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1、2015年考研英语一试题及答案完整版Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the Unive
2、rsity of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)1,932 unique subjects which pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it i
3、s not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not
4、genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similarfriends_(13)_Hfuncti
5、onal Kinship of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolutional 5)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings
6、 do not simply explain peoples_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. A when B why C
7、how D what2. A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised3. A for B with C on D by4. A compared B sought C separated D connected5. A tests B objects Csamples D examples6. A insignificant B unexpected Cunbelievable D incredible7. A visit B miss C seek D know8. A resemble B influence C favor D surpass
8、9. A again B also C instead D thus10. A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps11. A about B to Cfrom Dlike12. A drive B observe C confuse Dlimit13. A according to B rather than C regardless of D along with14. A chances Bresponses Cmissions Dbenefits15. A later Bslower C faster D earlier16. Afo
9、recast Bremember Cunderstand Dexpress17. A unpredictable Bcontributory C controllable D disruptive18. A endeavor Bdecision Carrangement D tendency19. A political B religious C ethnic D economic20. A see B show C prove D tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four tex
10、ts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings dont abdicate, they dare in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-electio
11、ns have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and ag
12、ainst monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above mere politics and embody a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity polarized. And also,
13、 the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a
14、 non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very historyand sometimes the way they behave today - embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Pike
15、tty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways
16、. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough t
17、o survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifes
18、tyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service - as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the m
19、onarchys worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of SpainA used turn enjoy high public supportB was unpopular among European royalsC cased his relationship with his rivalsDended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostlyA owin
20、g to their undoubted and respectable statusB to achieve a balance between tradition and realityC to give voter more public figures to look up toDdue to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?A Aristocrats excessive reliance on in
21、herited wealthB The role of the nobility in modern democraciesC The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic familiesDThe nobilitys adherence to their privileges24. The British royals have most to fear because CharlesA takes a rough line on political issuesB fails to change his lifestyle as advisedC tak
22、es republicans as his potential alliesD fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Carlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedB Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneC Carlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsDCharles, Slow to React to the Coming
23、ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweepi
24、ng ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, forjudges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if i
25、t followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone a vast stor
26、ehouse of digital information is similar to, say, rifling through a suspects purse. The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smart phone is more like entering his or her home
27、. A smart phone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of cloud computing, meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. B
28、ut keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitutions prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesnt eas
29、e the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure th
30、at phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel appli
31、cations of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal
32、domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate toA prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.B search for suspects mobile phones without a warra
33、nt.C check suspects phone contents without being authorized.Dprohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one ofA disapproval.B indifference.C tolerance.Dcautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring ones phone contents is comparable
34、toA getting into ones residence.B handling ones historical records.C scanning ones correspondences.D going through ones wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern thatA principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C citizens privacy
35、 is not effectively protected.D phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate thatA the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.CCalifornias argument violates principles of theConstitu
36、tion.Dprinciples of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic
37、mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,M writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven expert
38、s to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.A
39、sked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the researc
40、h we publish.HGiovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role. He agreed to join because he found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and l
41、ikely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.John loannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is
42、 a most welcome step forward and long overdue. Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review, he says. But he noted that biomedical
43、 journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to
44、David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process. Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians has so
45、me merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ,the papers that need scrutiny in the first place.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 thatA Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks.C few jo
46、urnals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.D lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning toA found.B marked.C revised.D stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE mayA pose a threat to all i
47、ts peers.B meet with strong opposition.C increase Sciences circulation.Dset an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA adds to researchers workload.B diminishes the role of reviewers.C has room for further improvement.Dis to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.B Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors DesksD Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert