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1、Basic Electrical Safety基本的电气安全基本的电气安全PRODUCTION TECHNICAL TRAINING TEAM生产技术培训组生产技术培训组2021/9/151General Opening CommentsGeneral Opening Comments前言前言前言前言Subpart S of the OSHA General Industry Standards contains the Subpart S of the OSHA General Industry Standards contains the OSHA rules that govern el
2、ectrical safety-related work practices.OSHA rules that govern electrical safety-related work practices.Within these standards,Within these standards,OSHA 29CFR 1910.331-.335OSHA 29CFR 1910.331-.335 are are requirements that relate to the training of requirements that relate to the training of “Quali
3、fiedQualified”and and “UnqualifiedUnqualified”persons in electrical safe work practices.persons in electrical safe work practices.职业安全与卫生条例职业安全与卫生条例职业安全与卫生条例职业安全与卫生条例OSHAOSHA一般工业标准的一般工业标准的一般工业标准的一般工业标准的S S部分包含部分包含部分包含部分包含OSHAOSHA的规的规的规的规定，这些规定指导和管理与电气安全相关的工作实践。在这些标准定，这些规定指导和管理与电气安全相关的工作实践。在这些标准定，这些规
4、定指导和管理与电气安全相关的工作实践。在这些标准定，这些规定指导和管理与电气安全相关的工作实践。在这些标准中，中，中，中，OSHAOSHA29CFR29CFR1910.3311910.331.335.335对培训电气安全工作中对培训电气安全工作中对培训电气安全工作中对培训电气安全工作中的的的的“合格合格合格合格”和和和和“不合格不合格不合格不合格”人员的培训提出了要求。人员的培训提出了要求。人员的培训提出了要求。人员的培训提出了要求。According to OSHA,“Qualified”persons for this facility are According to OSHA,“Qua
5、lified”persons for this facility are employees that function in the instrument and electrical crafts employees that function in the instrument and electrical crafts of the Maintenance Department.“Unqualified”persons,are those of the Maintenance Department.“Unqualified”persons,are those employees who
6、,in their routine work duties,may encounter a employees who,in their routine work duties,may encounter a relatively high risk of injury due to electrical hazards.relatively high risk of injury due to electrical hazards.按按按按OSHAOSHA的规定，工厂中的的规定，工厂中的的规定，工厂中的的规定，工厂中的“合格合格合格合格”人员是指维修部门从事仪表和人员是指维修部门从事仪表和人
7、员是指维修部门从事仪表和人员是指维修部门从事仪表和电气工艺的雇员，而电气工艺的雇员，而电气工艺的雇员，而电气工艺的雇员，而“不合格不合格不合格不合格”人员是指那些在履行他们的日常工人员是指那些在履行他们的日常工人员是指那些在履行他们的日常工人员是指那些在履行他们的日常工作职责时相对容易受电气危险伤害的雇员。作职责时相对容易受电气危险伤害的雇员。作职责时相对容易受电气危险伤害的雇员。作职责时相对容易受电气危险伤害的雇员。2021/9/152Site employees such as,Operations Dept.process unit personnel,Maintenance Site
8、employees such as,Operations Dept.process unit personnel,Maintenance Dept.mechanical crafts and other maintenance field personnel,laboratory Dept.mechanical crafts and other maintenance field personnel,laboratory technicians,and Warehouse field personnel would be considered by OSHA to be technicians
9、,and Warehouse field personnel would be considered by OSHA to be in the in the “UnqualifiedUnqualified”category.In addition,some Engineering and Technical job category.In addition,some Engineering and Technical job classifications by assignment or duties may also be considered in the classifications
10、 by assignment or duties may also be considered in the “UnqualifiedUnqualified”category for purposes of this training.category for purposes of this training.现场的雇员，如生产部工艺装置人员、维修部机械专业和其它方面的维现场的雇员，如生产部工艺装置人员、维修部机械专业和其它方面的维现场的雇员，如生产部工艺装置人员、维修部机械专业和其它方面的维现场的雇员，如生产部工艺装置人员、维修部机械专业和其它方面的维修人员、实验室技术人员和仓库方面的人员
11、，在修人员、实验室技术人员和仓库方面的人员，在修人员、实验室技术人员和仓库方面的人员，在修人员、实验室技术人员和仓库方面的人员，在OSHAOSHA看来是属于看来是属于看来是属于看来是属于“不不不不合格合格合格合格”人员一类。另外，为培训的目的，被分配或从事设计和技术工作人员一类。另外，为培训的目的，被分配或从事设计和技术工作人员一类。另外，为培训的目的，被分配或从事设计和技术工作人员一类。另外，为培训的目的，被分配或从事设计和技术工作的人员也可以划入的人员也可以划入的人员也可以划入的人员也可以划入“不合格不合格不合格不合格”人员一类。人员一类。人员一类。人员一类。This training m
12、odule has been prepared to address the OSHA 29CFR 1910.332 This training module has been prepared to address the OSHA 29CFR 1910.332 requirements for training of “Unqualified”employees in electrical hazards and requirements for training of “Unqualified”employees in electrical hazards and work practi
13、ces necessary for their safety.work practices necessary for their safety.这个培训模块的编写是为了达到这个培训模块的编写是为了达到这个培训模块的编写是为了达到这个培训模块的编写是为了达到OSHA 29CFR 1910.332 OSHA 29CFR 1910.332 的要求，的要求，的要求，的要求，培训在电气危险和工作实践方面培训在电气危险和工作实践方面培训在电气危险和工作实践方面培训在电气危险和工作实践方面“不合格不合格不合格不合格”的人员，以增强他们在安全的人员，以增强他们在安全的人员，以增强他们在安全的人员，以增强他们
14、在安全方面的能力。方面的能力。方面的能力。方面的能力。Topics include the effects of electrical shock on the human body,hazards Topics include the effects of electrical shock on the human body,hazards associated withassociated with electricity,local sources of electrical hazard,causes of electricity,local sources of electrical
15、 hazard,causes of electrical accidents,protective measures to prevent electrical injuries,and a electrical accidents,protective measures to prevent electrical injuries,and a review of local plant policies and procedures that address electrical safety.review of local plant policies and procedures tha
16、t address electrical safety.下面介绍的内容包括：触电对人体的影响，有关电的危险，装置内的电下面介绍的内容包括：触电对人体的影响，有关电的危险，装置内的电下面介绍的内容包括：触电对人体的影响，有关电的危险，装置内的电下面介绍的内容包括：触电对人体的影响，有关电的危险，装置内的电气危险源，电气事故发生的原因，防止电气伤害的措施，以及气危险源，电气事故发生的原因，防止电气伤害的措施，以及气危险源，电气事故发生的原因，防止电气伤害的措施，以及气危险源，电气事故发生的原因，防止电气伤害的措施，以及SECCOSECCO关关关关于电气安全方面的方针和程序。于电气安全方面的方针和程
17、序。于电气安全方面的方针和程序。于电气安全方面的方针和程序。2021/9/153INTRODUCTION引言引言It is well known that the human body will conduct electricity.The electrical It is well known that the human body will conduct electricity.The electrical current flows through the body and exits at the other contact point,usually current flows
18、through the body and exits at the other contact point,usually called the ground.called the ground.众所周知，人体是导电的。电流流经人体后进入大地，对人体造成伤害的触电众所周知，人体是导电的。电流流经人体后进入大地，对人体造成伤害的触电众所周知，人体是导电的。电流流经人体后进入大地，对人体造成伤害的触电众所周知，人体是导电的。电流流经人体后进入大地，对人体造成伤害的触电事故。事故。事故。事故。Each year many workers suffer some serious injuries,an
19、d/or death from Each year many workers suffer some serious injuries,and/or death from electric shock.It is estimated that there are more than 1000 electrical electric shock.It is estimated that there are more than 1000 electrical fatalities in general industry each year,and over 30,000 injuries.Some
20、 fatalities in general industry each year,and over 30,000 injuries.Some additional stats:additional stats:每年有许多工人因触电而受重伤或死亡。据估计，每年一般工业行业因触电死每年有许多工人因触电而受重伤或死亡。据估计，每年一般工业行业因触电死每年有许多工人因触电而受重伤或死亡。据估计，每年一般工业行业因触电死每年有许多工人因触电而受重伤或死亡。据估计，每年一般工业行业因触电死亡有亡有亡有亡有10001000多人，多人，多人，多人，3000030000多人受伤。另外还有一些统计数字：多人受伤
21、。另外还有一些统计数字：多人受伤。另外还有一些统计数字：多人受伤。另外还有一些统计数字：99%of the fatalities involved males.99%of the fatalities involved males.99%99%的死者是男性的死者是男性的死者是男性的死者是男性64%died prior to the age of 35.64%died prior to the age of 35.64%64%的亡者死前年龄不到的亡者死前年龄不到的亡者死前年龄不到的亡者死前年龄不到3535岁。岁。岁。岁。41%were on the job less than 1 year.41
22、%were on the job less than 1 year.41%41%的人参加工作还不到的人参加工作还不到的人参加工作还不到的人参加工作还不到1 1年。年。年。年。1 person is electrocuted in the home every 25 hrs.And 1 every 1 person is electrocuted in the home every 25 hrs.And 1 every day at work.day at work.人们在家里，平均人们在家里，平均人们在家里，平均人们在家里，平均2525小时有小时有小时有小时有1 1人触电死亡，而在工作时每天就
23、有人触电死亡，而在工作时每天就有人触电死亡，而在工作时每天就有人触电死亡，而在工作时每天就有1 1人触电死亡人触电死亡人触电死亡人触电死亡In fact,electrocution is considered to be the fifth leading cause of work related In fact,electrocution is considered to be the fifth leading cause of work related injury and deathinjury and death事实上，人们已经把触电死亡列为第事实上，人们已经把触电死亡列为第事实上
24、，人们已经把触电死亡列为第事实上，人们已经把触电死亡列为第5 5位因工作伤亡的原因。位因工作伤亡的原因。位因工作伤亡的原因。位因工作伤亡的原因。2021/9/154The Effects Of Electrical Shock触电的影响触电的影响The effects that electric shock will have on an individual will depend upon the type of The effects that electric shock will have on an individual will depend upon the type of c
25、ircuit,its voltage,resistance amperage,the pathway through the body,and the circuit,its voltage,resistance amperage,the pathway through the body,and the duration of the contact.Electric shock produced by alternating currents of power duration of the contact.Electric shock produced by alternating cur
26、rents of power line frequency (normally 50 Hertz)passing from hand to foot for one second can line frequency (normally 50 Hertz)passing from hand to foot for one second can produce the following effects:produce the following effects:触电对人体产生的影响要视电路的类型，电压，电阻大小，电流流经人体的路触电对人体产生的影响要视电路的类型，电压，电阻大小，电流流经人体的
27、路触电对人体产生的影响要视电路的类型，电压，电阻大小，电流流经人体的路触电对人体产生的影响要视电路的类型，电压，电阻大小，电流流经人体的路线以及接触持续的时间而定。由电源线（通常为线以及接触持续的时间而定。由电源线（通常为线以及接触持续的时间而定。由电源线（通常为线以及接触持续的时间而定。由电源线（通常为5050赫兹）的交流电从手流赫兹）的交流电从手流赫兹）的交流电从手流赫兹）的交流电从手流到脚到脚到脚到脚1 1秒钟的触电会产生以下的后果：秒钟的触电会产生以下的后果：秒钟的触电会产生以下的后果：秒钟的触电会产生以下的后果：1 1milliamp -milliamp -barely percep
28、tible barely perceptible2 21 1毫安刚能觉察到（手指麻刺）毫安刚能觉察到（手指麻刺）9-25 milliamps -9-25 milliamps -Interruption of muscular control.Interruption of muscular control.9 92525毫安对肌肉的自控中断（手迅速麻痹，呼吸困难）毫安对肌肉的自控中断（手迅速麻痹，呼吸困难）7575milliamps -milliamps -interruption of heart function interruption of heart function76767575
29、毫安心脏功能中断（心室开始颤动）毫安心脏功能中断（心室开始颤动）4 4amps -amps -Immediate cardiac arrest Immediate cardiac arrest5 54 4安培心搏立即停止安培心搏立即停止安培心搏立即停止安培心搏立即停止2021/9/155Nearly instantaneous fatalities can Nearly instantaneous fatalities can occur from occur from 20 milliamps or greater20 milliamps or greater.Even if the sho
30、cking current does Even if the shocking current does not pass through vital organs or not pass through vital organs or nerve centers,severe internal burns nerve centers,severe internal burns can occur,and in some cases can occur,and in some cases injuries such as these can be the injuries such as th
31、ese can be the cause of delayed fatalities.cause of delayed fatalities.在电流强度为在电流强度为在电流强度为在电流强度为2020毫安或以上时，就有可能会出现毫安或以上时，就有可能会出现瞬间死亡。即使瞬间死亡。即使瞬间死亡。即使瞬间死亡。即使触电的电流没有流经致命的器官或神经中枢，也会出现体内的严触电的电流没有流经致命的器官或神经中枢，也会出现体内的严触电的电流没有流经致命的器官或神经中枢，也会出现体内的严触电的电流没有流经致命的器官或神经中枢，也会出现体内的严重烧伤，在有时候，这样的烧伤会导致以后的死亡。重烧伤，在有时候，这
32、样的烧伤会导致以后的死亡。重烧伤，在有时候，这样的烧伤会导致以后的死亡。重烧伤，在有时候，这样的烧伤会导致以后的死亡。Burns suffered in electrical accidents are of great Burns suffered in electrical accidents are of great concern.These burns may be of three basic types:concern.These burns may be of three basic types:因电气事故引起的烧伤引起了人们的特别关注。这类烧伤有三种因电气事故引起的烧伤引起了
33、人们的特别关注。这类烧伤有三种因电气事故引起的烧伤引起了人们的特别关注。这类烧伤有三种因电气事故引起的烧伤引起了人们的特别关注。这类烧伤有三种基本的类型：基本的类型：基本的类型：基本的类型：w w w wElectrical burnsElectrical burns电烧伤电烧伤电烧伤电烧伤w w w wArc burnsArc burns电弧灼伤电弧灼伤电弧灼伤电弧灼伤w w w wThermal contact burnsThermal contact burns热烫伤热烫伤热烫伤热烫伤2021/9/156Electrical burns are the result of electri
34、c current Electrical burns are the result of electric current passing through body tissues and resulting damage is passing through body tissues and resulting damage is caused when the energy source heat is so high caused when the energy source heat is so high that the body cannot dissipate it and th
35、e tissue is that the body cannot dissipate it and the tissue is burned.burned.电烧伤是电流流经人体组织产生的结果，它造成对人体的伤害是电烧伤是电流流经人体组织产生的结果，它造成对人体的伤害是电烧伤是电流流经人体组织产生的结果，它造成对人体的伤害是电烧伤是电流流经人体组织产生的结果，它造成对人体的伤害是因为当电能相当高时，人的身体无法把热量散发，将人体组织灼因为当电能相当高时，人的身体无法把热量散发，将人体组织灼因为当电能相当高时，人的身体无法把热量散发，将人体组织灼因为当电能相当高时，人的身体无法把热量散发，将人体组
36、织灼伤。伤。伤。伤。Typically,such electrical burns are slow to heal.Typically,such electrical burns are slow to heal.特别是这类电烧伤治愈是很慢的。特别是这类电烧伤治愈是很慢的。特别是这类电烧伤治愈是很慢的。特别是这类电烧伤治愈是很慢的。Arc burns,on the other hand,are the result of Arc burns,on the other hand,are the result of high temperatures produced by electric a
37、rcs occuring high temperatures produced by electric arcs occuring close to the body.These burns are similar to the close to the body.These burns are similar to the burns and blisters produced by any high burns and blisters produced by any high temperature source.temperature source.另一方面，电弧灼伤是离人体很近的电弧
38、产生的高温造成的。这另一方面，电弧灼伤是离人体很近的电弧产生的高温造成的。这另一方面，电弧灼伤是离人体很近的电弧产生的高温造成的。这另一方面，电弧灼伤是离人体很近的电弧产生的高温造成的。这类烧伤与任何高温引起的烧伤和水泡相类似。类烧伤与任何高温引起的烧伤和水泡相类似。类烧伤与任何高温引起的烧伤和水泡相类似。类烧伤与任何高温引起的烧伤和水泡相类似。2021/9/157Finally,thermal contact burns are those normally Finally,thermal contact burns are those normally experienced from m
39、aking skin contact with hot experienced from making skin contact with hot surfaces of overheated electric conductors,conduits,surfaces of overheated electric conductors,conduits,or other energized equipment.or other energized equipment.最后，热烫伤通常是皮肤接触高温电导体、导管或其它带电设备最后，热烫伤通常是皮肤接触高温电导体、导管或其它带电设备最后，热烫伤通常
40、是皮肤接触高温电导体、导管或其它带电设备最后，热烫伤通常是皮肤接触高温电导体、导管或其它带电设备的热表面所引起的。的热表面所引起的。的热表面所引起的。的热表面所引起的。It is possible for a victim of electric shock to It is possible for a victim of electric shock to experience all three types of burns simultaneously.experience all three types of burns simultaneously.触电的人有可能同时受到这三种类型
41、的烧伤。触电的人有可能同时受到这三种类型的烧伤。触电的人有可能同时受到这三种类型的烧伤。触电的人有可能同时受到这三种类型的烧伤。Secondary injuries are frequently associated with Secondary injuries are frequently associated with electrical shock.These injuries are normally electrical shock.These injuries are normally associated with falls or collisions related to
42、 the associated with falls or collisions related to the electrical shock causing involuntary muscle reactions.electrical shock causing involuntary muscle reactions.Obviously,in the case of falls the result can also Obviously,in the case of falls the result can also be fatal.be fatal.触电还会经常引发二次伤害。这类伤
43、害通常与因触电，引起肌肉触电还会经常引发二次伤害。这类伤害通常与因触电，引起肌肉触电还会经常引发二次伤害。这类伤害通常与因触电，引起肌肉触电还会经常引发二次伤害。这类伤害通常与因触电，引起肌肉不自觉的反射而跌倒或碰撞。显然，如果跌倒的话，也会引起死不自觉的反射而跌倒或碰撞。显然，如果跌倒的话，也会引起死不自觉的反射而跌倒或碰撞。显然，如果跌倒的话，也会引起死不自觉的反射而跌倒或碰撞。显然，如果跌倒的话，也会引起死亡。亡。亡。亡。2021/9/158HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTRICITYHAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTRICITY有关电的
44、危险有关电的危险有关电的危险有关电的危险If an individual comes in contact with an ungrounded conductor while If an individual comes in contact with an ungrounded conductor while they are in contact with the ground,they become part of the they are in contact with the ground,they become part of the circuit and current wi
45、ll pass through their body.circuit and current will pass through their body.若人们在触地时去接触未接地的导体，由于他们自己已成为电路的一个组成部若人们在触地时去接触未接地的导体，由于他们自己已成为电路的一个组成部若人们在触地时去接触未接地的导体，由于他们自己已成为电路的一个组成部若人们在触地时去接触未接地的导体，由于他们自己已成为电路的一个组成部分，电流就会流经他们的身体。引起触电。分，电流就会流经他们的身体。引起触电。分，电流就会流经他们的身体。引起触电。分，电流就会流经他们的身体。引起触电。In addition
46、to the shock hazard,electricity poses other hazards to In addition to the shock hazard,electricity poses other hazards to personnel:personnel:除触电外，电对人体还有其它的危险：除触电外，电对人体还有其它的危险：除触电外，电对人体还有其它的危险：除触电外，电对人体还有其它的危险：w wArcing-Arcing-arcing occurs when electricity jumps from one point to arcing occurs when
47、 electricity jumps from one point to another after overcoming the insulating capacity of the surrounding another after overcoming the insulating capacity of the surrounding air.This condition can cause burn injuries,and/or start air.This condition can cause burn injuries,and/or start fires.fires.w w
48、电弧电在克服了周围空气的绝缘电容后从一点跳到另一点就产生了电弧。这电弧电在克服了周围空气的绝缘电容后从一点跳到另一点就产生了电弧。这电弧电在克服了周围空气的绝缘电容后从一点跳到另一点就产生了电弧。这电弧电在克服了周围空气的绝缘电容后从一点跳到另一点就产生了电弧。这种情况能引起烧伤，和种情况能引起烧伤，和种情况能引起烧伤，和种情况能引起烧伤，和/或引起火灾。或引起火灾。或引起火灾。或引起火灾。w wFragmentation-Fragmentation-extremely high energy arcs can extremely high energy arcs can damage equ
49、ipment damage equipment and cause flying metal and and cause flying metal and other material projectiles.other material projectiles.w w破碎能量极高的电弧能损坏设备，引起金属和其它材料四处飞射。破碎能量极高的电弧能损坏设备，引起金属和其它材料四处飞射。破碎能量极高的电弧能损坏设备，引起金属和其它材料四处飞射。破碎能量极高的电弧能损坏设备，引起金属和其它材料四处飞射。2021/9/159w wFlammable atmosphere explosions Flam
50、mable atmosphere explosions-sparking and sparking and arcing of electrical tools and equipment can arcing of electrical tools and equipment can provide the necessary ignition energy to provide the necessary ignition energy to cause cause fire and/or explosions in areas that fire and/or explosions in