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1、文献综述1秦莉萍. 景观规划体系在城市公园设计中的应用J. 艺海,2010,02:98-99.通过查询资料，综合分析和归纳演绎等各种方法对城市综合性公园的景观照明设计现状进行分析，找出其中存在的问题，对问题进行分析解决，以期能够对以后城市综合性公园的景观照明设计有所帮助。本文就景观照明设计在城市综合性公园的应用方面进行研究。景观照明设计；城市；综合性公园；应用随着社会的发展，我国的人口增长迅速，环境恶化问题异常严重。人们生活水平的不断提高，使人们对休闲娱乐的需求逐渐增加，因此，城市的生态环境建设越来越重要。城市综合性公园是城市绿地的主要部分，也是城市生态环境的体现，所以，社会的发展和人口的不断
2、增多，对城市综合性公园的景观照明设计的要求越来越高。2李春萍,翟国勋. 城市综合性公园景观设计研究J. 黑龙江生态工程职业学城市综合性公园的景观照明设计中存在的问题，城市综合性公园的景观照明设计中存在的问题，主要体现在以下几个方面： 一方面，城市综合性公园的各个区域的景观元素之间缺乏联系，使景观照明的整个灯光环境没有达到整体设计的效果，破坏了灯光的整体效果。如果光的颜色比较混乱，对每一个景观建筑进行单一的灯光设计，就会使公园的景观看上去没有任何联系，只展现出了建筑景观的特色，却将各个景观分隔开，没有将附近的景点、建筑、物体、单体等进行结合，出现景观效果混乱的现象。人们感受不到城市公园的景观元素
3、本身的特色，以及整个公园景观在照明设施陪衬下的美感1。另一方面，城市综合性公园中很多的照明设施隐蔽性不足，破坏了整个公园的美感。尤其在白天，人们很直观的就可以看到大量的照明灯饰，毫无美感可言。想要实现声色同时的灯光环境，就要对光影进行细腻的诠释。然而，很多的城市公园对其中塑造的空间和蕴含的文化缺乏整体的设计理念，导致实践中整体照明效果不好，同时，也没有根据城市公园的区域特点进行照明规划。3吴威,许耕耘. 城市中心综合性公园的新生以湖南常德市滨湖公园景观 城市综合性公园的景观照明设计能够展现城市文化，在城市综合性公园的景观照明设计时，要从各个城市综合性公园的特征出发，向人们展现出各个公园不同特色
4、的景观照明，能够体现出每个公园之间的不同。采用各种技术手段，选用不同的灯具，根据公园的不同区域和不同的风格，以及不同公园蕴含的不同文化，合理设计景观照明。合理的城市综合性公园景观照明设计，能够塑造公园中建筑的形体，对建筑物的立体造型有积极的作用。运用不同强度的光能够产生不同层次的空间感，给人一种别样的感觉，营造出一种艺术效果2。城市综合性公园的景观照明不仅仅能够对公园起到色彩装饰作用，而且还能通过采用不同的照明手法使公园中的各个物体之间产生空间层次的感觉，使物体看起来更具立体感。人们在白天可以看到物体的造型，在夜间，也可以通过城市景观照明的应用，在灯光的映射下，使物体的形状变化多样。（二） 城
5、市综合性公园的景观照明设计能够丰富城市的空间 随着社会的发展和人口的剧增，城市的空间环境越来越小，城市生态环境逐渐恶化。城市综合性公园的景观照明设计能够丰富城市的空间，通过运用不同的照明设施和照明手法，营造一种虚拟变化多样的效果。要实现丰富城市空间的目的，就要在进行城市综合性公园的景观照明设计的过程中，对照明设施的投光范围、角度等影响因素进行控制。同时，运用光的分散特点、构图效果、光的发散秩序等特点，来渲染城市空间的多重变换的效果。这样就能够使城市公园的空间层次更加鲜明，视觉感觉更加强烈，也能够使城市公园环境得到一定的改善，城市空间比例增大，使城市公园的空间导向性更加明显3。三、城市综合性公园
6、的景观照明设计中存在的问题的改进措施改造设计为例J. 园林,2010,12:58-61. 城市综合性公园应该有老年人活动区、文化娱乐区、儿童活动区等几个大的区域组成，要根据城市综合性公园的特点，同时结合公园的自身优势，以公园内的自然景观、科技娱乐等为特色，对城市公园的景观照明进行规划，通过不同区域体现出的特点，使用不同的灯光颜色、不同的光源，塑造公园各个区域的景观灯光环境。比如，采用白炽灯可以增加公园的温暖基调，因为白炽灯的光色是暗黄色，让人感觉很温暖；LED彩灯可以安装在城市空间中部，这样可以起到很好的渲染作用，红色灯光烘托城市综合性公园的景观空间气氛。但是，一旦使用荧光灯照明，就会使之前的
7、暖色基调上，蒙上一层灰色光，影响了整个景观照明的灯光设计规划4。 4周研. 城市公园景观照明分区设计研究以长春市公园景观照明分区设计为例J. 吉林建筑大学学报,2015,04:42-44. 综合性公园的夜景景观是城市综合性公园的重要组成部分，景观照明设计的应用为丰富的夜间活动提供方便。在进行城市综合性公园的景观照明设计的过程中，需要采用不同的颜色的光、不同的照明方式，采用不同的灯具来显示城市综合性公园独有的文化特质。从城市综合性公园的特点出发，在进行景观照明设计时，要对照明设施进行合理分布，同时要注意各个部分的灯具选择。根据老人的活动特点和心理特征，设计风格要体现出宁静、安全的特点。老年活动区
8、域的光色选择上要注重稳重的特点，通过光色的对比、照度的调整，灯光应用时要使用相对暗一点的光。在灯具布置上，应该考虑灯具布置的规律，能够对老年人起到引导作用。 5刘娜,格日勒. “写实”与“写意”手法在现代园林景观照明设计中的演绎以延安西北川山体公园景观艺术照明设计为例J. 广东园林,2011,06:43-49. 在进行儿童活动区景观照明设计时，根据儿童活动区景观特点，使儿童活动区的灯光效果体现出明亮的特点，这样有利于成人对儿童进行看护。在满足安全性灯光效果的同时，根据儿童的性格特点和心理活动，可以使用一些彩色的灯光，激发儿童参与活动的兴趣。在儿童活动区景观照明设计风格要柔和，尽量使用乳白色、黄
9、色等暖色基调来对儿童活动区进行装饰，在局部可以使用粉色、绿色等鲜艳颜色的灯光，体现儿童的心理特点和活泼的性格。文化娱乐区景观照明设计改进措施 文化娱乐区是人员最为密集的区域，也是城市公园的核心区域，涵盖整个区域各种各样的娱乐活动，可以分为休闲娱乐区、娱乐空间区等多个区域。因此，其景观照明设计应该体现动静区分的特点，运用光影的变幻，来实现动静空间效果5。在文化特色浓厚的地方，安装带有明显文化特色的灯具。城市综合性公园属于城市绿地的一部分，是城市居民生活的重要组成部分，也是全社会精神文明的载体之一。城市综合性公园有多种功能，比如，经济功能和环境功能，因此，城市综合性公园的景观设计就显得非常重要。
10、综上所述，城市综合性公园的景观照明设计分布，必须从各个部分的特点出发。在光色选择、光源选择、灯具选择以及各种照明方式的选择上，体现综合性公园的照明特点。在进行景观照明设计的过程中，要充分考虑城市居民的心理活动特征，将心理活动和城市综合性公园的文化特色融入一体，向城市居民展示出综合性公园的文化特色，提升城市文化底蕴。在进行城市综合性公园的景观照明设计的过程中，需要采用不同的颜色的光、不同的照明方式，采用不同的灯具来显示城市综合性公园独有的文化特质。从城市综合性公园的特点出发，在进行景观照明设计时，要对照明设施进行合理分布，同时要注意各个部分的灯具选择。根据老人的活动特点和心理特征，设计风格要体现
11、出宁静、安全的特点。老年活动区域的光色选择上要注重稳重的特点，通过光色的对比、照度的调整，灯光应用时要使用相对暗一点的光。在灯具布置上，应该考虑灯具布置的规律，能够对老年人起到引导作用。6 Li Na, gerile. Interpretation of realism and freehand style in the modern landscape lighting design in the lighting design of Yanan in Northwest Sichuan mountain park as an example J. Guangdong garden, 201
12、1,06:43-49.The London planning advisory board (LPAC) will open space into public open space and urban green space, which provides a strong protection for the development of open space in London framework. Public open space refers to the park, public, shrubland, woodland and other have been built but
13、 not restricted public access, and can be classified according to the classification system of open space, to meet the leisure needs of leisure and non open space in city area. The urban green space, refers to the public access to restricted or not formally constructed, but in the city can meet the
14、needs of entertainment or non entertainment open space. Whether public access is restricted is the most important feature of the two. The Greater London Planning Commission will describe the Greater London area significant open space as urban open, to provide facilities for outdoor life, work and tr
15、avel (such as leisure, recreation, sports and travel); pay attention to the coordination of landscape, history, architecture, archaeology and natural protection characteristics; forming a green chain. Therefore, the governments policy is to maintain and enhance the landscape characteristics and qual
16、ity, to provide special and general public participation and entertainment, improve public health.Close to each other in open space, connected into a whole through a road sidewalk and other walking across the road, residential areas and other built-up areas constitute the green chain, and through hi
17、gh density green measures to increase the accessibility of open space and environmental quality. It is important for the green space, recreation and conservation in london. Various districts of the city of London have been able to protect, create, and manage the green chain. At present, the green ch
18、ain in southeast London has been established (Figure 5 - 1), while other parts are continuing to build.Sidewalk concept is January 1993 in London Forum (London Walking Forum) walking forward, to set up a connection to open space and rural green pavement network in London, enjoy the rural experience
19、in the city of London, and to walk to work, school, shopping and go to the bus station and train station to become may, in order to reduce the use of cars. In the densely populated area, the density of the sidewalk is increased, and the construction of the pedestrian crossing the main road is carrie
20、d out.Green belt around the city is an important feature of the green space in London, but also to promote the construction of the worlds most successful urban green belt model. The concept is to determine the greenbelt greenbelt law in 50s 1938, the cabinet agreed to implement objective: to prevent
21、 the merger of adjacent towns; promoting rural protection, avoid encroachment; the protection of historic towns and environmental characteristics; through the circulation and the city he encouraged waste land, promote the city renewal. The green belt width of 8 km, in the Greater London range of mor
22、e than 90000 acres (36422 hm2), accounting for 23% of the area and the Greater London Metropolitan Green Belt (Metropolitan Green Belt) 15%, of which 83% belong to public use (under open uses), most of which is used for agriculture; green belt about 4700 acres (1902 hm2) is a wilderness (vacant land
23、). A green wedge distribution, urban and rural areas to promote the exchange of air, improve the microclimate conditions of city area; at the same time, to provide greater Londons main wildlife habitat resources, has important significance for the conservation of london. Some of the green plant and
24、animal species to colonize the city has developed the the Lea Valley, Regional Park and the Dagenham Corridor wildlife corridor.However, in 1949 1992, in sample survey, with obvious characteristics of the urban landscape of park land increased by 48%, 18% reduction, hedgerows decreased 26%, the degr
25、adation of the flood plain landscape increased 300%, more to the public there is still a lot of controversy, some farms suffered a serious threat to the economic vitality, many sites in accordance with the pure planning permission for the development, without considering the visual features of aband
26、oned greenbelt and pollution are increasing, but the lack of effective mechanisms to restore the deterioration of regional. Therefore, the London planning advisory committee to increase the relevant policies, requirements of the autonomous city and town announced the greenbelt management plan, inclu
27、ding green strategy, green determines the appropriate place, new development follow the general guidelines of open space related to the protection of the greenbelt landscape characteristics and quality improvement, abandoned and damaged, the maintenance of natural protection the interests of preserv
28、ing agricultural land, woodland and related to land, encourage the public to participate in outdoor activities and entertainment. Where was the first park in the world. Yellowstone National Park is the first National Park in the world. Yellowstone National Park was officially named the National Park
29、 for the protection of wildlife and natural resources in March 1, 1872. It is the worlds largest national park. Yellowstone National Park is known as the backbone of the Americas, the Rocky Mountains, north, Central Park more than 2400 meters above sea level, the northeast corner of the park eagle p
30、eak elevation of 3462 meters, is the highest point of the park. Yellowstone National Park has a total area of 8956 square kilometers, most of which is located in the northwestern part of wyoming. There are 5 entrances to the East, South, West, North and northeast. Yellowstone National Park is divide
31、d into five zones: the northwest of Mammoth springs area dominated by limestone steps, so called hot step area; Northeast Roosevelt District, still retains the old western landscape; the middle gorge area, can watch the Huangshi Grand Canyon and waterfalls; southeast to the Huangshi lake, the main l
32、ake mountains; West and southwest of the geyser area geysers, hot springs, and around the lake, water vapor, mud and jet hole.Yellowstone National Park is a wild animal protection area, the habitat of bison, elk, moose, wolves, bearsConscientiously implement the State Councils urban greening regulat
33、ions and the relevant national guidelines and policies, and earnestly implement the requirements of the State Council on strengthening the construction of urban greening;(two) the city government leaders attach importance to the work of urban landscaping, create a clear guiding ideology, organizatio
34、nal security, the implementation of strong policy measures;(three) combined with the actual work of urban landscaping, to create a wealth of experience, the demonstration of the country, to promote the role of;(four) in accordance with the requirements of the division of functions of the State Counc
35、il, establish and improve the city landscaping administrative organs, functions clear, industry management in place;(five) in the past 3 years, the annual increase of urban greening construction funds has been ensured, and the conservation of landscape maintenance funds has been guaranteed, and has
36、increased year by year with the increase of green land;(six) management regulations and systems supporting, complete, strict and effective law enforcement, nothing more than the law of encroachment of green space, breaking the results of serious green ring;(seven) the scientific research team and th
37、e implementation of funds, scientific research results.2, management system(1) the planning of urban green space system (Revision) was completed, and was approved to be included in the overall urban planning;(two) the strict implementation of city green line control system, and to the public;(three)
38、 all kinds of green space layout is reasonable, the function is perfect, and the scientific and reasonable green space system is formed;(four) all types of construction projects in line with the provisions of the Ministry of construction, urban greening planning and construction indicators;(five) th
39、e planning and implementation of the biodiversity conservation plan for urban planning area (urban and rural areas), the common garden plants in the city are dominated by native species, and the number of species is not less than 150 species (northwest, Northeast China, the 80 species).3, landscape
40、protection(1) pay attention to the protection of the original natural style of the city;(two) highlight the urban culture and national characteristics, the protection of historical and cultural measures, the effect is obvious, heritage and its environment to be protected;(three) the city layout is r
41、easonable, the building is harmonious, the appearance is beautiful;(four) city of ancient and famous trees protection management regulations, the protection of old trees filing riser, the responsibility falls to buy, effective measures;(five) outdoor advertising management standards, sound and perfect system, the effect is obvious.