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1、关于英关于英语语法句型法句型结构构第一页,本课件共有27页句型-按照英语中的动词的类型(五种,即:不及物动词、系动词、单宾动词、双宾动词和复合动词)可以把英语句型划分为五种基本的句型。一、1.主语+不及物动词(SV句型)=主谓结构:本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成,常用来表示主语的动作。如:Thesunrises.Tomhasalreadyleft.谓语可有修饰语-状语。Theyhadtotravelbyairorboat.第二页,本课件共有27页2.主语+系动词+主补(SVC句型)=主系表结构:本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成,主要用以说明主语的特征,类属,状态,身份等。系动词有:1.表
2、示特征和存在状态的be,seem,feel,appear,look,smell,taste,sound;2.表示状态延续的remain,stay,keep,continue,stand;3.表示状态变化的become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow;eg:OurEnglishteacheristhirtyyearsold.Thecaketastesdelicious.Thepotatoeswentbadinthefields.Deepwaterstaysstill.Sheisingoodhealth.第三页,本课件共有27页3.主语+动词+宾语(SVO句型)=主谓
3、宾结构:本结构是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语构成。如:1.Tomhasmadeamistake.2.Idontknowifhecancometomorrow.3.Theyhaventdecidedwheretogonext.4.ShestoppedteachingEnglishtwoyearsago.第四页,本课件共有27页4.主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOO句型)=双宾语结构:此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(事物)”组成。如:介词to或for.Hebringscookiestomeeveryday.Shemadeabeautifuldressforme.用
4、to侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着某人。用for侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有:(需借助to的)bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等(需借助for的)buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。第五页,本课件共有27页5.主语+复合动词+宾语+宾补(SVOC句型)复合宾语结构:此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语补足语用来补充
5、和说明宾语的性质和特点。可以用做宾补的有:名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,动词不定式,分词等。如:Thesunkeepsuswarm.Iheardhimsinging.TheymadeTommonitor.Heusedtodohishomeworkwithhisradioon.Mymotheraskedmetocleanmyroom.Theteachermadeallstudentsfinishtheirhomeworkontime.用it做形式宾语,即:主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如:Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.第六页,本课件共有27页6
6、.Therebe句型:此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成,用以表达存在关系可以称“有”。它其实是全倒装的一种情况,主语位于谓语动词be之后,there仅为引导词,并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词,而用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等,但一般不用have。如:Therestandsahillinthemiddleofthepark.Onceuponatimetherelivedanoldkinginthetown.Be与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致,有时态和情态变化。如:thereis/aretherewas/werether
7、ewillbethereis/aregoingtobe.therehas/havebeentheremightbetheremustbethereusedtobetherehappen/happens/happenedtobe第七页,本课件共有27页二1.并列句。并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句并列在一起构成,一般由并列连词、连接副词或逗号、分号、冒号等将各分句连接起来。1.由分号连接。eg.Letsstartearly;wehavealongwaytogo.2.由并列连词及词组连接-and/but/or/so/however/still/therefore/yet/while/otherwis
8、e/for/bothand/notonlybutalso/aswellas/orelse/eitheror/neithernor/notbut等。eg:Idliketo,butIhavelotsofhomeworktodo.Bothmyfatherandmotherareteachers.Itsverygood,yetIdontlikeit.Shewasverytired,neverthelessshekeptonworking.第八页,本课件共有27页2.复合句构成:由一个逐句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构,但主句是全局的主体,从句只是全句中的一个成分,不能独立存在
9、。从句通常是用引导词来引导的,引导词起连接主句和从句的作用。分类:名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句),形容词性从句(定语从句),副词性从句(状语从句)。第九页,本课件共有27页主语从句主语从句-定义:用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有三类:(1)从属连词that.如:Thattheywereintruthsisterswasclearfromthefacialresemblancebetweenthem.(2)从属连词whether.如:Whetherhellcomehereisntclear.他是否会来这里还不清楚。(3)连接代词who,whom,whos
10、e,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever;连接副词where,when,how,why.如:Whatshedidisnotyetknown.Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone.Whoevercomesiswelcome.第十页,本课件共有27页主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有:A.It+be+形容词(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that从句。如:
11、Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.B.It+be+名词词组(nowonder,anhonor,agoodthing,apity,nosurprise,etc.)+that从句。如:Itsnosurprisethatourteamshouldhavewonthegame.C.It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged,etc.)+that从句。如:ItisreportedthatChinahassentanotherman-madeearthsatellitei
12、ntoorbit.第十一页,本课件共有27页D.It+seem,appear,happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如:ItseemsthatAliceisnotcomingtothepartyatall.E.It+doesntmatter(makesnodifference,etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如:Itmakesnodifferencewhereweshallhavethemeeting.2.注意连接代词whoever,whatever,whichever等引导主语从句的含义。Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.Whateverhedidwa
13、sright.Whicheverofyoucomesinwillreceiveaprize.第十二页,本课件共有27页宾语从句宾语从句:用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。构成:关联词+简单句。引导宾语从句的关联词有三类:(1)从属连词that.如:Hetoldusthathefeltill.注:that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下,that不能省略。1.EverybodycouldseewhathappenedandthatTomwasfrightened.(and连接两个宾语从句,that宾语从句放在and的后面时,that不能省略。)2.Iknownothingabo
14、uthimexceptthatheisfromthesouth.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that不能省略。)3.ThatheeversaidsuchathingIsimplydontbelieve.(that从句位于句首时,that不可省略。)4.Wedecided,inviewofhisspecialcircumstances,thatwewouldadmithimforaprobationaryperiod.(主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语,that不可省略。)第十三页,本课件共有27页(2)从属连词if/whether.如:Idoubtwhetherhewillsu
15、cceed.Idontknowifyoucanhelpme.(3)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever;连接副词where,when,how,why.如:Iwonderwhatheswritingtomeabout.IlltellyouwhyIaskedyoutocome.Youmaydowhatyouwill.第十四页,本课件共有27页(4)介词宾语从句-宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如:Hewasdeeplydispleasedbywhathadoccurredthatday.有时介词可以省略。如:Idontcare
16、(for)whomarrieshim.连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语,只用在except,but,in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导,则需用it先行一步,作形式宾语。如:Heisagoodstudentexceptthatheiscareless.YoumayrelyonitthatIshallhelpyou.介词宾语不可以用which来引导,而要用what来引导。如:Areyousorryforwhatyouvedone?第十五页,本课件共有27页某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句,这类形容词或过去分词有sure,glad,certain,pleased,ha
17、ppy,afraid,surprised,satisfied等,连词that可省略。如:IamnotsurewhatIoughttodo.ImafraidyoudontunderstandwhatIsaid.4.连词whether(ornot)或if引导的宾语从句if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用,但whether常和ornot连用,if一般不与ornot连用。如:用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义,应避免使用if而用wheter.试比较:Pleaseletmeknowifyouwanttogo.Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryouwanttogo.宾语从句的否定转移。
18、在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句,有时谓语尽管是否定意思,却不用否定形式,而将think等动词变为否定形式。如:Idontthinkyouareright.Idontbelievetheyhavefinishedtheirworkyet.Idontsupposehecares,doeshe?第十六页,本课件共有27页表语从句表语从句:用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。(1)从属连词that.如:ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.(2)从属连词whether,as,asif.如:Helookedjustashehadlo
19、okedtenyearsbefore.Thequestioniswhethertheywillbeabletohelpus.注:从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句,但asif却可引导表语从句,如:Allthiswasovertwentyyearsago,butitsasifitwasonlyyesterday.能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be,seem,look等。如:Itlookedasifitwasgoingtorain.(3)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever;连接副词where,when,how,why
20、.如:Theproblemiswhowecangettoreplaceher.第十七页,本课件共有27页同位语从句同位语从句:用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。同位语从句的先行词多为fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark等,关联词多用从属连词that.如:Theywereallverymuchworriedoverthefactthatyouweresick.注:同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如:Ihavenoideawhetherhellcomeornot.连接代词who,which,what和连接副词where,w
21、hen,why,how亦可引导同位语从句。Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkrequiresconsideration.Wehaventyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacation.第十八页,本课件共有27页定语从句:就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外,定语从句是由关系代词(that.which,who,whom,whose)或关系副词(when,where,why)引导的,故又称作关系从句。who代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。例如:A
22、nyonewhowantstoapplyforthisjobmustsendustheresumebyemailfirst.whom代替人,是宾格,在定语从句作宾语,在非正式英语常可省略。例如:Doyouknowthegentlemanwhomwemetintheschoollibraryyesterday?whose一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语。例如:Thegirlstudentwhosefatherisaseniorengineerusedtostudyabroad.Doyouknowthenameofthehotelwhosewindowwecanseehere
23、?第十九页,本课件共有27页(二)关系代词which的用法which代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如:Idonotlikestorieswhichhaveunhappyendings.(which可以换成that)三、关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个:when,where,why,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀:thetimewhentheplacewherethereasonwhy(一)关系副词when的用法关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间,when在定语从句作时间状语。例如:Ihaventseenhersinc
24、etheyearwhenIleftTokyo.(when先行词是year,同样when可以用that代替)第二十页,本课件共有27页关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点,where在定语从句作地点状语。例如:DuringtheSpringFestivalIwentbacktothetownwhereIwasbroughtup.(where的先行词是town)关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因,why在定语从句作原因状语。例如:ThereasonwhyIamphoningyouistoaskyouwhetheryouhavegotmyemail.第二十一页,本课件共有27页状语从句:状
25、语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类,分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。1.时间状语从句常用引导词:when,as,while,assoonas,while,before,after,since,till,until特殊引导词:theminute,themoment,thesecond,everytime,theday,theinstant,immediately,directly,nosoonerthan,hardlywhen,scarcelywhenIdidntrealizehowspecialmymotherwasuntilIbecameana
26、dult.WhileJohnwaswatchingTV,hiswifewascooking.Thechildrenranawayfromtheorchard(果园)themomenttheysawtheguard.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble第二十二页,本课件共有27页2地点状语从句常用引导词:where特殊引导词:wherever,anywhere,everywhereGenerally,airwillbeheavilypollutedwherethe
27、rearefactories.Whereveryougo,youshouldworkhard.3原因状语从句常用引导词:because,since,as,since特殊引导词:seeingthat,nowthat,inthat,consideringthat,giventhat,consideringthat,MyfriendsdislikemebecauseImhandsomeandsuccessful.Nowthateverybodyhascome,letsbeginourconference.Thehigherincometaxisharmfulinthatitmaydiscourage
28、peoplefromtryingtoearnmore.Consideringthatheisnomorethan12yearsold,hisheightof1.80misquiteremarkable.第二十三页,本课件共有27页4目的状语从句常用引导词:sothat,inorderthat特殊引导词:lest,incase,forfearthat,inthehopethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthatThebossaskedthesecretarytohurryupwiththeletterssothathecouldsignthem.Theteacherr
29、aisedhisvoiceonpurposethatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearmoreclearly.5结果状语从句常用引导词:sothat,sothat,suchthat,特殊引导词:suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat,Hegotupsoearlythathecaughtthefirstbus.Itssuchagoodchancethatwemustnotmissit.Tosuchandegreewasheexcitedthathecouldntsleeplastnight.第二
30、十四页,本课件共有27页6条件状语从句常用引导词:if,unless,特殊引导词:as/solongas,onlyif,providing/providedthat,supposethat,incasethat,onconditionthatWellstartourprojectifthepresidentagrees.Youwillcertainlysucceedsolongasyoukeepontrying.Providedthatthereisnoopposition,weshallholdthemeetinghere.7让步状语从句常用引导词:though,although,eveni
31、f,eventhough特殊引导词:as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while(一般用在句首),nomatter,inspiteofthefactthat,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whicheverMuchasIrespecthim,Icantagreetohisproposal.尽管我很尊敬他,我却不同意他的建议。Theoldmanalwaysenjoysswimmingeventhoughtheweatherisrough.Nomatterhowhardhetried,shecouldnotchangeherm
32、ind.Hewontlistenwhateveryoumaysay.第二十五页,本课件共有27页8比较状语从句常用引导词:as(同级比较),than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词:themorethemore;justas,so;AistoBwhat/asXistoY;nomorethan;notAsomuchasBSheisasbad-temperedashermother.Thehouseisthreetimesasbigasours.Themoreyouexercise,thehealthieryouwillbe.Foodistomenwhatoilistomachine.食物之于人,犹如油之于机器。9方式状语从句常用引导词:as,asif,how特殊引导词:thewayWheninRome,doastheRomando.Shebehavedasifsheweretheboss.Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus.第二十六页,本课件共有27页感感谢谢大大家家观观看看第二十七页,本课件共有27页