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1、专题十专题十 定语从句定语从句 用一个句子作定语，此句子叫作定语从句。定语从句位于被它修饰的名词或代词之用一个句子作定语，此句子叫作定语从句。定语从句位于被它修饰的名词或代词之后。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词可分为关系代词后。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词可分为关系代词（who,whom,whose,which,that)who,whom,whose,which,that)和关系副词和关系副词(when,where,why)(when,where,why)关系词都充当从句关系词都充当从句的某个成分，它所替代的相应成分应省去。在定语从
2、句中，当的某个成分，它所替代的相应成分应省去。在定语从句中，当who,which,thatwho,which,that作主语时，作主语时，谓语的单复数应与先行词保持一致。谓语的单复数应与先行词保持一致。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句与先行词的定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不如限制性定语从句与先行词的关系紧密，没有它，主句的意思也清楚，因此用逗号关系不如限制性定语从句与先行词的关系紧密，没有它，主句的意思也清楚，因此用逗号隔开。关系词在非限制性定语从句中的用法与在限制性定语从句中的用法基本一样。隔开。关系词在非限制性定
3、语从句中的用法与在限制性定语从句中的用法基本一样。2021/8/11 星期三1八大关系词用法表八大关系词用法表who,whose,whom,that 先行词是人时：从句中缺少先行词是人时：从句中缺少主语用主语用who；从句中缺少宾；从句中缺少宾语用语用whom；从句中的主语；从句中的主语缺少定语用缺少定语用whose；that可可替换替换who和和whom，作从句，作从句的主语或宾语。的主语或宾语。The girl who/that became a nurse two years ago is my cousin.(who/that作定语从句的主语作定语从句的主语)Hawking is th
4、e disabled scientist whom/that we saw in Beijing last year.(whom/that作定语从句中作定语从句中saw的的宾语宾语)The boy whose mother is a famous singer is a little actor of 7.（whose作定语从句的主语作定语从句的主语mother的定的定语。）语。）which that 先行词是物时：从句中缺少先行词是物时：从句中缺少主语或宾语用主语或宾语用which；从句；从句中主语缺少定语用中主语缺少定语用whose；that可替换可替换which，作从句，作从句的主语或宾
5、语。的主语或宾语。The research which/that was carried on for years was stopped.(which/that作定语从句的主语作定语从句的主语)The topic which/that you were talking about is related to geography.(which/that作定语从句的宾语作定语从句的宾语)The two countries whose boundary is a river have been keeping a good relationship for fifty years.(whose作定
6、语从句的主语的定语作定语从句的主语的定语)2021/8/11 星期三2where先行词是地点时：从句中缺少先行词是地点时：从句中缺少主语或宾语用主语或宾语用which/that;不缺不缺少主语或宾语用少主语或宾语用where,where在从句中充当地点状语。在从句中充当地点状语。The company where I am working is a transnational company.(where在定语从句中作地点状语在定语从句中作地点状语)when先行词是时间时：从句中缺少先行词是时间时：从句中缺少主语或宾语用主语或宾语用which/that;不缺不缺少主语或宾语用少主语或宾语用wh
7、en,when在在从句中充当时间状语。从句中充当时间状语。The years which/that I spent in the countryside are unforgettable.(which/that作定从作定从spent的宾语的宾语)The months when we spent the holidays by the sea were pleasant.(when在定语从句中作时在定语从句中作时间状语间状语)2021/8/11 星期三3why先行先行词词是原因是原因时时：从句：从句中缺少主中缺少主语语或或宾语宾语用用which/that;不缺少主不缺少主语语或或宾语宾语用用w
8、hy,why充当充当原因状原因状语语。表原因的先。表原因的先行行词词有有reason,excuse,explanation等。等。I dont believe the reason which/that was obviously an excuse.(which/that作定作定语语从句的主从句的主语语)This is the excuse which/that she changed her mind for.(which/that作作定定语语从句介从句介词词for的的宾语宾语)There must be some reason why he made such an abnormal d
9、ecision.(定定语语从句不缺少主从句不缺少主语语和和宾语宾语)2021/8/11 星期三4 【考点一考点一】考查关系词的省略考查关系词的省略whom/which/that作定语从句的宾语时，可以省略。作定语从句的宾语时，可以省略。The person（whom/that）they are looking for is Mr Wilde.The topic（which/that）you were talking about is related to geography.【考点二考点二】考查非限制性定语从句考查非限制性定语从句1.引导非限定性定语从句时，只能用引导非限定性定语从句时，只能用
10、 which（不用（不用that）。除）。除which外，还可用外，还可用when，where，who（m）等关系代、副词引导非限定性定语从句。）等关系代、副词引导非限定性定语从句。Lisa is an amateur actress,who acted an important part in a film.This is a key senior high school,where I spent three years.Finally I decided to stay in Chong qing，where I finished my college study2.引导词引导词whic
11、h可以指前面整个句子的含义。可以指前面整个句子的含义。Lily stayed up late into the night,which made her mother anxious.3.在限定性定语从句中作宾语时，引导词可以省略，但引导非限定在限定性定语从句中作宾语时，引导词可以省略，但引导非限定2021/8/11 星期三5性定语从句的连词不能省。性定语从句的连词不能省。He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother，whom he loved as his own mother 4.置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用置于句首
12、时，非限制性定语从句只能用as引导，而置于句末时引导，而置于句末时as和和which都可以。但是都可以。但是当非限定性定语从句是否定意义时，只能用当非限定性定语从句是否定意义时，只能用which引导。引导。The elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.=As anybody can see,the elephant is like a snake.【即学即练即学即练】单项填空单项填空She heard the terrible noise,_ brought her heart into her mouth A.it B.which C.thi
13、s D.that 解析：选解析：选B。which指代前面的先行词指代前面的先行词 noise，引导非限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主语。，引导非限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主语。Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play，_，of course，made the others unhappy A.who B.which C.this D.what 2021/8/11 星期三6解析：选解析：选B。which指代前面的整个句子，引导非限制性定语从句。指代前面的整个句子，引导非限制性定语从句。_ is known to all，
14、China will be an and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.A.That；advancing B.This；advanced C.As；advanced D.It；advancing解析：选解析：选C。置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用。置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用as引导。引导。advanced先进的；先进的；advancing年事渐高的。年事渐高的。The weather turned out to be very good，_ was more than we could expect A.what B.which C.
15、that D.if 解析：选解析：选B。句中。句中more than的本意为的本意为“超过超过”，“超过了我们的预料超过了我们的预料”。which指代前面指代前面的整个句子。的整个句子。【考点三考点三】关系代词关系代词that或或which指物时，宜用指物时，宜用that而不用而不用which的情况的情况1.先行词为先行词为all,much,little,none,few,one,something,anything等不定代词时。等不定代词时。Is there anything(that)I can do for you,Mum?(that作宾语时可省略作宾语时可省略)I shall do a
16、ll(that)I can to help you.(that I can是定语从句是定语从句,修饰修饰2021/8/11 星期三7all；to help you是动词不定式作目的状语是动词不定式作目的状语)2.先行词被形容词最高级、序数词等修饰或被先行词被形容词最高级、序数词等修饰或被only,any,few,much,little,no,all,one of等等修饰时。修饰时。Much money that had been donated was sent to the disaster area.This is the most interesting book(that)I have
17、 ever read.You are the very kind of person(that)we have been looking for.3.先行词是人和物共用时只能用先行词是人和物共用时只能用that。He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.The old man and his dog that live near here are strolling in the park.4.当主句中含有疑问词当主句中含有疑问词which时。时。Which are the books t
18、hat you bought for me?5.先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.China is no longer the country that it used to be.6.当主句是当主句是there be句型时，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用句型时，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that指代物。指代物。2021/8/11 星期三8There is a seat in the corner that is still fr
19、ee.7.在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了which,另一个定语从另一个定语从句的关系代词用句的关系代词用that。Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.【考点四考点四】考查关系代词宜用考查关系代词宜用which而不用而不用that的情况的情况1.在非限制性定语从句中。在非限制性定语从句中。Bamboo is hollow,which makes it light.2.在关系词前有介词时。在
20、关系词前有介词时。This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.3.当先行词本身是当先行词本身是that时。时。The clock is that which can tell us the time.4.当关系词离从句较远时。当关系词离从句较远时。Here is the English grammar which,as I have told you,will help improve your English.5.在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that
21、,另一个宜用另一个宜用which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.2021/8/11 星期三9 【考点五考点五】考查关系代词考查关系代词who与与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词1.当主句是当主句是there be句型时，关系词用句型时，关系词用who指代人。指代人。Theres a gentleman who wants to see you.2.先行词为先行词为anyone,those,someone
22、,everyone,one等词时，关系词用等词时，关系词用who。The person I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.3.当主句是当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用作疑问词时，关系词用that。Who is that girl that is standing by the window?4.一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个宜用另一个宜用who以以避免重复。避免重复。The student that was p
23、raised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.【考点六考点六】考查介词提前考查介词提前1.whom/which作介词的宾语时，介词可提到作介词的宾语时，介词可提到whom/which之前，此时之前，此时whom/which不能省不能省略，也不能用略，也不能用that替换。替换。The lady to whom you spoke last Wednesday is Pauls wife.2021/8/11 星期三10I have a telescope with which
24、I can observe the stars in space.2.如果被提前的是一个介词短语，应把整个介词短语提前，不能拆开。如果被提前的是一如果被提前的是一个介词短语，应把整个介词短语提前，不能拆开。如果被提前的是一个动词短语，介词不能提前。个动词短语，介词不能提前。I bought a map according to which we can find the destination.The man they referred to just now is a promising person.=The man whom/that they referred to just now
25、is a promising person.Lei Feng，from whom we have once learned a lot，is now an example to the soldiers of West Point Military School（西点军校）（西点军校）of America.关系代词前的介词关系代词前的介词from，与从句的谓，与从句的谓语动词语动词learn构成习惯表达构成习惯表达learn from（向（向学习）学习）【即学即练即学即练】单项填空单项填空In the office I never seem to have time until after 5
26、：30 pm _，many people have gone home A.whose time B.that C.on which D.by which time 解析解析:选选D。by which time即即by“after 5：30”“到五点三十分以后到五点三十分以后”。介词的选择取决于这。介词的选择取决于这个介词与先行词或从句之间的关系。个介词与先行词或从句之间的关系。2021/8/11 星期三11 【考点七考点七】关系副词与关系代词的转换关系副词与关系代词的转换1.where=in/at+whichThe Bermuda Triangle(which/that)many ships
27、 disappeared in is a mysterious place.=The Bermuda Triangle in which/where many ships disappeared is a mysterious place.2.when=in/on/at/during+whichThe time(which/that)the football match begins at is eight oclock.=The time at which/when the football match begins is eight oclock.3.whose=of which/whom
28、+the+物物/人人=the+物物/人人+of which/whomof which/whom前还可以加形容词最高级、数词、不定代词等。前还可以加形容词最高级、数词、不定代词等。Tibet,whose scenery is rather unique,is a summer resort.=Tibet,of which the scenery/the scenery of which is rather unique,is a summer resort.2021/8/11 星期三12The tourists,of whom the eldest is 70/the eldest of who
29、m is 70,are from Singapore.I saw three films this month,two of which were very interesting.4.why=for whichThe reason(which/that)hes absent from the meeting for is not clear.=The reason for which/why hes absent from the meeting is not clear.【即学即练即学即练】单项填空单项填空After living in Paris for 50 years he retu
30、rned to the small town _ he grew up as a childA.which B.where C.that D.when 解析：选解析：选B。因为表地点的先行词。因为表地点的先行词the small town在从句中作状语；当表地点的先行词在从在从句中作状语；当表地点的先行词在从句中作主、宾、表语时，则要用句中作主、宾、表语时，则要用that或或which引导定语从句。引导定语从句。I shall never forget the years I lived in the countryside with the farmers，has a great effec
31、t on my life.A.that；which B.when；which C.which；that D.when；who2021/8/11 星期三13解析：选解析：选B。when在定语从句中作时间状语；在定语从句中作时间状语；which引导非限制性定语从句。引导非限制性定语从句。【考点八考点八】分裂式定语从句分裂式定语从句定语从句被一个词、短语等与先行词隔开时，叫分裂式定语从句。为避免头重脚轻，可把定语从句被一个词、短语等与先行词隔开时，叫分裂式定语从句。为避免头重脚轻，可把修饰主语的定语从句置于谓语之后。修饰主语的定语从句置于谓语之后。I bought a house with a ga
32、rden in front,where I can grow flowers.(定语从句被介词短语定语从句被介词短语in front与先行词隔开与先行词隔开)Do you remember the snowy night ten years ago when I got here?(定语从句被词组定语从句被词组ten years ago与先行词隔开与先行词隔开)【考点九考点九】than/but/as作关系代词的用法作关系代词的用法 1.先行词有比较级修饰时用先行词有比较级修饰时用than；先行词有否定词修饰时用；先行词有否定词修饰时用but，表示双重否定，此时的，表示双重否定，此时的but=w
33、ho/which/that.not.My mother always gives me more money than is needed.(than作定语从句主语作定语从句主语)This year,the farmers have harvested more grain than was expected.(than作定语从句主语作定语从句主语)There is not a student but wants to go to university.=There is not a student who/that doesnt want to go to2021/8/11 星期三14uni
34、versity.(but作定语从句主语作定语从句主语)2.先行词有下列词修饰时只能用先行词有下列词修饰时只能用as,如：如：as.as；so.as；such.as；the same+名名词词+as。You can buy as many books as you want in this bookstore.(as作作want的宾语的宾语)Such computers as are used in our office are made in South Korea.(as作定语从句作定语从句的主语的主语)This jewel is the same one as I showed you t
35、he other day.(as作作showed的直接宾语的直接宾语)This jewel is the same one that I showed you the other day.(that作作showed的直接宾的直接宾语）语）请注意请注意“the same+名词名词+as”与与“the same+名词名词+that”的区别。的区别。2021/8/11 星期三15 定语从句是高中阶段的重点语法项目之一。因此，有必要全面弄清其用法。定语从句定语从句是高中阶段的重点语法项目之一。因此，有必要全面弄清其用法。定语从句从句型上讲，它与六种句式相似，十分容易混淆。为了分清定语从句与这六种句型的
36、差异，从句型上讲，它与六种句式相似，十分容易混淆。为了分清定语从句与这六种句型的差异，现将其分类例析如下。现将其分类例析如下。【难点一难点一】定语从句与并列句定语从句与并列句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确Mr Li has three daughters，none of _ is an engineer Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _ is a dancer Mr Li has three daughters；_ are doctors解析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像解析：定
37、语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看:小题是定语从小题是定语从句，故填句，故填whom；小题有并列连词小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词，是并列句，故填代词 them；小题是两个并列小题是两个并列分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填none或或they。【难点二难点二】定语从句与地点状语从句定语从句与地点状语从句 2021/8/11 星期三16用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整
38、、正确。用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确。Rice doesnt grow well _ there is not enough water I still remember the farm _ my parents worked ten years ago解析：定语从句与地点状语从句的主要区别在于：定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地解析：定语从句与地点状语从句的主要区别在于：定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句的关系词根据需要可用点状语从句则没有；定语从句的关系词根据需要可用“介词介词which”来代替来代替where，而，而地点状语从句则通常只能由地点状语从
39、句则通常只能由 where引导。因此，从结构上看引导。因此，从结构上看:小题无表示地点的先行词，小题无表示地点的先行词，故为表示地点的状语从句，填故为表示地点的状语从句，填where；小题中小题中the farm是先行词，是定语从句，故填是先行词，是定语从句，故填where，此处的，此处的 where可用可用on which替换。替换。【难点三难点三】定语从句与强调句定语从句与强调句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确It is on the morning of May 1st _I met Liang Wei at the airport
40、It is the factory _ Mr Wang works 解析：定语从句与强调句的主要区别在于：强调句的结构为解析：定语从句与强调句的主要区别在于：强调句的结构为“It iswas被强调部分被强调部分that从句从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用可用who代替代替that。这一。这一2021/8/11 星期三17句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或或where代代 替替 that。从结构上看，。从结构上看，小
41、题是强调句，故填小题是强调句，故填 that。此种情况检测的标准是：先把。此种情况检测的标准是：先把强调句中的强调句中的It iswas.that去掉，再把被强调部分还原，在不增加或减少任何单去掉，再把被强调部分还原，在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下，如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。可将第词的情况下，如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。可将第小题改为：小题改为：I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport显然，这句话是正确显然，这句话是正确的，故为强调句。的，故为强调句。小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知小题则
42、是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前缺少前缺少个介词个介词in，故填，故填 where。【难点四难点四】定语从句与结果状语从句定语从句与结果状语从句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确I have the same computer _ you have She is such a kind and funny girl _ all of us like to make friends with her解析：定语从句与结果状语从句的主要区别在于（这里只讨论解析：定语从句与结果状语从句的主要区别在于（这里只讨论the same.
43、asthat和和such.as/that两种情况）：在这两种情况下，如果两种情况）：在这两种情况下，如果asthat既引导从句，同时又既引导从句，同时又在从句中充当一定的成分，则在从句中充当一定的成分，则asthat引导的是定语从句。在引导的是定语从句。在the sameasthat结构中，用结构中，用as指一样指一样2021/8/11 星期三18的，但不是同一个事物；用的，但不是同一个事物；用that指同一物品，故指同一物品，故小题填小题填as；如果；如果asthat在从句在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，则中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，则asthat引导的是结果状语从句，故引导的是结果状
44、语从句，故小题小题填填that。【难点五难点五】定语从句与单句定语从句与单句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确 The mother told the lazy boy to work，_ didnt help The mother told the lazy boy to work_ didnt help解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子
45、，不需要任何关联词。小题两个句小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词 which，前面整个句子作先行词；前面整个句子作先行词；小题则填小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。点符号的运用。2021/8/11 星期三191.As a child,Jack studied in a village school,_ is named after his grandfather.(2010全国全国I)A.which B.where C.what D
46、.that解析：选解析：选A。定语从句所修饰的先行词是。定语从句所修饰的先行词是school，它在定语从句中作主语，因此，它在定语从句中作主语，因此使用关系代词，选项中的关系代词只有使用关系代词，选项中的关系代词只有which和和that，由于是非限制性定语从句，由于是非限制性定语从句，不能使用不能使用that，因此选择，因此选择A。2.I refuse to accept the blame for something _ was someone elses fault.(2010全国全国)A.who B.that C.as D.what解析：选解析：选B。不定代词。不定代词somethin
47、g作主语，用作主语，用that引导。引导。3.Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _ life has developed gradually.（2010福建）福建）A.that B.where C.which D.whose解析：选解析：选B。先行词为。先行词为planet，表示地点，故用，表示地点，故用where。2021/8/11 星期三204.Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _
48、I met in the English speech contest last year.(2010湖南湖南)A.who B.where C.when D.Which解析：选解析：选A。先行词是前句中的。先行词是前句中的students，在定语从句中是，在定语从句中是met之后的宾语，之后的宾语，student指人，指人，又作了宾语，所以选又作了宾语，所以选who（也可以是（也可以是that 或者可以省略）。或者可以省略）。5.The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _ sh
49、e would stay for an hour.(2010江西江西)A.where B.who C.which D.what解析：选解析：选A。先行词为。先行词为centre,she would stay for an hour 不缺少宾语或主语不缺少宾语或主语,故要填状语故要填状语,表地点用表地点用where。6.Children who are not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.(2010北京北京)A.what B.whose C.which D.that解析：选解析：选B。第二个定语从句中的主语与先
50、行词。第二个定语从句中的主语与先行词children之间是所属关系，故选之间是所属关系，故选B。A项中项中的的what不能引导定语从句。不能引导定语从句。7.Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen.(2010山东山东)2021/8/11 星期三21A.that B.which C.whose D.what解析：选解析：选C。空格处引导定语从句并且在从句中作定语使用，所以使用。空格处引导定语从句并且在从句中作定语使用，所以使用whose。8.The old temple _ roof was damaged in storm