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1、英语语法基础:句子成分分析一一取得英语语法成功的基石Parts of Speach词类作用例词1. (n.)名词表示人或事物的名称。/ I bought a book ./ She is a student.2. (pron.)代词代替名词、数词等。/ This is my friend./ He likes that book because it is very useful to him.3. (adj.)形容词表示人或事物 的特征或性状。J He is small but he is clever./ The red pen is useful for the teacher./ He
2、 painted the wall white yesterday.4. (num.)数词表示数目或顺 序。/ There are ten apples on the table and I will take the first one.5. ( v.)动词表示动作或状态。/ We are working hard at English.J I want to become an engineer.6. ( adv.)副词表示动作的特 征或性状特征。/ I like English very much./ The teacher treats us kindly ./ The train g
3、oes fast./ He seldom conies to see us.7. (prep.)介词表示名词、代词 和其他词之间 的关系。/ He usually stay at home on Sundays.一、主语主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。主语一般位于一句首1 .Lucy likes her new bike.2 .We work hard.3 .To learn a foreign language is not easy.4 .Playing football after school is great fun二、谓语谓语:说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由动词充当.动
4、词常分为实义动词，连系动词,情态动词和助动词., 1. We love China., 2. We have finished reading this book., 3. He can speak English., 4. She seems tired.情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语，必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语They can speak English well.They are playing over there系动词1）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be一词He is a teacher.2）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rema
5、in, stayHe always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。3）表像系动词，用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look,例如:He looks tired.He seems （to be） very sad.4）感官系动词，主要有 feel, smell, sound, tasteThis flower smells very sweet.5）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, comeHe became mad after that.6）终止系动词，
6、表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn outThe rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。三、宾语宾语：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在及物动词一或一介词后面.l.We study English.2.Our teacher said that he would go there.3.He is looking at the dog.双宾语：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。He gave me two books.四、表语表语：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句,用来说明主语的身份
7、，特征，状态.The trees turn green.The flower is beautiful.五、定语定语：用来修饰名词This is a red car.The building is their teaching building.The woman doctor is my wife.1 have something to tell you.The man in front of the gate is Mr. Li.Every student has an English book.六、状语状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方 向、程
8、度、目的等。John often came to chat with me.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Though he is young, he knows a lotHe came running七、补语补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。Everyone calls him Jack.（宾补）He is called Jack.（
9、主补）八、同位语同位语是位于名词或代词后面的个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明The Great Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreign friends.一、主语主语可以用下面这些东西表示：1. The sun rises in the east.（ 名词 ）He likes dancing.（ 代词 ）2. Two will be enough.（ 数词 ）Seeing is believing.（ 动名词 ）6. To see is to believe.（ 不定式）When l
10、o hold the meeling has not been decided yet.（疑问词+不定式）7. What he needs is a book.（从句）jt is very clear ihat Ihe elephanl is round and lall like a iree. （It 作形式主语，that 从句是真正的主语） 什么情况下用it作形式主语？当不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，防止头重脚 轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作 用，本身无词义。你能划出以下句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译
11、以下句子吗？1） It is wrong to tell a lie.（）It is no use arguing about it.（）2） It is uncertain who will come.（）二、宾语宾语可以用下面这些东西表示：l.She lived a happy lifc.（ 名词 ）love you.（ 代词）3 .We need two.（数词）.Do you mind my opening （he door?（动名词）4 .He began to learn English a year ago.（不定式）.He did not know what to say.（疑
12、问词+不定式）5 .Did you write down what she said?（）. She felt it her duty to take good care of them.（ It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语）二、表语 表语可以用下面这些东西表示：1. He is a leacher.（ 名词 ）2. My idea is this/ 代词 ）3. She was the first to arrive/ 数词 ）4. I feel much better today./I must be off now.（形容词/副词）5. He is out of danger/介词短语
13、）6. The news was exciting./They were excited at the news.（ 分词 ）7. What surprised me most was that he spoke Chinese so well.（ 从句 ） 三、定语定语可以用下面这些东西表示：1. It，s a red car.（ 形容词）2. They live in the room above/ 副词 ）3. My brother is a teacher.（ 代词 ）4. We belong to the third world.（ 数词）5. Lucys father is a p
14、oor worker.（名词所有格名词)介词短语)6. Mother made a birthday cake for me.（7. The man under ihe Iree is my teacher.（The swimming boy is_my brother./TheThe swimming boy is_my brother./Theboy swimming in the river is my brother.现在分词)四、状语 状语可以用下面这些东西表示:副词，程度 )1. He is often late for class.（2. We saw that picture
15、at the cinema/ 介词短语，地点）3. He sat there smoking/ 分词，伴随 ）4. They returned lired and hungry.（ 形容词，状态）5. They did everything they could to save the boys 1 呢.（ 不定式，目的）6. Although he is young, he knows a lot.（让步状语从句）7. The box is so heavy that I cant lift it.（结果状语从句） 四、状语 状语可以用下面这些东西表示:9. While my wife wa
16、s reading ihe newspaper, I was watching TV.（ 时间状语从句）10. He was anqrv because we were late.（原因状语从句）11. If it rains tomorrow, wc wont go out.（ 条件状语从句） 五、宾语补足语:1. I consider Jim a good friend.（ 名词）2. I always find her happy/ 代词）3. People praised him as a hero.C 介词短语4. I had the TV fixed.（ 过去分词）5. I saw him entering the building/现在分词6. What made you think so?（ 省略掉 to 的不定式）7.Do you want me to go?（不定式