高考英语 定语从句课件.ppt

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1、全国通用全国通用2012届高考英语一轮语法专题复习：届高考英语一轮语法专题复习：定语从句定语从句2021/8/11 星期三1 定语从句的考查在高考中主要出现在单项填空部分。1.主要考查的知识点：(1)关系词的选用(2)关系词前加介词等的用法(3)定语从句的时态(4)非限制性定语从句的用法2021/8/11 星期三2复习重点：复习重点：(1)关系代词和关系副词的用法区别。(2)掌握只能用that引导定语从句的情形。(3)掌握介词加关系代词的用法。(4)掌握as和which引导非限制性定语从句的用法。2.如何应对定语从句的考查 解题时，首先要确定先行词，根据先行词在从句中所作的句子成分来判断该用关

2、系代词还是副词，并且确定具体用哪个关系词。如果从句中谓语动词为不及物动词，应考虑关系代词前该不该加介词。2021/8/11 星期三3 (2010)Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year.A.who B.where C.when D.which 思思路路点点拨拨：首先确定先行词，根据空格后的从句I met in the English speech contest last year缺少met的宾语，该宾语应当

3、为sb.，故可判断先行词不是从句最靠近的my school，而是被in my school所隔开的the students。故此，关系代词该用who/whom或者省略。四个选项中，只有A选项正确。2021/8/11 星期三41.定义：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。2021/8/11 星期三53.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that,as等；关系副词：where,when,why等。关系词常有三个作用：引导定语从句；

4、代替先行词；在定语从句中充当一个成分。如：Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read.分析：that I have read是定语从句；novel是先行词；that 是关系代词，代替先行词novel，在从句中作have read的宾语。2021/8/11 星期三6关系词关系词指代人或物指代人或物定语从句中充当的成分定语从句中充当的成分关关系系代代词词that人或物人或物主语、宾语、表语主语、宾语、表语which物或主句内容物或主句内容主语、宾语或定语主语、宾语或定语who人人主语或宾语主语或宾语whom人人宾语宾语wh

5、ose人或物人或物定语定语as人或物或主句内容人或物或主句内容主语或宾语主语或宾语关关系系副副词词when时间时间状语状语where地点地点状语状语why原因原因状语状语2021/8/11 星期三74.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，翻译成先行词的定语，“的”。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，通常翻译成主句的并列句。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。2021/8/11 星期三8 His brother who is no

6、w a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)His brother,who is now a lawyer,always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥，现在是律师，总是鼓励他上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)2021/8/11 星期三9熟熟 读读 深深 思思1.关系代词的使用定义关系代词的使用定义(1)She is the woman(whom/that/who)I wanted to see yesterday.(2)I,who am you

7、r close friend,will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.(3)Harry Potter is one of the bestsellers that are popular with teenagers.Harry Potter is the only one of the bestsellersthat makes the author a billionaire.2021/8/11 星期三10熟熟 读读 深深 思思(4)Great changes have taken place in China,as

8、 is known to all.(5)To own a TV set in each family,which we think was impossible 20 years ago,now has become true.(6)All that can be done has been done.(7)This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.(8)The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.(9)Can you remember the scientist a

9、nd his theory that we have learned?2021/8/11 星期三11熟熟 读读 深深 思思(10)Who is the man that is standing there?(11)They have set up a company,which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.(12)Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.(13)The tree,which is four hundred years ol

10、d,is very famous here.(14)We depend on the land from which we get our food.(15)Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person?2021/8/11 星期三12熟熟 读读 深深 思思(16)The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.(17)As we know,smoking is harmful to ones

11、 health.(18)This house is not such as I expect.(such为代词，作先行词；as在从句中作宾语)(19)As was pointed out,this kind of substance is poisonous.(20)This is the book(which/that)I am looking for.2021/8/11 星期三13熟熟 读读 深深 思思(21)He loved his parents deeply,both of whom are very kind to him.He loved his parents deeply,o

12、f whom both are very kind to him.(22)I dont have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.I dont have enough money with which I can buy such an expensive dress.(23)Mike was a student at the university from 1998 to 2004,during which time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the

13、 Students Union.2021/8/11 星期三14归归 纳纳 总总 结结规规则则1：关系代词若在限制性定语从句中作宾语并且前面无介词时，关系代词可省略，其他情况不可省，如：(1)。规则规则2：定语从句中的主谓一致问题(1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致，如：(2)。(2)one of 复数名词 关系代词 复数动词；而the only one of 复数名词 关系代词 单数动词，如：(3)。(3)非限制性定语从句中，由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，如：(4)。2021/8/11 星期三15归归 纳纳 总总

14、 结结(4)关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代，如：(5)。规规则则3：指物时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用that的情况：(1)当先行词为everything,anything,nothing,the one,none,all,much,few,any,little等不定代词时，如：(6)。(2)当先行词被the only,the very,all,much,few,any,little,no修饰时，如：(7)。(3)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，如：(8)。2021/8/11 星期三16归归 纳纳 总总 结结(4)先行词

15、既有人又有物时，如：(9)。(5)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时，为避免重复要用that，如：(10)。(6)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个则用that，如：(11)。(7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时，只用that，如：(12)。规规则则4：指物时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用 which的情况：(1)在引导非限制性定语从句时，如：(13)。(2)介词后，如：(14)。2021/8/11 星期三17归归 纳纳 总总 结结(3)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜用which。规规则则5：指人时，定语从句中的关系代词

16、只能用who的情况：(1)当先行词是anyone,those时，如：(15)。(2)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜用who。规规则则6：whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句中作定语，后跟名词。指物时，whose名词名词 of which of which 名词，如：(16)。2021/8/11 星期三18归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则7：关系代词as和which 在非限制性定语从句中，as和which可代替整个主句，相当于and this或and that。二者的区别主要在于：(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有时还可以插入句中，常带有“

17、正如，正像”的意思。而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后，翻译成“这”，如：(17)。(2)主句中出现the same,as,such,so修饰先行词，需选择as做关系代词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，如：(18)。2021/8/11 星期三19归归 纳纳 总总 结结【注意】当先行词由the same修饰时，有时也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的意思不同：that表示同一个，as表示同一类。(3)在以下结构中，一般也用as:as(it)appears,as(it)seems likely,as(it)often happens,as(it)was pointed out/

18、said/reported/announced,as(it)was said earlier,as I remember(it),as is wellknown,as is known to all,as anybody can see等，如：(19)。2021/8/11 星期三20归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则8：“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which。(1)某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关系代词之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短语动词中，由于动词和介词不可以分割，因此不能将介词置于关系代词之前，如take care of,

19、look for,look after,care for等，如：(20)。2021/8/11 星期三21归归 纳纳 总总 结结(2)“介词关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词，有时数词或代词也可以放在“介词关系代词”之后，如：(21)。(3)介词which/whomto do结构。这种结构可以改为：介词which/whom定语从句，如：(22)。(4)在非限制性定语从句中，which可作定语，指先行词(短语或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介词which 名词”结构，相当于and in/at/during this/t

20、hat名词，如：(23)。2021/8/11 星期三22熟熟 读读 深深 思思2.关系副词的使用关系副词的使用(1)I still remember the day when/on which I first came to the school.(2)The house where/in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.(3)I dont know the reason why/for which he looks unhappy today.(4)The way(in which/that)he answered the q

21、uestion was surprising.(5)China is the birth place of kites,from where kites spread to Japan,Korea,Thailand and India.2021/8/11 星期三23规规则则1：when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；when表示时间的介词(in/at/on/during)which，如：(1)。规规则则2：where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，where表示地点的介词(in/at/on/under)which，如：(2)。规规则则3：why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，why表示原因的介

22、词(for)which，如：(3)。规规则则4：以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略，如：(4)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结2021/8/11 星期三24【注意】The way(which/that)he explained to us was quite simple.(which/that在从句中充当宾语成分)规规则则5：有时为了表达更清楚，可以在关系副词where/when前加上介词to,from等，如：(5)。【注意】一些特殊的先行词如situation,point,case,activity，scene及period,festival,

23、occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语、宾语和表语时，用关系代词that/which；作状语时，用关系副词where/when或“介词which”。归归 纳纳 总总 结结2021/8/11 星期三25 There is one point(that/which)we must insist on.有一个观点我们必须坚持。(定语从句可还原为：we must insist on the point,所以先行词point在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which或省略。)Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit

24、 down together and talk.我们正努力做到能让双方坐下来对话。(定语从句可还原为：at a point both sides will sit down together and talk,故先行词point在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词用where/at which。)归归 纳纳 总总 结结2021/8/11 星期三26熟熟 读读 深深 思思3.关系代词关系代词/关系副词的选择关系副词的选择 用适当的连接词填空(1)I will remember the days that we spent together.(2)June 7 is the day when we be

25、gin to take the college entrance examination.(3)This is the place that we visited the day before yesterday.(4)This is the place where he worked for ten years.2021/8/11 星期三27归归 纳纳 总总 结结规规则则1：用还原法：将先行词放入定语从句中，找到它的原有位置，判断它作什么成分以及判断先行词指人还是指物。规规则则2：一般说来，作主语、宾语或表语时，用关系代词；作状语时，用关系副词或介词which；作定语时，用whose。202

26、1/8/11 星期三28熟熟 读读 深深 思思4.定语从句和其他句型之间的区别定语从句和其他句型之间的区别用适当的连接词填空(1)He is such a good boy that everyone likes him.(2)He is such a good boy as everyone likes.(3)He said nothing that made me angry.(4)He said nothing,which made me angry.(5)He said nothing,and that made me angry.(6)As is known to all,the m

27、oon travels around the earth.(7)News came that our class had won the game.2021/8/11 星期三29熟熟 读读 深深 思思(8)What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.(9)I dont know the reason how he has worked out the problem.(10)When you read the book,youd better make a mark in the place where you

28、have any questions.(11)When you read the book,youd better make a mark where you have any questions.(12)It was a small village(that/which)we know from my father.(13)It was in this small village that we got to know each other.2021/8/11 星期三30归归 纳纳 总总 结结规规则则1：区别suchas/soas引导的定语从句和such/sothat引导的结果状语从句 如果

29、从句缺少主语或宾语就是定语从句，连接词用as，如：(2)；如果从句的结构完整，就是结果状语从句，连接词用that，如：(1)。规则规则2：区别非限制性定语从句与并列句 定语从句与主句之间用关系词连接，如：(4)；并列句之间用并列连词，如：(5)。2021/8/11 星期三31归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则3：定语从句与名词性从句定语从句中，关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，如：(6)；而名词性从句中的连词that在从句中不作任何成分，如：(7)；疑问代词what及疑问副词how可连接名词性从句，但不能引导定语从句，如：(8)、(9)。2021/8/11 星期三32归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则4：定语从句与地点状语从句 关系副词引导定语从句时，其前面必须有时间、地点、原因等先行词，如：(10)；而疑问副词连接状语从句时，其前面没有，如：(11)。规则规则5：定语从句与强调句、状语从句 that在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语，如：(12)；而强调句型中不作任何成分，但不能省，如：(13)；在结果状语从句中that也只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分。2021/8/11 星期三332021/8/11 星期三34