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1、新新编研究生研究生综合英合英语教程教程Advanced English for Graduate Advanced English for Graduate Students:Students:General Skills&Academic LiteracyGeneral Skills&Academic Literacy Unit ThreeUnit Three Culture CultureText A Text A The Values Americans Live ByThe Values Americans Live ByA culture can be viewed as a col
2、lection of values that go together to shape the way a group of people perceive and relate to the world around them.As people grow up,they learn certain values,which will influence and shape their way of life.How does American culture differ from others?The way to address this question is to consider
3、 the values Americans live by.Overview Overview“Values”are ideas about what is right and wrong,desirable and undesirable,normal and abnormal,proper and improper.Most people who grow up in a particular culture share certain values.These values overlap and support each other;they fit together.Dr.L.Rob
4、ert Kohls has developed a list of 13 commonly held values which help explain why Americans act as they do.Background Information Background Information Pre-reading Pre-reading QuestionsQuestions Text A The Values Americans LiveText A The Values Americans Live Vocabulary Vocabulary Exercises Exercise
5、s Text A The Values Americans Live ByText A The Values Americans Live ByContentsBackground Information Background Information Text A The Values Americans Live By V WritingV WritingExercisesExercisesIV TranslationIV TranslationDr.L Robert Kohls,Director of Dr.L Robert Kohls,Director of International
6、Programs at San International Programs at San Francisco State University,is a Francisco State University,is a renowned literary contributor to the renowned literary contributor to the research on cultural patterns.He research on cultural patterns.He has developed a list of 13(8 are has developed a l
7、ist of 13(8 are listed in Text A)commonly held listed in Text A)commonly held values which help explain to first-values which help explain to first-time visitors to the United States time visitors to the United States why Americans act as they do.He is why Americans act as they do.He is careful,and
8、cautions to avoid careful,and cautions to avoid labeling these values positive or labeling these values positive or negative.Whether one agrees with negative.Whether one agrees with Kohls or not or is willing to Kohls or not or is willing to accept as valid any generalizations accept as valid any ge
9、neralizations about Americans his observations about Americans his observations are thought provoking.are thought provoking.BackgroundBackground1.Information about the author1.Information about the author:In In recent recent decades,decades,a a new new form form of of identification identification h
10、as has emerged emerged which which breaks breaks down down the the understanding understanding of of the the individual individual as as a a coherent coherent whole whole subject subject into into a a collection collection of of various various cultural cultural identifiers.identifiers.These These c
11、ultural cultural identifiers identifiers may may be be the the result result of of various various conditions conditions including:including:locality,locality,gender,gender,race,race,history,history,nationality,nationality,language,language,sexuality,sexuality,religion,religion,ethnicity,ethnicity,a
12、esthetics,aesthetics,and and even even food.food.Therefore,Therefore,cultural cultural identity identity refers refers to to a a feeling feeling of of belonging belonging to to a a group.group.It It is is part part of of a a persons persons self-self-conception conception and and self-self-perceptio
13、n perception and and is is related related to to these these cultural cultural identifiersor identifiersor any any kind kind of of social social group group that that has has its its own own distinct distinct culture.culture.In In this this way,way,cultural cultural identity identity is is both both
14、 characteristic characteristic of of the the individual individual but but alsoof alsoof the the culturally culturally identical identical group group of of members members sharing sharing the the same same cultural cultural identity.identity.Cultural Cultural identity identity can can also also be
15、be expressed expressed through through certain certain styles styles of of clothing clothing or or other other aesthetic markers.aesthetic markers.BackgroundBackground2.Information about cultural identity2.Information about cultural identity:.BackgroundBackground3.Information about the 3.Information
16、 about the Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependenceThe Declaration of Independence was The Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson and then drafted by Thomas Jefferson and then adopted by the Continental Congress on adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4,1776
17、.It was regarded as the July 4,1776.It was regarded as the nations most cherished symbol of liberty nations most cherished symbol of liberty and Jeffersons most enduring monument.and Jeffersons most enduring monument.“We hold these truths to be self-evident,“We hold these truths to be self-evident,t
18、hat all men are created equal,that they are that all men are created equal,that they are endowed by their Creator with certain endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,that among these are unalienable Rights,that among these are Life,Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”Life,Liberty
19、 and the pursuit of Happiness.”was made by Abraham Lincoln as the was made by Abraham Lincoln as the centerpiece of his rhetoric(as in the centerpiece of his rhetoric(as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863),and his Gettysburg Address of 1863),and his politics.Since then,it has become a well-politics.S
20、ince then,it has become a well-known statement on human rights.known statement on human rights.Q1:How much do you know about the American Q1:How much do you know about the American values?Which part of American values do you think values?Which part of American values do you think is acceptable to us
21、?is acceptable to us?Q2:What is the cause of traditional American values?Q2:What is the cause of traditional American values?Q3:What is your view on American values?What are Q3:What is your view on American values?What are the effects of American values?the effects of American values?Q4:How is the m
22、ainstream American culture Q4:How is the mainstream American culture different from the Chinese culture?different from the Chinese culture?Q5:Do cultural values change as time changes?Q5:Do cultural values change as time changes?Pre-reading QuestionsPre-reading QuestionsQ1:How much do you know about
23、 the American Q1:How much do you know about the American values?Which part of American values do you think values?Which part of American values do you think is acceptable to us?is acceptable to us?OpenPre-reading QuestionsPre-reading QuestionsQ2:What is the cause of Traditional American Q2:What is t
24、he cause of Traditional American values?values?The earliest settlers came to the North American continent to establish colonies that were free from the controls that existed in European societies.They wanted to escape the controls placed on their lives by the kings and governments,priests and church
25、es,noblemen and aristocrats.In 1776,the British colonial settlers declared their independence from England and established a new nation,the United States of America.In doing so,they created a climate of freedom where the emphasis was on the individual.This is probably the most basic of all the Ameri
26、can values,which is also called individualism by scholars.Pre-reading QuestionsPre-reading QuestionsQ3:What is your view on American values?What are Q3:What is your view on American values?What are the effects of American values?the effects of American values?By freedom,Americans mean the desire and
27、 the ability of all individuals to control their own destiny without outside interference.There is,however,a price to be paid for this individual freedom:self-reliance.Individuals must learn to rely on themselves or risk losing freedom.This means achieving both financial and emotional independence f
28、rom their parents as early as possible,usually by age of 18-21.It means that Americans believe they should take care of themselves,solve their own problems,and“stand on their own two feet.”Q3:What is your view on American values?What are Q3:What is your view on American values?What are the effects o
29、f American values?the effects of American values?Most Americans believe that they must be self-reliant in order to keep their freedom.If people are dependent,they risk losing freedom as well as the respect of their peers.In order to be in the mainstream of American life-to have power and/or respect
30、individuals must be seen as self-reliant.Although receiving financial support from charity,family,or the government is allowed,it is never admired.Many people believe that such individuals are setting a bad example,which may weaken the American character as a whole.Q3:What is your view on American v
31、alues?What are Q3:What is your view on American values?What are the effects of American values?the effects of American values?So,it is important to understand what most Americans truly mean when they say they believe in equality of opportunity.They mean that each individual should have an equal chan
32、ce for success.It helps ensure that the race for success is a fair one and that a person does not win or lose just because of external forces.The phrase“going from rags to riches”became a slogan for the great American dream.There is,however,a price to be paid for this equality of opportunity:competi
33、tion.Q3:What is your view on American values?What Q3:What is your view on American values?What are the effects of American values?are the effects of American values?People who like to compete and are more successful than others are honored by being called winners.On the other hand,those who do not l
34、ike to compete and are not successful when they try are often dishonored by being called losers.The pressure to compete causes Americans to be more energetic,but it also places a constant emotional strain on them.When they retire,they are at last free from the pressures of competition.But then a new
35、 problem arises.They may feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much prestige to those who compete well.This is why older people in the United States do not have as much honor and respect as they do in other less competitive societies.Q4:Q4:How is the mainstream American How is the mai
36、nstream American culture different from the Chinese culture?culture different from the Chinese culture?OpenPre-reading QuestionsPre-reading QuestionsQ5:What are the main characteristics of values?Q5:What are the main characteristics of values?First,as part of culture,values are learned from people a
37、round:family,school,mass media,and so on.Once learned,they tend to be stable and govern people beliefs,attitudes,ideas and actions.Second,values are hidden.We do not see them as they exist in our subconsciousness.We are not always aware of them,but we make judgments according to them.Pre-reading Que
38、stionsPre-reading QuestionsQ5:What are the main characteristics of values?Q5:What are the main characteristics of values?Third,values are pervasive.Each of us has a unique set of individual values,but there are also values that tend to permeate a culture.They are called cultural values.The point we
39、have to keep in mind is that the value of the culture may not be the value of all individuals within the culture.Fourth,values can be compared on a continuum rather than one of only two possible choices.People posses the same values to different degrees.Pre-reading QuestionsPre-reading QuestionsQ5:W
40、hat are the main characteristics of values?Q5:What are the main characteristics of values?Fifth,values are interrelated.They dont work alone.For example,the value toward family usually leads to those toward age,status,etc.Finally,values of a culture change just as cultures do.Of course,they change m
41、uch more slowly than do the way people dress,the artifacts people make,and other parts of a culture that are easily seen.Contradictory values can be found in a particular culture.There is often a gulf between the values that are articulated(idealism)and the values that are acted out(reality).Part2_T
42、A1_sPart2_TA1_sPre-reading QuestionsPre-reading Questions1.Most Americans would have a difficult time telling you,specifically,what the values are that Americans live by.They have never given the matter much thought.Text A The Values Americans Live By Text A The Values Americans Live By 1.大多数美国人在谈起其
43、赖以生存的价值观时会感到力不从心。他们从未仔细考虑过价值观这个问题。L.Robert KohlsL.Robert Kohls2.Even if Americans had considered this question,they would probably,in the end,decide not to answer in terms of a definitive list of values.The reason for this decision is itself one very American value their belief that every individual
44、 is so unique that the same list of values could never be applied to all,or even most,of their fellow citizens.2.即使美国人考虑过这个问题，他们最终也不可能决定以一张明确的价值观清单来回答。做出这样的一个决定，本身就是一个非常美国式的价值观他们相信每个个体都是独一无二的，相同的价值观永远也不可能适用于所有的美国公民，甚至不能适用于大多数公民。3.Although Americans may think of themselves as being more varied and un
45、predictable than they actually are,it is significant that they think they are.Americans tend to think they have been only slightly influenced by family,church or schools.In the end,each believes,“I personally chose which values I want to live my own life by.”3.尽管美国人可能认为他们自己比实际看上去更加变幻莫测，但重要的是他们的确认为自己
46、变幻莫测。美国人普遍认为他们受家庭、教会或学校影响很轻微。最终，每个人都认为“我个人会根据自己生活方式选择我的价值观”。4.The different behaviors of a people or a culture make sense only when seen through the basic beliefs,assumptions and values of that particular group.When you encounter an action,or hear a statement in the United States that surprises you,
47、try to see it as an expression of one or more of the values listed here.4.一个民族的不同行为方式或者一种文化之所以有意义，是因为人们通过该民族的基本信仰、看法和价值观念来看待它们。在美国，如果某一个行为或某一句话使你感到吃惊，那么你可以将其与下面罗列的价值观对号入座。5.Before proceeding to the list itself,we should also point out that Americans see all of these values as very positive ones.They
48、 are not aware,for example,that the people in many Third World countries view some of these values as negative or threatening.5.在探讨这个清单之前,有必要指出美国人认为这些价值观是充满正能量的。他们没有意识到许多第三世界国家的人们可能认为其中一些价值观是消极或者可怕的。In fact,all of these American values are judged by many of the worlds citizens as negative and undesi
49、rable.Therefore,it is not enough simply to familiarize yourself with these values.You must also,so far as possible,consider them without the negative or derogatory connotation that they might have for you,based on your own experience and cultural identity.事实上,许多外国人认为美国人的这些价值观是消极和不受欢迎的。因此，仅仅熟悉这些价值观是不
50、够的，还必须尽可能做到不因自身经历和文化身份而对这些价值观有负面和贬损的看法。Personal Control over the Environment6.Americans no longer believe in the power of Fate,and they have come to look at people who do as being backward,primitive,or hopelessly naive.To be called“fatalistic”is one of the worst criticisms one can receive in the Ame