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1、虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气单击此处编辑母版标题样式单击此处编辑母版文本样式第二级第三级第四级第五级英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、疑问语气和感叹语气五类。虚拟语气虚拟语气是说话者用来表示假设，或难以实现的情况，而非客观存在的事实，所陈述的是一个条件，不一定是事实，甚至完全与事实相反。此外如需表达主观愿望或某种强烈的感情时，也可用虚拟语气。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。真实条件句与非真实条件句的区别真实条件句与非真实条件句的区别If I have enough money,I will go to the z00 with you.如果我有足够的钱，我就和你一起去动物
2、园。(真实条件句，暗含“我得数一数钱是否够,如果够我就去”。)If I had enough money,I would go to the 200 with you.如果我有足够的钱，我会和你一起去动物园的。(非真实条件句，暗含“事实上我现在没有足够的钱，没法和你去”。)非非真真实实条条件件句句的的虚虚拟拟语语气气非真实条件句表示条件从句假设的动作客观上未发生，只是主观虚拟在这个动作发生的情况下主句动作的反馈。非真实条件句的虚拟语气可分为对现在的虚拟、对过去的虚拟和对将来的虚拟。对现在的虚拟对现在的虚拟对现在的虚拟表示与现在事实相反的情况，条件从句的谓语动词用过去式，主句谓语动词用“woul
3、d/should/could/might+动词原形”。If I were ten years younger,I would start all over again.If I had enough money,I would buy myself a computer first of all.对过去的虚拟对过去的虚拟对过去的虚拟表示与过去事实相反的情况，条件从句中谓语动词用had done,主句谓语动词用should/would/could/might have done。If we had had enough rain last year,we could have gained a
4、good harvest.If you had worked hard,you would have easily passed the final examination.对将来的虚拟对将来的虚拟对将来的虚拟表示与将来事实相反的情况，条件从句中谓语动词可用过去式、“should+动词原形”或“were to+动词原形”，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。If I saw/should see/were to see him tomorrow,I would invite him home.If it were/should be fine tomo
5、rrow,I would go on a trip.非非真真实实条条件件句句的的虚虚拟拟语语气气当非真实条件句中有当非真实条件句中有should、had或或were时，可以省略时，可以省略if,而把而把should、had或或were提至主语前，从句形成部分倒装结构。提至主语前，从句形成部分倒装结构。Had I worked hard,I would have surely succeeded.如果我当时努力学习的话,我一定 会成功的。Were she my daughter,I wouldnt allow her to study abroad.如果她是我的女儿，我就不让她出国学习了。Wer
6、e it not for.要不是要不是.,Had it not been for.,这两个句型几乎成这两个句型几乎成了固定句式。了固定句式。Were it not for your help,I would never be a good manager.要不是你的帮助，我永远也成不了一个好经理。Had it not been for you,I would have lost my way.当时要不是你，我就迷路了。非真实条件句省略非真实条件句省略if if的情况的情况非非真真实实条条件件句句的的虚虚拟拟语语气气混合虚拟语气混合虚拟语气有时非真实条件句谓语动词表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动
7、作发有时非真实条件句谓语动词表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间不一致，这叫错综虚拟语气或混合虚拟语气，此时主句与从生的时间不一致，这叫错综虚拟语气或混合虚拟语气，此时主句与从句谓语动词的形式根据各自发生的时间来确定。句谓语动词的形式根据各自发生的时间来确定。If I were you,I wouldnt have missed the concert last night.如果我是你，我就不会错过昨天晚上那场音乐会。(从句说明现在的情况，主句说明过去的情况)If you had told me the news yesterday,I wouldnt be so worried no
8、w.如果你昨天告诉我这个消息，我现在就不会这么担心了。(从句说明过去的情况，主句说明现在的情况)If you hesitated this moment,you might suffer in future.如果你现在犹豫不决,将来你会吃苦头的。(从句说明现在的情况，主句说明将来的情况)非非真真实实条条件件句句的的虚虚拟拟语语气气含蓄虚拟语气含蓄虚拟语气有时假设的条件不通过条件从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些介词有时假设的条件不通过条件从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些介词短语短语(without,but for 等等)、副词、副词(otherwise)、连词、连词(or、but、but that)或上
9、下文中。或上下文中。But for your advice,I would have failed.(=If you hadnt given me advice,I would have failed.)如果不是你的建议,我会失败的。Without your help,I wouldnt have succeeded anyway.(=If you hadnt helped me,I wouldnt have succeeded anyway.)没有你的帮助，我无论如何也不会成功。Im really busy,otherwise I would certainly go with you.我确
10、实太忙了,不然的话，我一定和你一起去。含有责备及批评语气的虚拟语气含有责备及批评语气的虚拟语气should/ought to/could/might t have+过去分词过去分词”表示表示“过去过去.而而事实事实.”的虚拟语气，是一种委婉的责备。的虚拟语气，是一种委婉的责备。You are late again.You could have come earlier.你又来晚了，你本能够早点儿来的。”Youve made a few mistakes.You should have been a little bit more careful.你犯了几个错误。你本应该更细心点的。I ough
11、t to have got a better price for the car but Im not a very good businessman.那辆汽车我本该讨个更合适的价格，只是我并不大会讨价还价。Is so near.We neednt have taken a taxi.这么近,我们本没有必要坐出租车的。其其他他从从句句中中的的虚虚拟拟语语气气主语从句中的虚拟语气主语从句中的虚拟语气以下两种句型中，主语从句常用虚拟语气，谓语动词用以下两种句型中，主语从句常用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形动词原形”。1.It is/was important/necessary/
12、essential/impossible/natural/unthinkable/strange/surprising that.,或或It is/was a rule/a shame/an honour/a surprise/no wonder that.It is very important that one(should)master the skills of computer.It is a rule that everyone(should)obey the laws.2.It is/was advised/suggested/requested/required/ordered
13、/proposed/decided that.It is advised that one(should)take plenty of boiled water.It is required that the students(should)learn a foreign language.其其他他从从句句中中的的虚虚拟拟语语气气宾语从句中的虚拟语气宾语从句中的虚拟语气1.在在wish后的宾语从句中后的宾语从句中,用用-般过去时表示与现在事实相反般过去时表示与现在事实相反;用用“could/would+动词原形动词原形”表示与将来事实相反表示与将来事实相反;用过去完成时表示用过去完成时表示与过
14、去事实相反与过去事实相反I wish I were ten years younger.I wish I could fly to the moon some day.I wish you had come to the lecture.2.在在would rather后的宾语从句中后的宾语从句中,用一般过去时表示与现在或将你跟着用一般过去时表示与现在或将你跟着我记来事实相反我记来事实相反;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反Id rather you came tomorrow than today.Id rather we had a rest now.Id rat
15、her you hadnt told me about it.其其他他从从句句中中的的虚虚拟拟语语气气宾语从句中的虚拟语气宾语从句中的虚拟语气3.表示表示“坚持要、建议、命令、要求坚持要、建议、命令、要求的动词的动词insist、demand,require、request,propose,suggest,command,order 等后面的宾语从句中，谓语动等后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词习惯上用词习惯上用“(should+)动词原形动词原形”The commander ordered that the bridge(should)be blown up.My father suggests t
16、hat I should)take enough sleep before the final examination.He insisted that I should)come to his office at one oclock.这类动词若表示这类动词若表示“建议、命令、要求、坚持要建议、命令、要求、坚持要”之外的意思时一般不用之外的意思时一般不用虚拟语气。虚拟语气。The smile on her face suggests that she agrees with me.她脸上的笑容表明她同意我的意见。(suggest 表示“暗示，表明”)The boy insisted that
17、 he hadnt broken the window.男孩坚持说他没有打碎窗户。(insist 表示“坚持说，坚决认为”)其其他他从从句句中中的的虚虚拟拟语语气气表语从句中的虚拟语气表语从句中的虚拟语气1.表示表示“决定、主张、要求、建议、命令决定、主张、要求、建议、命令”的名词后的表语从句中谓语动的名词后的表语从句中谓语动词常用词常用“(should+)动词原形动词原形My suggestion is that we(should)get started as soon as possible.我的建议就是我们应该尽快出发。My advice is that you(should)quit
18、 smoking.我的建议是你应该戒烟。常见的这类名词有:advice建议 demand要求 order命令 insistence坚持，主张requirement要求 request请求 proposal建议 suggestion建议 command 命令 decision决定其其他他从从句句中中的的虚虚拟拟语语气气表语从句中的虚拟语气表语从句中的虚拟语气2.as if/though引导的表语从句表示与事实相反的情况时也用虚拟语气。引导的表语从句表示与事实相反的情况时也用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反用一般过去时与现在事实相反用一般过去时;与过去事实相反用过去完成时与过去事实相反用过去完成时It s
19、eems as though it were spring already.看起来好像已经是春天了一样。(事实上不是)It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!仿佛世界末日即将来临!(事实上不是)pas if/though也可引导表示事实或很可能是事实的从句也可引导表示事实或很可能是事实的从句,此时从句不用此时从句不用虚拟语气虚拟语气。It seems as if he has no worries.他似乎没有烦恼。(表示没有烦恼接近事实)It seems as if he had no worries.他似乎没有烦恼。(表示仿佛没有烦恼，
20、其实有很多)其其他他从从句句中中的的虚虚拟拟语语气气同位语从句中的虚拟语气同位语从句中的虚拟语气表示表示“决定、主张、要求、建议、命令决定、主张、要求、建议、命令”等的名词后的同位等的名词后的同位语从句中谓语动词常用语从句中谓语动词常用“(should+)动词原形动词原形”。advice/demand/order/insistence/requirement/request/proposal/suggestion/command/decisionEnglish teachers give advice that we(should)make good use of every chance t
21、o speak English.英语老师们建议我们充分利用每个机会说英语。The order from the commander was that the troops(should)set off for the front immediately.指挥官命令部队立即出发去前线。其其他他从从句句中中的的虚虚拟拟语语气气定语从句中的虚拟语气定语从句中的虚拟语气虚拟语气可以用于定语从句中，这种用法常见于虚拟语气可以用于定语从句中，这种用法常见于“It is(high)time(that.”句型。句型。(that)后的从句中谓语动词一般用过去式后的从句中谓语动词一般用过去式或或“should+动
22、词原形动词原形”。Its time that I should go to pick up my daughter at school.我该去学校接我女儿了。Its high time we went to school.我们该去上学了。Its time that the children should go to bed.到了孩子们该睡觉的时间了。其其他他从从句句中中的的虚虚拟拟语语气气状语从句中的虚拟语气状语从句中的虚拟语气1.由由as if/though引导的方式状语从句有时也用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反用一引导的方式状语从句有时也用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反用一般过去时般过去时;与过去事实
23、相反用过去完成时与过去事实相反用过去完成时The injured man acted as if nothing had happened.那个受伤的男子行动起来仿佛什么事也没有一样。Everything in my childhood crowded upon my mind as if they had just happened.我童年的一切一下子都涌进了我的脑海，仿佛刚刚发生的一样。2.目的状语从句中有时也用虚拟语气目的状语从句中有时也用虚拟语气引导这类目的状语从句的短语有in order that、so that、for fear that.in case 等,从句中谓语动词的形式多
24、为“should/may/might/can/could/would+动词原形”。I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.我租了一条船,这样我就可以去钓鱼了。Bring some money in case you should use it.带些钱以防能用到。其其他他从从句句中中的的虚虚拟拟语语气气只保留从句的虚拟语气只保留从句的虚拟语气在口语中，虚拟语气经常省略主句而只保留从句。1.What if.?“要是要是.怎么办怎么办?”What if I should fail?万一失败,我怎么办呢?(完整的句子为What should I do if I should fail?)2.If only.“要是要是.就好了就好了”If only I were 20 years younger.我要是再年轻20岁该多好啊。(完整的句子为It would be better if only I were 20 years younger.)The EndThe EndThe EndThe End