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1、精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -vip 会员免费20XX年全国硕士讨论生入学统一考试英语试题Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the followingtext. Choose the best words for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. 10 pointsThe ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an impor
2、tant issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that3 the court s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political event
3、s. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court s decisions will be 4 as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. At the very least, the court shouldmake itself6to the code of conduct that7to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and ot
4、her similar cases 8 the question of whether there is still a 9 between the court and politics.The framersofthe Constitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapart frompolitics. They gave justices permanent positions11they would be free to12those in power and have no need to13political support. Our legal
5、 system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely14.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it16is inescapably politica
6、l whichis whydecisions split along ideologicallines are so easily17as unjust.The justices must18doubts about the court s legitimacy by making themselves 191. A emphasizeB maintainC modifyD recognize2. A whenB lestC beforeD unless3. A restoredB weakenedC establishedD eliminated4. A challengedB compro
7、misedC suspectedD accepted5. A advancedB caughtC boundD founded6. A resistantB subjectC immuneD prone7. A resortsB sticksC loadsD applies8. A evadeB raiseC denyD settleto the code of conduct. That would make ruling more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,20, convincing as law.可编辑资料 - -
8、- 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -vip 会员免费9. A lineB barrierC similarityD conflict10. A byB asC thoughD towards11. A soB sinceC providedD though12. A serveB satisfyC upsetD replace13. A confirmB exp
9、ressC cultivateD offer14. A guardedB followedC studiedD tied15. A conceptsB theoriesC divisionsD conceptions16. A excludesB questionsC shapesD controls17. A dismissedB releasedC rankedD distorted18. A suppressB exploitC addressD ignore19. A accessibleB amiableC agreeableD accountable20. A by all mea
10、nsB at all costsC in a wordD as a resultSection Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, Cor D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 40 pointsText 1Come onEverybody s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation
11、and half forcing, is what most of us thinkof when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to nogood drinking,drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club , Tina Rosenbergcontends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in whichorga
12、nizations and officialsuse the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismokingprogram called Rage Against the
13、Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative knownas LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of thelameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on:
14、 they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.“ Dare to be different, please don t smoke. ”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking amongteenagers-teenagers, whodesirenothingmorethan fittingin.Rosenberg arg
15、uesconvincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -vip 会员免费But on the general effect
16、iveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filledwithtoo much irrelevantdetail and not enough explorationof the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cureas it s presented here is that it doesn t work ve
17、ry well for very long. Rage Against the Hazefailedonce state fundingwas cut. Evidencethat the LoveLifeprogramproduces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influenceon our behavior. Anemerging body of research shows that positive health habits as we
18、ll as negative ones spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure:weunconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities i
19、n virtuous directions. Its like the teacher who breaks up thetroublemakers in the back row by pairing them withbetter-behaved classmates. The tactic neverreally works. And that s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: inthe realworld, as in school, we insist on choosing our own
20、friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as.A a supplement to the social cureB a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to social progressD a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public - health advocates should.A recruit professional advertisersB
21、learn from advertisers experienceCstay awayfromcommercialadvertisersDrecognizethelimitationsof advertisements23. In the author s view, Rosenbergs book fails to.A adequately probe social and biological factorsB effectively evade the flaws of the social cureC illustrate the functions of state fundingD
22、 produce a long - lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors.A is harmful to our networks of friendsB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing itD can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of p
23、eer pressure is.A harmfulB desirableC profoundD questionableText 2A deal is a deal except, apparently, when Entergy is involved.The company, a majorenergy supplier in New England, provoked justifiedoutrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide b
24、y the states strict nuclear可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -vip 会员免费regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutiona
25、lity of Vermonts rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermonts only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a conditio
26、n of receiving state approval forthe sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2021. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plants license be subject to Vermont legislature s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Eith
27、er Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simplydidn t foresee what wouldhappen next. A stringof accidents, includingthe partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee
28、s safety and Entergy s management especially after thecompany made misleadingstatements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergys behavior, theVermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 le
29、gislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say the Vermont case will offera precedent-setting
30、test ofhow farthose powers extend. Certainly,there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputationinVermont isalready s
31、o damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war withthe state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrimsafely, the comp
32、any has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC reviews the companys application,it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”Line 3, Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to.A condemning
33、B reaffirmingC dishonoringD securing27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to.A obtain protection from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an extension of its business license.D get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph
34、4, Entergy seems to have problems with its.A managerial practicesB technical innovativenessC financial goalsD business vision可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -vip 会员免费29. In the author s v
35、iew, the Vermont case will test.A Entergy s capacity to fulfill all its promisesB the nature of states patchwork regulationsC the federal authority over nuclear issuesD the limits of states power over nuclear issues30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.A Entergy s business elsewhere mi
36、ght be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.D V ermonts reputation might be damaged.Text 3ln the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use th
37、e scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, w
38、hat we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunitiesfor misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective
39、scrutiny and acceptanceto transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, now becomes the community s anyone, anywhere, anytime . Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discoveryclaim bec
40、omes public, the discoverer receives intellectualcredit. But, unlikewithmining claims, the communitytakes control of what happens next. Withinthe complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controllingthe publication
41、process; other scientists use the newfindingto suit theirown purposes; and finally,the publicincludingother scientists receives the new discoveryand possibly accompanyingtechnology. Asa discovery claimworks its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing
42、 beliefs about the scienceand the technology involved transforms an individual s discovery claim into the community s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughoutthis credibilityprocess. First, scientificworktends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or i
43、ncorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly,newlypublished discovery claims and crediblediscoveries that appear to be importantand convincingwillalwaysbe open to challenge and potentia
44、l modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequentlyprovokes disbelief.NobelLaureate and physiologistAlbertSzent-Gyorgyionce可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -vip 会员免费described discoveryas “seeing whateverybodyhas seen and thinkingwhatnobody has thought. ”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missedmay not change their