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1、句子的种类英语基础语法汇总1句子的种类(一)按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。陈述句(DeclarativeSentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。Lighttravelsfasterthansound.光比声速度快。(说明事实)Thefilmisratherboring.这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)疑问句(InterrogativeSentences):提出问题。有以下四种:一般疑问句(GeneralQuestions):Canyoufinishtheworkintime?你能按时完成工作吗?特殊疑问句(WQuestions;HQuestions):Wheredoyo
2、ulive?你住那儿?Howdoyouknowthat?你怎么知道那件事?选择疑问句(AlternativeQuestions):Doyouwantteaorcoffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡?反意疑问句(Tag-Questions):Hedoesntknowher,doeshe?他不认识她,对不对?祈使句(ImperativeSentences):提出请求,建议或发出命令,例如:Sitdown,please.请坐。Dontbenervous!别紧张!感叹句(ExclamatorySentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪,例如:Whatgoodnewsitis!多好的消息啊!(二)
3、句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:简单句(SimpleSentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句,例如:Sheisfondofcollectingstamps.她喜欢。(主)(谓)并列句(CompoundSentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接,例如:Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.(主)(谓)(主)(谓)食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。复合句(ComplexSentences):包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导,例如:Thefilmhadbegunwh
4、enwegottothecinema.主句从句我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。(三)基本句型(BasicSentencePatterns):英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的:1)主+动(SV)例如:Iwork.我工作。2)主+动+表(SVP)例如:Johnisbusy.约翰忙。3)主+动+宾(SVO)例如:ShestudiesEnglish.她学英语。4)主+动+宾+补(SVOC)例如:Timewouldprovemeright.时间会证明我是对的。5)主+动+间宾+直宾(SVOiOd)例如:Mymothermademeanewdress.我母亲给
5、我做了一件新衣裳。2祈使句结构祈使句用以表达命令,要求,请求,劝告等。祈使句有两种类型,一种是以动词原形开头,在动词原形之前加do(但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。Takethisseat.Dobecareful.否定结构:Dontmove.Dontbelate.第二种祈使句以let开头。Let的反意疑问句Lets包括说话者Letshaveanothertry,shallwe/shantwe?=Shallwehaveanothertry?Letus不包括说话者Letushaveanothertry,willyou/wontyou?=Willyoupleaseletushaveanothert
6、ry?否定结构:Letsnottalkofthatmatter.Letusnottalkofthatmatter.3感叹句结构感叹句通常有what,how引导,表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词,how修饰形容词,副词或动词,感叹句结构主要有以下几种:掌握它的搭配,即掌握了感叹句的重点。How+形容词+a+名词+陈述语序How+形容词或副词+陈述语序What+名词+陈述语序What+a+形容词+名词+陈述语序What+形容词+复数名词+陈述语序What+形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序Howcleveraboyheis!Howlovelythebabyis!Whatnoisetheya
7、remaking!Whatacleverboyheis!Whatwonderfulideas(wehave)!Whatcoldweatheritis!感叹句的省略形式为:Whatacleverboy(heis)!典型例题foodyouvecooked!A.HowaniceB.WhataniceC.HowniceD.Whatnice答案D.由于How修饰形容词,副词;what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词,因此A,B排除。CHow+adj.后面不能再加名词,因此只有D正确,其句型为What+adj.+n.(不可数)terribleweatherwevebeenhavingthesedays!A
8、.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.Howa答案A.weather为不可数名词,B,D排除。C为how+adj.后面不应有名词。只有A,符合句型What+形容词+不可数名词。3)-Ihad!-Youreallysufferedalot.A.WhatatimeB.WhattimeC.HowatimeD.howtime答案A.感叹句分两类:1:What+n.+主谓部分2:How+adj./adv./v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种,但省略了bad,相对于WhatabadtimeIhad!这是个习惯用语。4强调句结构常考的强调句结构是it引导的句子。Itis(was)被强调部分+that(who)+句
9、子其他部分。此结构强调的成分仅限于主语,宾语和状语。Itisfromthesunthatwegetlightandheat.ItwasnotuntilIhadreadyourletterthatIunderstoodthetruestateofaffairs.典型例题A.thetimeB.whenC.thatD.which答案C.强调句的结构是:It+be+强调部分+that(who)+主谓句。强调句的连词只有两个,that和who。当强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用who,其余用that。原句:Myfatherdidtheexperimentinthelabyesterdayeveni
10、ng.强调主语:Itwasmyfatherwhodidtheexperimentinthelabyesterdayevening.强调宾语:Itwastheexperimentthatmyfatherdidinthelabyesterdayevening.强调地点:Itwasinthelabthatmyfatherdidtheexperimentyesterdayevening.2)ItistenyearsMissGreenreturnedtoCanada.A.thatB.whenC.sinceD.as答案C.考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A.that.其实本句不是强调句。若是,去掉Itbeth
11、at还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉Itisthat,只剩下tenyearsMissGreenreturnedtoCanada.不成句。因此本句不是强调句。Itis/was+时间+since其中ishasbeenwashadbeen.5用助动词进行强调强调句还有一种类型,就是用助动词do(did,does)强调谓语。Shedoeslikethishorse.她的确喜欢这匹马。13.5反意疑问句陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用arentI.Imastallasyoursister,arentI?陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may+主语。Iwishtohaveawordwithyou,m
12、ayI?陈述部分用no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。TheSwedemadenoanswer,didhe/she?Someplantsneverblown(开花),dothey?含有oughtto的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldnt/oughtnt+主语。Heoughttoknowwhattodo,oughtnthe?/shouldnthe?陈述部分有haveto+v.(hadto+v.),疑问部分常用dont+主语(didnt+主语)。Wehavetoget
13、thereateighttomorrow,dontwe?陈述部分的谓语是usedto时,疑问部分用didnt+主语或usednt+主语。Heusedtotakepicturesthere,didnthe?/usednthe?陈述部分有hadbetter+v.疑问句部分用hadntyou?Youdbetterreaditbyyourself,hadntyou?陈述部分有wouldrather+v.,疑问部分多用wouldnt+主语。Hewouldratherreadittentimesthanreciteit,wouldnthe?陈述部分有Youdliketo+v.疑问部分用wouldnt+主语
14、。Youdliketogowithme,wouldntyou?he?陈述部分有must的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。Hemustbeadoctor,isnthe?YoumusthavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears,haventyou?/didntyou?Hemusthavefinishedityesterday,didnthe?感叹句中,疑问部分用be+主语。Whatcolours,arentthey?Whatasmell,isntit?陈述部分由neithernor,eitheror连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。NeitheryounorI
15、amengineer,arewe?陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this,疑问部分主语用it。Everythingisready,isntit?陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr.SmithhadbeentoBeijingforseveraltimes,heshouldhavebeeninChinanow,shouldnt带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定:Heisnotthemanwhogaveusatalk,ishe?Hesaidhew
16、antedtovisitJapan,didnthe?上述部分主句谓语是think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。Idontthinkheisbright,ishe?Webelieveshecandoitbetter,cantshe?陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。Everyoneknowstheanswer,dontthey?(doeshe?)Nobodyknowsaboutit,dothey?
17、(doeshe?)带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用need(dare)+主语。Weneednotdoitagain,needwe?Hedarenotsayso,dareyou?当dare,need为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do+主语。Shedoesntdaretogohomealone,doesshe?省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用willyou。Dontdothatagain,willyou?Gowithme,willyou/wontyou?注意:Lets开头的祈使句,后用shallwe?Letus开头的祈使句,后用willyou?Letsgoandlis
18、tentothemusic,shallwe?Letuswaitforyouinthereading-room,willyou?陈述部分是therebe结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。Thereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isntthere?Therewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere?否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。Itisimpossible,isntit?Heisnotunkindtohisclassmates,ishe?must在表推测时,根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。Hemustbetherenow
19、,isnthe?Itmustbegoingtoraintomorrow,wontit?快速记忆表陈述部分的谓语疑问部分IarentIWishmay+主语no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,肯定含义rarely,little等否定含义的词oughtto(肯定的)shouldnt/oughtnt+主语haveto+v.(hadto+v.)dont+主语(didnt+主语)usedtodidnt+主语或usednt+主语hadbetter+v.hadntyouwouldrather+v.wouldnt+主语youdliketo+v.wouldnt+主语
20、must根据实际情况而定感叹句中be+主语Neithernor,eitheror连接的根据其实际逻辑意义而定并列主语指示代词或不定代词everything,that,主语用itnothing,this并列复合句谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句根据主句的谓语而定think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导与宾语从句相对应的从句everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone复数they,单数he情态动词dare或needneed(dare)+主语dare,need为实义动词do+主语省去主语的祈使句willyou?Lets开头的祈使句Shallwe?Letus开头的祈使句Willyou?