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1、句子简化题句子简化题(SentenceSimplificationQuestion)(1)句子简化题简介和提问方式(2)句子简化的两个层面:语义和逻辑(3)常见的逻辑关系转换-四大“明显”/“隐含”关系否定明显否定关系的特色词汇:no,not,none,never,neither,deny隐含否定关系的特色词汇:failto,absentfrom,lack,lackof,refuse,few,little,否定词缀less.因果明显因果关系的特色词汇:because,becauseof,since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthat,so,sothat,asaresult,
2、therefore,thereby,hence,consequently,accordingly.隐含因果关系的特色词汇:a.表示导致含义:leadto,cause,result,resultin,giveriseto,render,produce,make,使役动词（let,leave,keep,help,have),support,stimulate,spur,spark,fuel,motivate,prompt.b.由而来:comefrom,resultfrom,originate,derive from,initiate from,stem from,beattributableto,
3、beresponsiveto.c.反映,体现:reflect,present,suggest,show,imply,demonstrate.d.考虑到,依赖:give,considering,onaccountof,in view of,thanks to,according to,rely on,dependon,resortto.e.条件关系:if,when,while,as,assoonas,aslongas,虚拟条件句.比较明显比较关系的特色词汇:同级比较比较级隐含比较关系的特色词汇:a.“变化”:change,vary,alter,modify,revise,increase,dec
4、rease,destroy,develop,improve,progress,advance,grow,degenerate,continue,remain,stay,stable,still.b.“差异”:same,different.c.“超越”:surpass,exceed,transcend,excel最高级绝对化明显最高级/绝对化关系的特色词汇:-est/比较级隐含最高级绝对化关系的特色词汇:a.自身含有最高级含义:maximum,minimum,outstanding,extreme.b.否定加比较:nothingcanbebetterthanthatc.程 度 较 深 的 词:s
5、urprisingly,amazingly,prohibitively(修饰价格的high)As-因为：asheislate,heispuished.作为：asadoctor,hesavesnumerouspeople.随着：asthesocietydevelops,povertyhasvanishedgradually.像：theboyisasbraveashisPAPA.Importingthegrain,whichwouldhavebeenexpensiveandtimeconsumingfortheDutchtohaveproducedthemselves,keptthepriceof
6、grainlowandthusstimulatedindividualdemandforotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoods.BuyingimportedgrainledtotheDutchdemandingthatotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoodsbeimported.BecausetheDutchwereabletoimportinexpensivegrain,theyhadmoneyavailabletocreateademandforotherfoodproductsandconsumergoods.Keepingthepriceo
7、fgrainlowwasaprimarygoaloftheDutchatatimewhentheycouldnotproduceenoughgraintoprovideforalltheirneeds.ThedemandforotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoodsforcedtheDutchtoimportgrainandotherproductsatatimewhenmaintaininglowpriceswasespeciallyimportant.2Thefrequencywithwhichcertainsimplemotifsappearintheseoldes
8、tsiteshasledrock-artresearcherstoadoptadescriptivetermthePanaramiteestyle-alabelwhichtakesitsnamefromtheextensiverockpavementsatPanaramiteeNorthindesertSouthAustralia,whicharecoveredwithmotifspeckedintothesurface.1.TheoldestrockartsiteshavesimplermotifsthanthebestknownsitesofPanaramiteeNorth.2.Becau
9、semotifsprimarilyassociatedwiththePanaramiteeregionarecommonintheoldestsitesthetermPanaramiteestylehasbecomethegeneraltermforrockartofthistype.3.BecausethePanaramiteestyleissocommonintheoldersites,researchershavedescribeditmostextensively.4.ThemotifscarvedintherockysurfaceofthePanaramiteeregionmakeu
10、ptheoldestformofrockartdiscoveredinAustralia.答案：(2)TheamountofairexchangedisevenlowerinREMthanNREMbecause,althoughbreathingismorerapidinREM,itisalsomoreirregular,withbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorabsenceofbreathing.BecausebreathingismoreshallowandirregularinREMthaninNREM,lessairisexchangedinREM.B
11、reathinginNREMislesseffectivethanbreathinginREMbecauseofirregularepisodesofrapidbreathingduringNREM.BecausebreathingismorerapidinNREMsleepthaninREMsleep,breathingoftenbecomesshallow.AlthoughREMhasbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorlackofbreathing,breathingismorerapidthaninNREM.答案：(1)Somescholarsexpand
12、onthisideabyemphasizingacorrespondingneedforarablelandtofeedgrowingnumbersofpeople:constructionofsmalldams,reservoirs,terraces,andfieldhousesindicatesthatfarmerswereintensifyingtheireffortsduringthe1200s.Competitionforgoodfarmlandmayalsohavepromptedpeopletobondtogethertoassertrightsoverthebestfields
13、.Somescholarsevenclaimthattheintensificationoffarmersvariouseffortsduringthe1200sledtofurtherpopulationgrowthandtheconsequentneedformorearableland.Evidenceofintensifyingagricultureinthe1200sindicatesaneedtofeedalargerpopulationandsoextendstheargumentthatagrowingpopulationwasthecauseofthemovetopueblo
14、s.Duringthe1200s,farmersmetthedemandformorearableland,buttheyalsosucceededincultivatingexistinglandmoreintensivelywiththehelpofagriculturalconstructionprojects.Somescholarsfeelstronglythattheconstructionofsmalldams,reservoirs,terraces,andfieldhousesinthethirteenthcenturyisindependentevidenceforgrowthinthenumberofpeople.答案：(2)