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1、 爱伦坡的心理小说与现代人的精神困境 Edgar Allan Poes psychological stories and the Spiritual Plight of Modern PeopleAcknowledgmentsI want to express my appreciation to many who supported my efforts in writing this dissertation during the past few months.I am greatly indebted to Prof. Xu, Wei, who introduced me to th
2、e wonderland of literature and taught me how to appreciate the beauty in it. And she also influenced me greatly with her profound and extensive learning. Hearty thanks should also be given to Prof. Guo Daguang, who taught me a lot of writing skills and made it easier for me to write papers.Special t
3、hanks should be extended to Zhen Xiaoqian, Wang Zimai, and Xu, Song, who gave me a lot of support and encouragement.摘要作为19世纪著名的浪漫派作家，爱伦坡除了在侦探、推理小说方面取得的成就之外，更是以其深入挖掘人类隐秘角落的心理小说而闻名于世。他执着于描绘人类阴暗变态的心理状态，他通过探索人类大脑最隐秘处无意识和潜意识的精神活动，展示人物从心理波动到精神崩溃的全过程。本文运用弗洛伊德精神分析人格论来分析厄舍府的倒塌和黑猫中的主人翁心理变化的成因。从人物性格扭曲的内在因素和外在因
4、素来探索人物三重人格的变化，从而探究坡的心理小说所呈现的精神世界与现代人的精神困境的重合之处。关键词：心理小说；爱伦坡；精神困境；弗洛伊德精神分析论 Abstract As a famous romantic writer in the 19th century, Poe is not only famous for his achievements in detective and mystery novels but also famous for his psychological novels which dig deep into the hidden corners of the
5、human race. He is obsessed with depicting the dark and abnormal psychological state of the human race, and he shows the entire process of characters from psychopathy to mental breakdown by exploring the unconscious and subconscious mental activities in the most hidden parts of the human mind. 。This
6、paper uses Freudian psychoanalytic personality theory to analyze the causes of the psychopathy of the main characters in Poes two novels. From the internal and external causes of character distortion to explore the change of character triple personality, to explore the overlap between the spiritual
7、world presented by Poes psychological novels and the spiritual dilemma of modern people.Keywords: Allan Poe; psychological novel; spiritual predicament; Freud theoryContents摘要41.Introduction72.Literature Review82.1 Chinese literary critics have never given up their study about him82.2 Western litera
8、ry critics have never given up their study about him92.3 Freuds personality theory123. The Fall of the House of Usher - a distortion of Rodericks character133.1 The external cause of character distortion - the external environment of terror and isolation133.2 The internal cause of personality distor
9、tion - psychopathy144.The character distortion of me in The Black cat164.1 External causes of personality distortion164.2 The internal cause of character distortion165.Conclusion18References.151.Introduction Allan Poe is an American Poet, novelist, and literary critic. He is regarded as the father o
10、f the modern suspense novel. His short stories are full of death and depict the nightmare spiritual world in the 19th century. The theme of his novels is mostly around death which is considered as the only relief in his belief. Most of the images in his novels reflect this point. With the pressure f
11、rom reality in different aspects, nowadays, people are prone to getting into the dilemma of their spiritual mind. Alike, this kind of psychological horror and modernist literature also explores the spiritual predicament of modern people. This paper selects some of Poes works as the object of analysi
12、s and explores how Poe presents the spiritual dilemma of modern folks from the representative images in his works.Poes life was a life of poverty, hardship, and hardship. No matter in his life or after his death, he was not given due attention at home and received mixed reviews from the outside worl
13、d. Emerson called him a greasing poet. Mark Twain said his writings were not worth reading. However, on the other side of the ocean slope has always enjoyed a high reputation, British writers such as Swinburne and George Bernard Shaw are praised for his genius achievements. He was revered by the fam
14、ous French symbolist poets of the 19th century, such as Baudelaire and Mallarm. In the 20th century, Poe was not recognized in the United States until the critics made high comments on him and considered him to be immortal in the history of western literature.Poe had only been in this world for 40 y
15、ears. Poes parents were wandering entertainers. His parents died young and he was adopted by a merchants family. As a teenager, his relationship with his adoptive father began to deteriorate, eventually turning into a needle-point affair. Perhaps because of the lack of warmth and security, the phant
16、om of his mother haunted him and became the pillar for him to seek spiritual comfort. Poe decided to express his rebellion against his adoptive father by falling, and chose a way of drastic decadence: he gambled, drank, and indulged himself. He once complained that his enemies attributed his insanit
17、y to his drinking, not his drinking to his insanity. Although Poes life was a life of misery and misery, he suffered from the glare of the eyes and the slings and arrows of the sword. But he was by no means a dreamer, nor a true escapist, to those who knew him, in life or after. He was an outstandin
18、g poet, a gifted short story writer; His hard-working attitude shows that he is realistic.2.Literature ReviewAllan Poe is an influential and controversial writer in the history of American literature. At that, Chinese and western literary critics have never given up their study about him.2.1 Chinese
19、 literary critics have never given up their study about him The Black cat is one of the horror novels written by Allan Poe. The narrator of the story had been a kind-hearted and gentle person used to feeding and petting animals, and he had kept a black cat called Pluto with his congenial wife. After
20、 a few years, however, he fell into the habit of drinking, and his temper became surly thoroughly. One night the narrator got drunk and torture his cat Pluto until its death. For sake of guilty conscience, the narrator took in another cat similar to Pluto but soon he got tired of it and desired to k
21、ill it with an ax. Unexpectedly, he didnt kill that cat but unconsciously killed his wife. To conceal his crime, the narrator hid the corpse in the cellar but it was the cat that exposed his crime in the presence of the police. Gao, Hui(2009) thought that the distortion of human nature was caused by
22、 the latent imbalance of self, the inner self and superego. The narrators inner self was to pursue evil, to satisfy the desire of pleasure and to follow the Hedonism, which was chaotic and irrational. Therefore, Gao, Hui considered the inner self as the source of the contradiction of personality. Th
23、e ego was always seeking for solutions in the contradiction between the inner self and the superego. When I hanged Pluto, I realized what I was doing. The angel of the good and the devil of the evil are always at fights. When the black cat made I disgusted and scared, the inner self showed the irrat
24、ional side like an animal, which is the devil side, but the superego was forced by moral pressure to reflect on the behavior of I, resulting in complexed psychological contradictions. Ego was between abnormal psychology and conscience, which made the desire, reality, and morality in a balanced state
25、. Thus, the contradictions between the various parts of the protagonists personality structure caused his anxiety and fear. The image of the black cat makes the fear of I stronger and stronger. Coincidentally, Liu Xinmao (2010) also interpreted The Fall of the House of Usher from the spiritual persp
26、ective. But what distinguishes him from Gao Hui is that Liu Xinmao explored the narrators mental state from two aspects: external motivation and internal motivation. Holding the view that Roderick Usher was not a congenital psychopath, he was in the ancient room that made a person suffocate for a lo
27、ng time, which is far from the edification of human civilization society, body and mind produced change.Jia Linlin researched the spiritual world in Poes novels from the perspective of symbolic images. She selected three classic plots in Poes novels from different perspectives like burial, murder, a
28、nd death. She found that Poe liked to paint a detailed picture of what it felt like to be buried alive till death and that Poes fascination with the subject of death reflected his forward-looking concern for the plight of the human spirit. For example, the brother and sister trapped in the house of
29、Usher, which was a kind of spiritual burial.2.2 Western literary critics have never given up their study about him Because of the unique charm of Allan Poes works, quite a few scholars have researched his works from different perspectives, analyzing the characteristics, symbolic images and the conne
30、ction between the real society and spiritual pressure.The author of the book a history of American thought, who won the Pulitzer prize in the United States, named Allan Poe as the first American artist, the first aesthetic writer, and the first critic. Bloom, known for his defense of the Canon of we
31、stern literature, makes the classic assertion that no American writer since Poe has been so inevitable and so suspect.The American Poet and critic Richard Wilbur(1999) pointed out that the condition of the old house in usher represented the state of its owners personality. From the figurative level,
32、 the house of Usher can be regarded as the body of Roderick Usher, and its dark interior is the illusion in his mind. The decay of the house symbolized the process of split and disintegrated soul. Holding the view that the environment of the novel and the narrators isolation from the outside world w
33、asnt worth much attention because they caused his loss of consciousness to a great extent. Roderick, living as a prison and in the isolated situations, can only confine himself to the old curtilage, magic all day long, plus lack of family love, friendship, love and so on. To construct a healthy pers
34、onality is due to the lack of many factors, instead, it was the spiritual decadent that gradually evoked the marsh mud of insanity. Richard Wilbur also thought that the character of Usher was the epitome of all kinds of psychopaths in society, and the living environment of Usher was also the epitome
35、 of the real society. The living environment of Usher was also a miniature of social reality. Poe dramatically pushed both the character and the environment to the climax to express and describe the inner processes of change in the survivors at this time. The real-life, similar to the fiction, remai
36、ned urban house types among the modern buildings. Alike, the structure of the ego, the inner self, and the superego always existed contradictions and was not harmonious, so it was difficult to achieve the balance. Owing to this, everyone was more or less had some mental illnesses.The extremely horri
37、ble objective environment rendered by Poe made readers fully and profoundly realize that the robust development of individual personality and psychology must be assisted by a good environment, including the family environment, the school environment, and the entire social environment. Provided that
38、the harsh environment could not be changed, to grow up healthily, men were required highly on his mental coordination. For example, the ego should coordinate the relationship between the inner self and the superego, and make ethical and universal judgments and behavior decisions according to the ext
39、ernal reality. The superego should be underlined as a guide and warning to supervise self effectively. By creating a healthy environment, balancing the personal triple personality structure as much as possible, considering both internal and external factors, ones mental health and sound personality
40、could be realized. Poe thought philosophically about bury alive: only a few souls could rest in human graves, and most folks were buried alive. It was apparent that Poe discussed the horror of mental confinement. The mental confinement, in reality, was a metaphor for the anxiety, loneliness, and des
41、pair of the human spirit. The mental state was shown exactly the spiritual dilemma of modern folks in the 20th century. As the father of modern suspense novels, Allan Poe usually wrote a lot of murder plots. Nevertheless, murder was the narrators helpless struggle against spiritual oppression. And h
42、e tended to get rid of spiritual difficulties and nightmares and realize the spiritual self-salvation. But this kind of redemption did not succeed, only to push themselves into a more painful abyss. As a result, the narrator felt more tortured after killing someone and finally chose death as the ter
43、minal liberation. The consciousness of death was shown in the horror novels includes Poes philosophical discussion on the existence of life, which reflected his love and pursuit for a better life from the opposite side. Different from the rational narrators image in traditional novels, the one in Po
44、es horror novels always fell into helplessness unconsciously, loneliness and despair, even schizophrenia. The novels written by Hemingway, Faulkner, Camus, Kafka, and others in the 20th-century modernist literature were quite similar to modern people. They were a group of moronic modern people who l
45、ost the ability to move. Therefore, the despair and terror was revealed by the theme of Poes death prefigured the nightmare of modern man in the 20th century.Kevin Hayes (2006), in the Cambridge literary guide to Edgar Allan Poe, also pointed out that as structuralist criticism gave way to post-stru
46、cturalism, readers began to rediscover the importance of reading Poe in his cultural context. Accordingly, the focus of criticism shifted to works that could be analyzed concerning their time. Indeed, as the new historicists liberated Poe from the prison of formalism, people no longer limited their
47、attention to the pure internal research and aesthetic analysis of Poes works, but from a historical perspective, they focused on the social and cultural context in which the text was formed.Terence Whalens Edgar Allan Poe and the Masses: The Political Economy of Literature in Antebellum America (199
48、9) was the first of its kind. The book started from the economic environment of the American society in the early stage of the civil war, and through the analysis of the impact and penetration of capitalism on the emerging national culture of the United States, revealed the embarrassing situation of
49、 Poe, a poor scholar, in that era of social and economic turbulence. Terence Whalen believed that Poe had an extraordinary insight into the material forces of the world around him, and was acutely aware of the consequences of the new publishing environment, namely the erosion and annexation of spiritual culture by ma