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1、英语教学法流派英语教学法流派Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching主讲：郑丽君主讲：郑丽君外国语学院外国语学院lTraditionalApproachlStructuralistApproachlHumanisticApproachlDevelopmentofCommunicativeApproach:Grammar-Translation MethodDirect MethodSituational ApproachAudiolingual ApproachCommunity Language LearningTotal Physical Re
2、sponseThe Silent Way SuggestopediaCommunicative Language TeachingTask-Based Language TeachingContent-Based InstructionOverview of ELT MethodologyGrammar-TranslationMethod1.Definition2.Background3.Theory 4.The principal characteristics 5.Teaching procedure6.Advantages and disadvantageslTheGrammar-Tra
3、nslationMethodisamethodofforeignorsecondlanguageteachingwhichusestranslationandgrammarstudyasthemainteachingandlearningactivities.Definition：uItwasfirstusedintheteachingoftheclassicallanguagesofLatinandGreek.uInthe16thcentury，grammaranalysisbecamethebasicwayinforeignlanguageteachinginEurope.uUntilth
4、e19thcentury,grammartranslationmethodbecamewidelyapprovedandusedinthewholeworld.Background1.Understandingandmemorizationofcomplicatedgrammaticalrulesoflanguageswereregardedasimportantmeansofdevelopmentmentality.2.Grammarisregardedasthecoreoflanguage,grammaristhemaincontentinclassroom.Theoreticalbase
5、3.Thelanguagewasregardedasabodyofesteemedknowledgetobelearnedwithanemphasisonintellectualrigor.1.Thefocusonclassroomisteachingandpracticesofgrammarofthetargetlanguage.2.Languageskillsareemphasizedreadingandwritingbutlittleornosystematicattentionispaidtospeakingandlistening.3.Thenativelanguageisoveru
6、sed.Thereislittleuseofthetargetlanguage.4.theteacheremphasizesaccuracyratherthanfluency.Characteristics1.复习复习：默写单词；个别与集体背诵上一课课文第几段：默写单词；个别与集体背诵上一课课文第几段等等。等等。2.教授新词教授新词：教师课前将本课新词的英语、音标和汉语：教师课前将本课新词的英语、音标和汉语解释写在小黑板上（或卡片上）。上课时按单词表逐解释写在小黑板上（或卡片上）。上课时按单词表逐字讲解。学生跟教师朗读英语单词后，教师说汉语，字讲解。学生跟教师朗读英语单词后，教师说汉语，学生说
7、英语单词，或反之。学生说英语单词，或反之。3.讲授语法讲授语法（规则动词现在进行时）：教师讲解动词现（规则动词现在进行时）：教师讲解动词现代进行时的意义及其变化规则后，在黑板上写出课文代进行时的意义及其变化规则后，在黑板上写出课文中的动词原形，要求学生将它们转换成现在分词，再中的动词原形，要求学生将它们转换成现在分词，再变成现在进行时。变成现在进行时。Procedure4.讲解课文讲解课文：教师逐句念课文，要求学生分析：教师逐句念课文，要求学生分析语法与翻译成汉语。教师随时纠正学生的错误。语法与翻译成汉语。教师随时纠正学生的错误。5.巩固新课巩固新课：学生跟教师逐句朗读课文后，教师：学生跟教师
8、逐句朗读课文后，教师根据课文提问，学生按课文内容回答。根据课文提问，学生按课文内容回答。6.布置作业布置作业：拼写单词；语法填空；背诵某段课：拼写单词；语法填空；背诵某段课文。文。Advantages1.Itcanhelpstudentstohaveabetterunderstandingofthemeaningofabstractwordsandcomplicatedsentences.2.Itcanfosterstudentsabilityofreadingcomprehensionandproducinggrammaticallycorrectsentencesanddevelopstu
9、dentsabilityofanalyzingandsolvingproblems.3.TheGrammar-Translationmakesfewdemandsonteachersalthoughitoftencreatesfrustrationforstudents.Disadvantagel1.Themethodbydefinitionhasaverylimitedscopeofobjectives.l2.Throughgrammartranslation,studentslackedanactiveroleintheclassroom.ThedirectMethod1.Definiti
10、on2.Background3.Theory 4.The principal characteristics 5.Teaching procedure6.Advantages and disadvantagesDefinitionTheDirectMethodisthelearningoflanguageinarelevantsetting.Notranslationisallowed.Meaningistobeconveyeddirectlyintothesecondlanguagethroughdemonstrationandvisualaids.BackgroundlInthelate1
11、9thcenturyinEurope,foreconomicdevelopment,thecommunicationamongnationsbecamemorefrequent.Foreignlanguagelearningwashighlydemanded.Oralcommunicationbecamethemaingoalofforeignlanguageteaching.lItwasdevelopedasaresponsetotheGrammar-Translationmethod.lOneoftherevolutionistswasFrancoisGouin.lUsethenatura
12、lwaytocommunicate,likeababylearningitsmothertongue.lThelearningofgrammar/translatingskillsshouldbeavoidedbecausetheyinvolvetheapplicationoftheMT.Theoreticalbase1.Classroominstructionwasconductedexclusivelyinthetargetlanguage.2.Onlyeverydayvocabularyandsentencesweretaught.3.Grammarwastaughtinductivel
13、y.4.Newteachingpointswereintroducedorally.5.Concretevocabularyistaughtthroughdemonstration,objects,andpictures.Abstractvocabularyistaughtbyassociationofideas.6.Thelearnerisactivelyinvolvedinusingthelanguageinrealisticeverydaysituations.7.Studentsareencouragedtothinkinthetargetlanguage.Characteristic
14、s1.讲授新词讲授新词：教师进入课堂后用英语问候学生，并就日常生活题材与学生进行简单的问答式会话。然后，自然进入讲授新词阶段。先利用教室内与新词有关的实物引出新词，再出示课前准备的图片，用英语简单描述新词意义。学生理解后在与教师对话中使用新词。2.语法练习语法练习：通过学生生活进行。教师先请一学生（张三）起立，然后用动词现在进行时描述：ProcedurelT:Zhang,pleasestandup.(AfterZhangstoodup.)lT:(Totheclass):NowZhangisstanding,butyouareallsitting.lT:(ToZhang):Zhang,pleas
15、egotothedoor.lT:(Totheclass,whileZhangiswalkingtothedoor):NowZhangiswalkingtothedoor.用不同的动词做了类似的练习后，教师总结规则与不用不同的动词做了类似的练习后，教师总结规则与不规则的动词现在分词变化规律及动词现在进行时的构规则的动词现在分词变化规律及动词现在进行时的构成与意义。成与意义。3.根据教师示范，学生两人一组，一个说英语。一个做根据教师示范，学生两人一组，一个说英语。一个做动作，练习动词现在进行时。动作，练习动词现在进行时。4.教授新课文：教师出示一幅表述课文内容的图画。教授新课文：教师出示一幅表述课
16、文内容的图画。一边讲解图画，一边检查学生是否理解。讲解后根据一边讲解图画，一边检查学生是否理解。讲解后根据图画提问，要求学生回答。图画提问，要求学生回答。5.学生两人一组根据图画提问与回答。全班唱一首英学生两人一组根据图画提问与回答。全班唱一首英语歌结束一课。语歌结束一课。AdvantagelSscorrectpronunciationandbetteroralskillsaredevelopedbecausenonativelanguageisused.Disadvantage1MajorfallacyofDirectMethodwasbeliefthatsecondlanguageshou
17、ldbelearnedinwayinwhichfirstlanguagewasacquired-bytotalimmersiontechnique.Butobviouslyfarlesstimeandopportunityinschools,comparedwithsmallchildlearninghismothertongue.2Ittakesmuchtimeforteacherstoexplaincomplicatedwords.TheAudio-LingualApproach1.Definition2.Background3.Theory 4.The principal charact
18、eristics 5.Teaching procedure6.Advantages and disadvantagesDefinitionlItemphasizestheteachingoflisteningandspeakingbeforereadingandwriting.Itusesdialoguesasthemainformoflanguagepresentationanddrillsasthemaintrainingtechniques.MothertongueisdiscouragedintheclassroomBackground1.developedintheU.S.durin
19、gtheSecondWorldWar2.ThegovernmentcommissionedAmericanuniversitiestodevelopforeignlanguageprogramtosupplythewar.ArmySpecializedTrainingProgrammer(ASTP)3.TheobjectivesoftheprogrammerwereforstudentstoattainconversationalproficiencyStructuralLinguisticsandBehaviorismTheoreticalbase1.Itfeaturesmemorizati
20、onofdialogues,patterndrills,andemphasisonpronunciation.2.Itemphasizestransformpracticeandrepeatedpractice,forminglanguagehabits.3.Foreignlanguageteachingshouldasfaraspossiblereducingorlimitingnativelanguageinterference.4.Electronicteachingmethodiswidelyused.Characteristics1.Recognition2.Imitationand
21、repetition3.Patterndrills4.Follow-upactivitiesProcedure1.讲授新词与对话（课文）结合：讲授新词与对话（课文）结合：教师进入课堂后在黑板上画一个女孩（教师进入课堂后在黑板上画一个女孩（Sally）和一个男孩）和一个男孩（John），在他们后面画一个超级市场入口处。教师用英语介），在他们后面画一个超级市场入口处。教师用英语介绍情况：他们在超市门口相遇，开始了一段对话（新词用简单的绍情况：他们在超市门口相遇，开始了一段对话（新词用简单的图画说明，动词现在进行时包含在对话中）。教师边表演对话边图画说明，动词现在进行时包含在对话中）。教师边表演对话
22、边解释语言难点，再让学生听两遍录音。解释语言难点，再让学生听两遍录音。2.熟悉课文：熟悉课文：教师先与一个学生对话（重复上述课文），然后全班教师先与一个学生对话（重复上述课文），然后全班两人一组练习对话（重复课文）。练习完毕后请几对学生上讲台两人一组练习对话（重复课文）。练习完毕后请几对学生上讲台对话。对话。3.句型操练：句型操练：（1)教师简单讲解动词现在进行时的构成后说，教师简单讲解动词现在进行时的构成后说，“NowSallyistalkingtoJohn.”，并给出动词词组：，并给出动词词组：askJohnafewquestions,waitforhersister,plantobuyl
23、otsofthings要求学生根据动词现在进行时的要求学生根据动词现在进行时的构成做替换练习。构成做替换练习。（2)教师给出主语教师给出主语Sally,Mary,Cathy,David,Tim,she,he,we,they等，要求学生做主语替换练习。先等，要求学生做主语替换练习。先单个学生做，再两人一组做并互相检查。单个学生做，再两人一组做并互相检查。（3)用同样方法做动词现在进行时的问题和否定用同样方法做动词现在进行时的问题和否定形式操练，直到学生能比较熟练地掌握这种句形式操练，直到学生能比较熟练地掌握这种句型为止。型为止。4.听一遍录音后，要求背诵课文对话。听一遍录音后，要求背诵课文对话。
24、Advantages1.Makinglanguageteachingpossibletolargegroupsoflearners2.Developingsimpletechniquesandmakinguseoflanguagelab3.Developingtheseparationofthelanguageskills4.ItcanimprovestudentsoralEnglish.Disadvantage1.Boredomcausedbyendlesspatterndrills,makemostofthestudentsloseinterestinlearningEnglish2.Le
25、arnershavinglittlecontrolovertheirlearning3.nolanguageenvironmenttostudySituationalApproach1.Definition2.Background3.Theory 4.The principal characteristics 5.Teaching procedure6.Advantages and disadvantagesDefinitionSituationalApproachcombinesaudiowithlistening,stressedincertaincontextsauditoryperce
26、ptionandvisualperceptioncombined.来源于直接法和听说法，它是在听说法的基础上，利用视听结合手段而形成的一种教学法,强调在一定情境中听觉感知（录音）与视觉（图片影视）感知相结合。SituationalLanguageTeachingdevelopedbyBritishappliedlinguistsinthe1930stothe1960sBackgroundlInthe1950ssituationalapproachproducedinFrance.lAlongwiththerapiddevelopmentofmassmediatools,foreignlangu
27、ageteachingwidelyusedbroadcast,movie,videotape,recordandsoon.Namelyusingmodernequipmentconnectlanguageandimagetosetupthedirectconnectionbetweenforeignlanguageandobjectivethings,combinedvisualperceptionandauditoryperception.Itisbasedonbehaviouristcognitivetheory.Theoreticalbase1.Itcloselycombinesthef
28、oreignlanguagewiththesituations.Meaning,context,situationaregivenaprominentplace.2.Dialoguesineverydaylifesituationsarethecentreofteaching.3.Thepracticetechniquesconsistofguidedrepetitionandsubstitutionactivities.Characteristicsmovefromcontrolledtofreepracticeofstructures,fromoraluseofsentencepatter
29、nstoautomaticuseinspeech,readingandwriting.lperception（感知）:constructpicture,bringinsituationsandshaperepresentations.lcomprehension(理解):letstudentsgodeepintosituations,understandingthetextandcomprehendingtheemotion.lpractice(练习):Givestudentsarelatedtopicandaskthempracticeit.luse(活用):Letstudentsuseit
30、consciouslyintheirdailylife.ProcedureAdvantages1.Moderntechnologicalequipmentofsound,lightandelectricityhasbeenwidelyusedinteachingtomakeanorganiccombinationoflanguageandimage.2.Thelanguagematerialsarechosenandarrangedintermsofeverydaylifesituations,whichmeetthestudentsneedsofcommunication.3.Student
31、scanlearnstandardpronunciationandintonationnaturally.DisadvantageItover-emphasizesthelanguageformandignoresthecultivationofcommunicativeability.Itover-stresstheintegratestructureandignorestheanalysisandexplanationoftheforeignlanguage.CommunityLanguageLearning1.Definition2.Background3.Theory 4.The pr
32、incipal characteristics 5.Teaching procedure6.Advantages and disadvantagesDefinitionCommunityLanguageLearningdrawsonthecounselingmetaphortoredefinetherolesoftheteacher(the counselor)andlearners(the clients)inthelanguageclassroom.Background Influenced by Carl Rogers humanistic psychology,Curran,a spe
33、cialist in counseling and a professor of psychology at Loyola University,Chicago,found that adults often feel threatened by a new learning situation or fear that they will appear foolish.so it is called Counseling Learning.Itisbasedonthetheoryofhumanismpsychologyandstudent-centerededucation.Theoreti
34、calbase1.Community Language Learning advises teachers to take their students as“whole person.”2.Whole person learning means that teachers consider not only the students intellect but also their feelings.3.Teachers become“language counselors”.Learning happened in a harmonious environment.4.No competi
35、tion.NO pressure.5.Depend on mother tongue,then transit to the foreign language.Characteristics社团语言学习法的教学实例：社团语言学习法的教学实例：步骤步骤1:学生围坐成圈，教师在圈外等候学生的询问。学生围坐成圈，教师在圈外等候学生的询问。步骤步骤2:学生甲举手，问教师：我想知道英文如何说学生甲举手，问教师：我想知道英文如何说“我喜欢我喜欢蓝色蓝色”。教师：教师：Ilikeblue.学生甲复述学生甲复述“Ilikeblue”，录下学生甲的复述。，录下学生甲的复述。步骤步骤3:学生乙举手，问：怎么说学生
36、乙举手，问：怎么说“我不喜欢蓝色，我喜欢红我不喜欢蓝色，我喜欢红色。色。”教师：教师：Idontlikeblue.Ilikered.学生乙复述学生乙复述“Idontlikeblue.Ilikered.”，录下学生乙的，录下学生乙的复述。复述。步骤步骤4:其他学生重复以上步骤，录下一定数量的对话后，教师将对话其他学生重复以上步骤，录下一定数量的对话后，教师将对话抄在黑板上，以此为上课题材，讲解语言知识。抄在黑板上，以此为上课题材，讲解语言知识。ProcedureAdvantageslArousestudentspositivitylCultivatecollaborationspiritlItb
37、reaksupthetraditioninwhichteacheristhecenter,andstudentsrevealtheirmainfunction.DisadvantageslArbitrary/unsystematiclImpairteachersguidancefunction,increaseteachersburdenlLargelydependonteachersabilityTotalPhysicalResponse1.Definition2.Background3.Theory 4.The principal characteristics 5.Teaching pr
38、ocedure6.Advantages and disadvantagesDefinitionlTPR(TotalPhysicalResponse)isakindoflanguageteachingmethodthatcombinelanguagewithactiontolearnalanguagethroughthebodymovement.BackgroundlItisdevelopedbypsychologyprofessorJamesJ.AsheratSanJoseStateUniversity,Californiainthe1960s.1.Psychology“memorytrace
39、”(记忆记忆痕迹）痕迹）theory.Themoreoftenamemoryconnectionistraced,thestrongerthememorywillbe.2.Humanbrainhasabiologicalprogramusedtoacquireanynaturallanguageonearth.Theoreticalbase1.Listeningshoulddevelopbeforespeaking2.Studentsshoulddeveloptheirintellectbyphysicalresponsetolanguage.3.Teachersdontforcestuden
40、tstospeak.Characteristics1.Teachers speak and act,students just listen and watch 2.Teacher speak,students act together with the teacher 3.Teacher and the students speak and act together 4.Teacher speak without act,students act5.Teacher act without speaking,student speak 6.CheckProcedure步骤步骤1:教师在黑板上贴
41、上有不同动物的彩色卡片；教师在黑板上贴上有不同动物的彩色卡片；步骤步骤2:教师边说教师边说“Pointtothelittledog.”边指出卡片上的小狗。学边指出卡片上的小狗。学生只听不做。生只听不做。步骤步骤3:教师再说教师再说“Pointtothegoldenfish.”并指出卡片上画的金鱼。并指出卡片上画的金鱼。学生仍旧只听不做。学生仍旧只听不做。步骤步骤4:重复以上步骤，教其他动物名称。重复以上步骤，教其他动物名称。步骤步骤5:教师示范多遍后，教师发命令，学生做动作。教师示范多遍后，教师发命令，学生做动作。步骤步骤6:教师可以适当变换方式，比如唱歌做动作等。教师可以适当变换方式，比如唱
42、歌做动作等。（学生的理解力达到一定程度后，可以让学生自己下命令，自己做动（学生的理解力达到一定程度后，可以让学生自己下命令，自己做动作。）作。）Advantages1.Itisfunandeasy.2.Itisgoodforlearnerswhoneedtobeactiveintheclass.3.Attractstudentstotakepartintheenvironmentandremovetheirnervous.4.Itismemorable.Actionshelpstrengthentheconnectionsinthebrain.Disadvantages1.Abstractwo
43、rdsandsentencescannotbeexplainedeasily2.Accuracyisnotfocused3.Onlysuitableforyoungstudents4.Itcanbeachallengeforshystudents.TheSilentWay1.Definition2.Background3.Theory 4.The principal characteristics 5.Teaching procedure6.Advantages and disadvantagesDefinitionCreatedbyCalebGattegno,SilentWayisbased
44、onthepremisethattheteachershouldbeassilentaspossibleintheclassroominordertoencouragethelearnertoproduceasmuchlanguageaspossible.Theobjectiveisforstudentstoworkasautonomouslanguagelearners.Background1.Caleb1.CalebGattegnoGattegnofoundedfoundedThe Silent WayThe Silent Wayasaasamethodforlanguagelearnin
45、gintheearly70s,methodforlanguagelearningintheearly70s,sharingmanyofthesameessentialprinciplesasthesharingmanyofthesameessentialprinciplesasthecognitivecodeandmakinggooduseofthetheoriescognitivecodeandmakinggooduseofthetheoriesunderlyingunderlyingdiscoverydiscoverylearning.learning.2.2.Basicprinciple
46、:Basicprinciple:TeachingshouldbesubordinatedTeachingshouldbesubordinatedtolearning.Teachingtolearning.Teachingistoistoserveservelearningprocesslearningprocessratherthantoratherthantodominatedominateit.it.DiscoverratherthanremembersorrepeatAidedbyphysicalobjectsProblem-solvingfocusedTheoreticalbaselT
47、hemostprominentcharacteristicofthemethodwasthattheteachertypicallystayedsilentmostofthetime,aspartofhis/herroleasfacilitator协助者andstimulator.CharacteristicsTeachingProcedurelTeachermodelsaword,phrase,orsentenceandthenelicitslearnerresponses.lLearnersthengoontocreatetheirownutterancesbyputtingtogethe
48、roldandnewinformation.lCharts,rods,andotheraidsmaybeusedtoelicitlearnerresponses.lTeachermodelingisminimal,althoughmuchoftheactivitymaybeteacherdirected.Advantages1.respect the individual and an awareness of the individuals extraordinary cognitive powers2.It encourages learners both to listen more c
49、arefully and then to experiment with their own production of the utterance.Disadvantages1.Highdemandforteachers2.Lackofrealcommunicationintheapproach,withonlyhighlymotivatedlearnersbeingabletogeneraterealcommunication.Suggestopedia1.Definition2.Background3.Theory 4.The principal characteristics 5.Te
50、aching procedure6.Advantages and disadvantagesDefinitionSuggestopediaisateachingmethodwhichisbasedonamodernunderstandingofhowthehumanbrainworksandhowwelearnmosteffectively.Background保加利亚心理治疗学家罗萨诺夫（保加利亚心理治疗学家罗萨诺夫（G。Losanov）根据心理治疗的）根据心理治疗的一些原则提出了这一外语教学法（一些原则提出了这一外语教学法（1978）。它的基本观点是，外）。它的基本观点是，外语学习是有意识