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1、Model Verbs1.Modal auxiliaries:epistemic meaningModalauxiliariesarespecialauxiliaryverbsthatexpressthedegreeofcertaintyoftheactioninthesentence,ortheattitudeoropinionofthewriterconcerningtheaction.Somecommonmodalauxiliariesaremust,can,could,may,might,willandshould.EpistemicModality(认认知知情情态态)isconcer
2、nedwiththetheoreticalpossibilityofpropositionsbeingtrueornottrue(includinglikelihoodandcertainty).Examples:Musthaveto,ortobehighlylikely.Mustcanbeusedtoexpress100%certainty,alogicaldeductionorprohibitiondependingonthecontext.Itmustbehardtowork60hoursaweek.(probability)Canbeableto,tobeallowedto,orpos
3、sible.CanisaverycommonmodalverbinEnglish.Itsusedtoexpressability,permissionandpossibility.Itcanbedone.(permission/possibility)Couldbeableto,tobeallowedto,orpossible.Couldisusedwhentalkingaboutanabilityinthepastorforamorepolitewaytoaskpermission.Markcouldshowuptoworktoday.(possibility)Maybeallowedto,
4、itispossibleorprobableImayhavetocancelmyplansforSaturdaynight.(possibility/probability)Mightbeallowedto,possibleorprobable.Mightisusedwhendiscussingsomethingthathasaslightpossibilityofhappening,ortoaskforpermissioninamorepoliteway.Chrismightshowuptotheconcerttonight.(possibility/probability)Shouldas
5、kwhatisthecorrectthingtodo,orsuggestanactionorbeprobable.Shouldusuallyimpliesadvice,alogicaldeductionoraso-soobligation.Itshouldbeaveryquickdrivetothebeachtoday.(possibility)Wouldsuggestanaction,adviceorshowpossibilityinsomecircumstancesThatwouldbenice.(advice/possibility/action)Practice:Identify th
6、e meaning of the words in italics.Theliesweremostoftennotwhatmostofuswouldcallearth-shattering.Mightthat,too,bealie?Itwillconfoundyourenemiesandastoundyourfriends.WhencanIcomeforthephotos?Ineedthemtomorrowafternoon.Theycanbereadyby12:00.1)2)3)4)probabilitypossibilityprobabilitypossibilityMayIpickafl
7、owerinthegarden?No,youcant.Helen,willyoubeatthepartytonight?Yes,butIhavesomuchhomeworktodothatIreallyshouldnt.Awisemanmight sometimesmakeamistake.5)6)7)permissionpossibilitypossibilityorprobability2.The infinitive and the-ing participle as object TherearecertainwordsinEnglishthatareusuallyfollowedby
8、aninfinitiveorgerund.TheinfinitiveTheinfinitivemayfunctionasasubject,object,predicative,attributive,oradverbialinasentence.Althoughaninfinitiveiseasytolocatebecauseoftheto+verbform,decidingwhatfunctionithasinasentencecansometimesbeconfusing.Examples:Towaitseemedfoolishwhendecisiveactionwasrequired.(
9、subject)Everyonewantedtogo.(object)Hisambitionistofly.(predicative)Helackedthestrengthtoresist.(attributive)Wemuststudytolearn.(adverbial)UseExampleaftercertainexpressions(without“to”)Whynotgotothecinema?aftercertainverbs(without“to”)Icanswim.aftercertainverbs(with“to”)Hewantstoswim.aftercertainverb
10、swithinterrogatives(infinitiveconstructions)Theydontknowhowtoswim.aftercertainverbswithobjects(without“to”)Hemadeherswim.aftercertainverbswithobjects(with“to”)Theywantedhimtoswim.aftercertainadjectivesandtheircomparisons(with“to”)Itseasiertoswimdownstream.afternounsderivingfromtheverbsmentionedabove
11、(with“to”)Wemadeapromisetoswim.(derivedfromtheverb“topromise”)Certainwordsarefollowedbyaninfiniteverbwithorwithout“to”.The-ingparticipleThe-ingparticipleorthegerundisaverbthatfunctionsasanounreferringtoanaction,aprocessorastate.Wecanusegerundastheobjectofthesentence.Whenthegerundisanoun,itcanbetheob
12、jectbutitisstillaverbandcanhaveitsownobject.Ithasthisstructure:Subject+Verb+ObjectGerund+ObjectExamples:Lukelikesplayingvideogames.Ihatepackingsuitcases.Myfavouritethingtodoisreadinghorrorbooks.Helovestellingthestoryofhimwinningthemathcontesttohisfriends.Ienjoyworkingasavolunteerduringsummer.UseExam
13、pleaftercertainadjectivesHesafraidofgoingbyplane.aftercertainprepositionsBeforegoingtobedheturnedoffthelights.aftercertainverbsIenjoycooking.aftercertainverbswithprepositionsIamlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain.aftercertainnounsWehadproblemsfindingourwaybackhome.Certainwordsarefollowedbyaningform.UseEx
14、amplesamemeaningIstartedtoread./Istartedreading.samemeaningbutdifferentuseSheforbidsustotalk./Sheforbidstalking.differentmeaningHestoppedtosmoke./Hestoppedsmoking.infinitiveorpresentparticipleIsawhimgoupthestairs./Isawhimgoingupthestairs.WordsfollowedeitherbyinfinitiveoringformPractice:Complete the
15、sentences with the proper forms of the verbs given.Weintended_early.(leave)Ihaveapaper_beforeclass.(write)Philagreed_mearide.(give)Onlyafewpeopleadmitted_(lie)totheirparentsinthepreviousyear.Doyoufeellike_(go)toafilmorwouldyourather_(stay)athome?Itried_(pacify)himbutherefused_(pacify)andwenton_(grumble).1)2)3)4)5)6)toleavetowritehavingliedgoingtobepacifiedgrumblingtogivestaytopacify