在分词往往表示语态上:现在分词往往表示主动主动,它所,它所修饰的人或物是分词动作的执行者。修饰的人或物是分词动作的执行者。Having waited in the queue for half an hour,Tom suddenly realized that he had left
12、 his wallet at home.A.表时间表时间Hearing the news,she burst into tears.B.表原因表原因Seeing nobody at home,he left a message.C.C.表方式表方式Using this method,he worked out the problem.D.表条件表条件Working hard,you will be successful.E.表伴随表伴随She sat at the table,reading a book.F.表让步表让步Having been told many times,he could
13、nt understand what I meant.G.表结果表结果Her husband died,leaving her a lot of money.(not)doing(not)being done(not)having done(not)having been done二、动词二、动词-ing 形式的被动式分形式的被动式分一般式一般式和和完成式完成式1.一般式一般式:表示这个表示这个被动的动作被动的动作正在进行正在进行或与或与谓语谓语表示的动作表示的动作同时发生同时发生。2.完成式完成式:强调这个强调这个被动的动作被动的动作在在谓语谓语动词所表示动词所表示的动作的动作之前之前完成。
14、完成。三、动词三、动词-ing的被动式的句法功能的被动式的句法功能1.做主语。如做主语。如:So being killed by sharks was a common thing.2.做宾语,用在做宾语,用在介词介词后或需要带后或需要带-ing 形式作宾形式作宾语的动词后。如语的动词后。如:George didnt like being kept waiting.He was terrified of being abandoned by us.Do you remember having been taken to Beijing at the age of ten?3.做表语。如做表语。
15、如:What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital.4.做定语。如做定语。如:The problem being discussed is of great importance.5.做状语。如做状语。如:Having been shown around the school,we were taken to see the library.6.做补足语。如做补足语。如:As we drew closer,I could see a whale being att
16、acked by a pack of six other killers.When we approached him,I saw James being held up in the water by Old Tom._,the museum cant be visited yet.(由于没有完工由于没有完工)They dont like _(正在建(正在建造的桥的设计)造的桥的设计)1.V-ing 形式的被动式主要在句子中作状语、形式的被动式主要在句子中作状语、宾语补足语和定语,宾语补足语和定语,但但V-ing 形式的完成被形式的完成被动式动式 一般在句中作状语一般在句中作状语(偶尔作非限
17、定定(偶尔作非限定定语),不作其它成分。语),不作其它成分。Notes:the design of the new bridge being built.Not having been completed2.注意:在need,want,require,be worth等动词(短语)后,作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动意义。如:Your shoes need cleaning.=Your shoes need to be cleaned.你的鞋需要清洗一下了。This book is well worth reading.这本书很值得一看。动词的动词的-ing形式有以下特征:形式有以下
18、特征:1.具有动词的特征具有动词的特征,有时态和语态的变有时态和语态的变化化,并可带状语、宾语等。当分词与其并可带状语、宾语等。当分词与其逻辑主语有动宾关系时逻辑主语有动宾关系时,用用_语态语态归纳总结归纳总结 被动被动 2.动词动词-ing的构成形式的构成形式(以以do为例为例):3.动词的动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征形式具有动词的特征,同时同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,因因此此,它在句中可以作主语、它在句中可以作主语、_语、语、_语、语、_语、语、_语和状语。语和状语。4.否定形式否定形式:not+v-ing形式。形式。宾语补足宾语补足表表宾宾定定5
19、.在在suggest,keep,allow,finish,enjoy,mind,practice,avoid,admit,advise,consider,imagine,appreciate,escape等后不能用不定式作宾语等后不能用不定式作宾语;在在forget,remember,regret,mean,try等动词后既可等动词后既可接动名词接动名词,也可接不定式也可接不定式,但意义差别较大。如:但意义差别较大。如:I forgot seeing her.我忘记见过她。我忘记见过她。(以前见过以前见过)I forgot to post the letter.我忘记寄信了。我忘记寄信了。(信
20、没寄信没寄)6.在表示在表示“需要需要”的的need,want和和require等后用等后用-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义形式的主动形式表示被动意义,也可用不定式也可用不定式的被动式。的被动式。语法专练语法专练1.He spit it out,_(say)it was awful.解析解析:1.因句中已有谓语因句中已有谓语spit,此处又没有连词此处又没有连词,say不是并列谓语不是并列谓语,而是非谓语动词而是非谓语动词;又因又因he与与say是主是主动关系动关系,故用现在分词作伴随状语。故用现在分词作伴随状语。saying2.I had great difficulty _(find)t
21、he suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.2.因因have difficulty(in)doing sth 为固定句式为固定句式,其意其意为为“做某事有困难做某事有困难”。3._(approach)the city center,we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.3.因因we与与approach是主动关系是主动关系,所以用现在分词短所以用现在分词短语作状语。语作状语。findingApproaching4._(look)at my classmates faces,I re
22、ad the same excitement in their eyes.4.因因I与与look是主动关系是主动关系,所以用现在分词作状语所以用现在分词作状语。5.Listen!Do you hear someone _(call)for help?5.由由listen可知可知,动作正在进行动作正在进行,表示表示“听见某人在听见某人在做某事做某事”,用用hear sb.doing sth.句型。句型。Lookingcalling6.It rained heavily in the south,_(cause)serious flooding in several provinces.解析:解析
23、:6.“引起严重水灾引起严重水灾”是是“下大雨下大雨”的自然结果的自然结果,作结果状语作结果状语,用现在分词用现在分词作状语。作状语。causing.与与which caused.相相当。当。causing7.The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _(weigh)less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat.解析解析:7.因因young children与与weigh是主动关系是主动关系,故用现在分词作定语。句中介词短语故用现在分词作定语。句中介词短语
24、under.和现在分词短语和现在分词短语weighing.一起作定语一起作定语,修饰修饰young children。weighing8.He had a wonderful childhood,_(travel)with his mother to all corners of the world.解析:解析:8.因因he与与travel是主动关系是主动关系,故用故用现在分词短语现在分词短语traveling with his mother.作状语作状语,表示原因。表示原因。traveling9.A pick-up truck passed us on the road,and a few
25、minutes later,I saw it _(pull)back and the driver looking directly at us.解析:解析:9.因因it与与pull是主动关系是主动关系,用现在用现在分词作宾补分词作宾补,即即see sb./sth.doing sth.句句型。型。pulling10._(walk)is a good form of exercise for both young and old.解析:解析:10.因因a good form暗示泛指一般性行为暗示泛指一般性行为,用用动名词作主语。动名词作主语。11.I cant stand _(work)with
26、 Jane in the same office.She just refuses _(stop)talking while she works.解析:解析:11.因为因为cant stand(不能忍受不能忍受)后习惯上要接后习惯上要接动词的动词的-ing形式形式;又因又因refuse后要求接带后要求接带to的不定式。的不定式。Walkingworkingto stop12.As a result of the serious flood,two-thirds of the buildings in the area need _(repair).解析:解析:12.在表示在表示“需要需要”的的
27、need后要接动词后要接动词-ing形式的主动形式形式的主动形式,或用不定式的被动式。或用不定式的被动式。repairing/to be repaired13.Robert is indeed a wise man.Oh,yes.How often I have regretted _(not take)his advice!解析:解析:13.表示遗憾或后悔表示遗憾或后悔,regret后习后习惯上要用动词惯上要用动词-ing形式。形式。not taking14.At the beginning of class,the noise of desks _(open and close)could
28、 be heard outside the classroom.解析:解析:14.在介词在介词of后作宾语后作宾语,要用动词要用动词-ing形形式式,desk是其逻辑主语是其逻辑主语,而而desks与与open和和close是被动关系是被动关系,故要用动词故要用动词-ing形式的被动式。形式的被动式。being opened and closed15.Isnt it time you got down to _(mark)the papers?解析:解析:15.因为因为get down to中的中的to是介是介词词,后面应接动词的后面应接动词的-ing形式。形式。marking16.Mr.Re
29、ed made up his mind to devote all he had to _(set)up some schools for poor children.setting解析:解析:16.因因devote.to.中中to是介词是介词,接接动词动词-ing形式形式;all是是devote的宾语的宾语,he had是省略了关系代词是省略了关系代词that的定语从句的定语从句,修饰修饰all。17.Having been ill in bed for nearly a month,he had a hard time _(pass)the exam.解析解析:17.固定句式:固定句式:h
30、ave a hard time(in)doing sth.在做某事方面有困难在做某事方面有困难。18.I believe thats the best way to prevent such a thing from _(happen)again.解析解析:18.固定句式:固定句式:prevent.from doing阻止阻止做做。happeningpassing19.It was so cold that they kept the fire _(burn)all night.解析:解析:19.固定句式:固定句式:keep.doing“让让一直保持某种状态一直保持某种状态”,此处为此处为“让
31、让那盆火整夜燃着那盆火整夜燃着”。burning20.Come on,please give me some ideas about the project.Sorry.With so much work _(fill)my mind,I almost break down.解析:解析:20.在在“with+宾语宾语+非谓语动词非谓语动词”结构中结构中,因宾语因宾语work与与fill是主动关系是主动关系,所所以用以用-ing形式。形式。filling21._(throw)their hats into the air,the fans of the winning team let out
32、loud shouts of victory.21.现在分词作伴随状语。现在分词作伴随状语。22._(fail)to reach them on the phone,we sent an email instead.22.表示原因表示原因,且发生在谓语动词之前且发生在谓语动词之前,用完成式。用完成式。ThrowingHaving failed23.I cant imagine the boy _(speak)so rudely to you.解析解析:23.在在imagine后作宾语后作宾语,只能用动词只能用动词-ing形式。形式。24.After _(hear)the funny story,all of us couldnt help _(laugh)ear to ear.解析解析:24.前者在介词后用动词前者在介词后用动词-ing形式形式;后者后者cant help doing表示表示“情不自禁情不自禁”。speaking hearing laughing解析解析:25.固定句式:固定句式:There is no point in doing sth“做某事没有意义做某事没有意义”。25.There is no point _(make)the simple experiments once again.making结束结束