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1、非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动 名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）不定式、动名词和现在分词都有时态和语态的变化.不定式主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式To doTo be done动作发生在谓语动作 之后进行式To be doing与谓语动作同时发生完成式To have doneTo have been done动作发生在谓语动作 之前动名词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式DoingBeing done -与谓语动作同时发生完成式Having doingHaving been done -动作发生在谓语动作
2、 之前现在分词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式DoingBeing done与谓语动作同时发生完成式Having doneHaving been done动作发生在谓语动作 之前不定式不定式的作用1、作主语 不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。往往用it作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。如:It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系动词如look,叩pear等也可用于此句型。（2）当不定
3、式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It isto的句型。试比拟:It is to negate my own idea to believe him. （昔）To believe him is to negate my own idea .（对）A lost opportunity never returns.He is a retired worker.（2） 分词短语作定语，分词后置；分词修饰不定代词something等要后置；个别分词如give, left等作定语也后 置。如:The girl standing under the tree is my niece.The b
4、uilding built last year is our library.This is the question given.There is nothing interesting.（3） 过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如：Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientistsThe first textbook for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A have writt
5、en B to be written C being written D writtenWhats the language in Germany?A speakingB spokenC be spoken D to speakPrices of daily goods through a computer can be lower than store prices.A are boughtB boughtC been boughtD buying.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the doorSorry to miss you
6、; will call later/9A readB readsC to read D reading2、作状语现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.If more attention was given, the trees co
7、uld have grown better.（条件）Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend.Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital（原因）.Though defeated, he didnt lose heart.（让步）He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.（伴随）He came running to tell me the good news.（方式）some officials, Napoleon inspected his ar
8、my.A Followed B Followed by C Being followed D Having been followed答案：BThere was a terrible noise the sudden burst of light.A followed B following C to be followed D being followed答案：B,liquids can be changed into gases.A HeatingB To be heated C HeatedD Heat答案：C注意：(1) 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句
9、的主语发出，分词就用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。试比拟：(Being) Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。(2) 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，就用独立主格结构，即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语，一般不用作定语。When, the museum will be open to the public next year.A completed B complet
10、ing C being completed D to be completedsuch heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.D SufferedA Having suffered B Suffering C To suffer3、作表语现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征，过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如：The film is touching.The glass is broken.She looked tired with cooking.He remained standing b
11、eside the table.Im very with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.一Mm, it does have a smell.A pleasant; pleased B pleased; pleased C pleasant; pleasant D pleased; pleasant4、作宾语补足语分词和不定式一样，在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。如：I smell something burning.I heard him singing the song.I heard my name calle
12、d.I cant make myself understood in English.I found my car missing.ril have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year.A carry out B carrying out C carried out D to carry out5、作插入语其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。generally speaking 一般说来talking of (spe
13、aking of)说至!Jstrictly speaking 严格地说strictly speaking 严格地说judging from 从判断all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来。如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.总的来说,狗比猪跑得快。一、 分词的时态1、与主语动词同时。如：Arriving there, they
14、found the boy dead.刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。The secretary worked late into the night,a long speech for the president.A to prepare B preparing C prepared D was preparing2、先于主语动词分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后,要用having done。如：Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.After he had finished his homework, he
15、 went out for a walk.做完作业，他出去散步。a reply, he decided to write again.A Not receivingB Receiving notC Not having receivedD Having not received二、 分词的语态1、通常情况下，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。如：He is the man giving you/who gave you the book 他就是给你书的那个人She is the girl stopped by/who was stopped by the car.她就是那个被车拦住的女孩。2
16、、不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。像：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词。如:a retired person 一个退休的人a fallen ball 一个落下来的球 a burnt-out match烧完了的火柴(3) It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth.结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of,否那么用 for.2、作宾语（1） 动词+不定式。如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find it har
17、d to get along with him. （it 作形式宾语）注：以下动词通常用不定式作宾语：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get 等（2） 动词+疑问词+t。，”特殊疑问句+不定式，湘当于名词，作宾语。如：I dont know what to do next/ how to do it next.I cant decide when to go there.注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾
18、语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it作形式宾语。 如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.3、作宾语补足语（1） 动词+宾语+不定式（to do ） o如：He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?（不带 to 的不定式）注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help,
19、wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage（2） 表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+ to be的不定式结构。如：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被动语态）（3） There +不定式。如:We didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料至U会有那么多人在那里。注意：（1）有些动词需用 as 短语作补语，regard, think, believ
20、e, take, considero 如:We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。（2）在动词 feel （一感），hear, listen to （二听），have, let, make （三让），notice, see, watch, observe, look at （五看）（BP：吾看三室两厅一感觉）等后面的补足语中，不定式不带t。，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree.The boy
21、 was seen to fall off the tree.help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.I often help him （to） clean the room.I helped him （to） find his things.4、作定语不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系）He is looking for a room to live in.（动状关系）He is the first
22、person to think of the idea.（主谓关系）He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位关系）注意：1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动。如:Do you have anything else to say?2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，那么要保存不定时短语中的副词或介词。如：I need a pen to write with . （I will wirte with the pen ）（我需要一直钢笔写字）I have a little baby to look after .（I must look after
23、 the little baby ）（我有一个婴儿要照看）作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如in order to , so as to, so.as to, suchas to, .enough to, too.to 等。（1） 做目的状语，to, only to （仅仅为了），in order to, so as to, so（such）.as to（如此以便）如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus,他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。He came to the school to see his son.（2） 作
24、结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。如：He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.He searched the room only to find nothing.（3） 做原因状语。如：We were very excited to hear the news.Im glad to see you.（4） 做条件状语。如：To turn to the left, you could find a post office.5、作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，构成表语。如：The question is how
25、to put it into practice.My question is when to leave.His dream is to be a doctor.Her work is to look after the babies.注意：1.不定式在句中作表语时，对应的谓语动词用单数。2.当助于是不定式时，表语不能用Ving形式，可用不定式。如：To see is to believe.（眼见为实）6、独立结构。如：To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you.To make matters worse, it began to rain.二、
26、不定式的时态和语态1、不定式的时态(1) 现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you again.(2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.(3) 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：He seems to be eating something.(4) 完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，
27、一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2、不定式的语态当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。如：He was seen to enter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.三、 省to的动词不定式1、情态动词(除ought外,ought to)2、Would rather, had better.3、感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear,
28、listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补，省略 to.注意：在被动语态中to不能省略掉。如：I saw him dance. He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.They were made to work the whole night.4、使役动词 let, have, make.5、由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第一个 to 可以省去 如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.6、Help 可带 to 也可不带
29、 to, help sb. (to) do sth.7、Why./Why not.He8、But和except前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。试比拟:wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.9、通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去 to be .如：He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。1 usually go there by
30、train.Why not by boat for a change?A to try going B trying to goC to try and goD try goingPaul doesnt have to be made. He always works hard.A learnB to learnC learnedD learning四、动词不定式的否认式。如：Tell him not to shut the window. She pretended not to see me when I passed by.Mrs. Smith warned her daughter a
31、fter drinking.A never to drive B to never drive C never driving D never driveThe boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him.A not toB not to doC not do itD do not doThe patient was warned food before the operation.A to eat noB eating notC not to eatD not eating动名词 (动名词具有动词
32、和名词的特征,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语)一、动名词的作用1、作主语谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：Its no good/use doing如：Seeing is believing.Playing with fire is dangerous.Its no good waiting here.2、作宾语I enjoy listening to music.He often practices playing the piano in the evening.He is fond of playing basketball.He has given up smoking
33、.Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?(1)只能接动名词作宾语的动词：admit, advise 建议，risk, appreciate, envy 嫉妒，avoid 防止，consider 考虑，delay 延迟，deny 否认，dislike 不喜欢，enjoy, escape 逃避，excuse 原谅、宽恕，finish 完成，forgive 原谅，understand 理解，give up 放弃，imagine 想象，keep 保持，mind 介意、在乎，miss 未达到,practise训练，put off推
34、迟,resist抵抗，suggest建议、暗示can9t help禁不住,cant stand无法忍受，devote to(to为介词)致力于,look forward to期望、盼望,stick to 坚持，be used to 习惯于，object to 反对，be busy 忙于，fee like 想要be surprised at对感到惊讶be proud of以为骄傲succeed in在某方面成功be afraid of 害怕 give up 放弃(2)只能接不定式作宾语的动词：happen碰巧，offer主动提出，promise容许，agree同意，refuse拒绝，decide
35、决定，determine 决定、决心,pretend 假装,fail 未能够，learn, wish 希望，hope, expect, afford 负担得起。(3)接动名词、不定式均可，意义相同的动词：like, love, dislike, hate, begin, star, continue, prefer,can bear/endure 无法忍受，cease 停止(4)以下词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try等Stop to do停下来去做stop doing停止做Forget to
36、 do忘记要做forget doing忘记做过Remember to do 记得要做remember doing 记得做过Regret to do遗憾要做Regret to do遗憾要做regret doing后悔做过Try to do企图做，尽力做Try to do企图做，尽力做try doing试着做Go on to do继续做（另一件事）go on doing继续做（同一件事）Mean to do打算做mean doing意味做In some parts of London, missing a bus means for another hour.A waiting B to wait
37、ing C waitD to be waitingNeed, require, want作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth也有类似用法。如：The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.3、作表语此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。如：My hobby is collecting stamps.Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the child4、作定语动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：a waiting ro
38、om, a diving board, a reading room, a dining hallthere are a lot of swimming pools in the city.注：（1）现在分词作定语表动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写成一个定语从句。如果为单词，放在被修饰n之前，为短语，放在被修饰n之后。如：a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleepinga developing country =a country which is developing（2）动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质，可改写成一个for的短语
39、，两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。如：a washing machine = a machine for washinga swimming pool = a pool for swimming二、 动名词的时态和语态动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否那么都用一般式。如:We are interested in playing chess.He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.Im sorry for not having kept my promise.假设主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象，动
40、名词用被动语态。如:We must do something to prevent water from being polluted.I remember having been told a story.He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.及物动词不及物动词主动被动主动f时doingbeing donedoing完成时having donehaving been donehaving done分词 （分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。）现在分词和过去分词的区别：在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的 时间性。如：falling leaves正在下落的树叶fallen leaves已经落在地上的树叶一、分词的作用1、作定语（1） 单个分词作定语，分词前置。如：The sleeping boy is my son.The excited people rushed into the building.