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1、词汇与语法-第3讲(词汇-名词-代词-主谓一致)重点语法及答题技巧点拨重点语法及答题技巧点拨名词、代词名词、代词（第三讲第三讲）、）、冠词冠词、连词连词、数词特殊数词特殊用法用法主谓一致主谓一致-(-(真题回顾真题回顾)（第三讲第三讲）动词时态动词时态（第四讲第四讲）虚拟语气虚拟语气、倒装句倒装句（第五讲第五讲）、）、非谓语动词、强非谓语动词、强调句调句（第六讲第六讲）、从句从句、反义疑问句（、反义疑问句（第七讲第七讲）副词副词,介词介词(短语短语),动词短语动词短语比较级，最高级比较级，最高级对名词，代词的考察对名词，代词的考察主要包括：主要包括：不可数名词量的表示（不可数名词量的表示（P1
2、96P196）；）；名词所有格；名词所有格；反身代词，不定代词反身代词，不定代词主谓一致主谓一致主谓一致主谓一致（考察名词代词常与主谓一致相结合）（考察名词代词常与主谓一致相结合）（考察名词代词常与主谓一致相结合）（考察名词代词常与主谓一致相结合）uuMaryandLindasbookMaryandLindasbookMarysandLindasbooks.MarysandLindasbooks.uu人名人名+s=+s=某人的店铺，家庭，学校等地点。某人的店铺，家庭，学校等地点。IusuallybuysomemeatattheJohnsons.IusuallybuysomemeatattheJ
3、ohnsons.TheytookpartinthebirthdaypartyatToms.TheytookpartinthebirthdaypartyatToms.名词名词名词名词&代词代词代词代词uof所有格名词词组第二次出现时，用that/those代替。ThepopulationofNewYorkisgreaterthanthatofChicago.ItseemsthatthestudentsofUSAaremoreactivethanthoseofChina.用砖头建的房子比用木头建的结实。名词名词名词名词&代词代词代词代词练习练习1.Idontknow_standingoverthe
4、re.Idontknow_standingoverthere.A.thegirlsnameB.thenamesgirlthegirlsnameB.thenamesgirlC.thenameofthegirlD.thenamesofgirlthenameofthegirlD.thenamesofgirl2.Todayslibrariesdiffergreatfrom_.2.Todayslibrariesdiffergreatfrom_.A.thepastB.thoseofthepastthepastB.thoseofthepastC.thatarepastD.thosepastC.thatare
5、pastD.thosepast3.Thepoliceinvestigatethe_aboutthebank3.Thepoliceinvestigatethe_aboutthebankrobbery.robbery.A.stander-byB.standers-byA.stander-byB.standers-byC.stander-bysD.standers-bysC.stander-bysD.standers-bys 名词名词名词名词&代词代词代词代词真题回顾真题回顾1.IrespectOprahsopinion,butIwouldalsolikehertorespect_.A.myownB
6、.minesC.mineD.me2._isagreatpitythattherearesomedisagreementsintheschoolboardmeeting.A.ThatB.ThisC.ItD.There 名词名词名词名词&代词代词代词代词4.Thereare40teachersinthisschool,tenofwhomare_.A.manteachersB.menteacherB.C.manteacherD.menteachers 名词名词名词名词&代词代词代词代词3.WelikeourEnglishteacherbecausesheoftentells_funnystories
7、inclass.A.usB.ourC.weD.ours主谓一致主谓一致（考察名词代词常与主谓一致（考察名词代词常与主谓一致相结合）相结合）两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and连接，连接，谓语用复数谓语用复数Tom and Dick _(be)good friends.但若表示一个集合体时则用单数。A singer and dancer _(be)present at the party.The worker and writer _(be)talking to the students.arewasis2用 and 连接的两个名词若被 no,each,ever
8、y,many a 修饰，则谓语动词用单数。No bird and no beast _(be)seen in the bare island.Many a boy and many a girl _(have)made such a funny experiment.At Christmas each boy and each girl _(be)given a present.ishasis3.两个主语由not onlybut also,or,eitheror,neithernor等连接时，谓语动词与第二个主语保持一致Either he or I _(be)to go there._(be)
9、either you or he going to attend the meeting?amAre4.主语后有as well as,like,with,together with,but,except,besides,等，谓语应于前面主语保持一致A professor,together with some students,_(be)sent to help in the work.No one but the teachers _(be)allowed to use the room.wasis5一些集合名词做主语，如果看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果指其中的成员，谓语用复数如audie
10、nce,committee，class,crew,family,government,public等.但people,police等只能用复数My family _(be)a big family.My family _(be)listening to the radio.The police _(be)trying to catch the thief.isareare6表示时间、重量、长度等名词，尽管表示时间、重量、长度等名词，尽管是复数形式，但作为一个是复数形式，但作为一个整体看整体看，谓语，谓语还是用还是用单数单数。Five minutes _(be)enough.One dollar
11、 and seventy eight cents _(be)what she has.isis7.all 作为主语，代表人物时，一般用作复数；代表整个事件或情况时，一般看作单数。All that I want _(be)a good dictionary.All _(be)silent.人人都缄口无言。万籁俱寂。All _(be)out of danger.iswere/arewere/are8 形容词加定冠词形容词加定冠词 the 表示一类人表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。时，谓语动词用复数。What a life the poor _ (be)living!The young _(be)ha
12、ppy to give their seats to the old.wereare9who,which,that 作定语从句的主语时，其谓语取决于先行词先行词。lThose who want to go should sign your names here.lHe is one of the students who have passed the exam.l He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.10.以-ics结尾的学科名称通常作单数单数.physics(物理学)、mathematics(数学)、mech
13、anics(机械学)、politics(政治学)、statistics(统计学)、economics(经济学)等11.还有一些以-s接的单、复数同形的名词，如:headquarters(总部),means(方法、手段),series(系列),species(种类),works(工厂)等，随后动词的单、复数形式取决于这些名称是作单数，还是用作复数。A headquarters was set up to direct the operation(指挥作战).The only means to achieve success is to appeal to arms(诉诸武力).12.如果作主语的
14、名词词组由如果作主语的名词词组由“分数分数(或百分数或百分数)+of-词组词组”构成，其动词形式依构成，其动词形式依of-词组中名词组中名词类别而定。词类别而定。Over sixty percent of the city _(be)destroyed in the war.Thirty-five percent of the doctors _(be)women.waswere13.如果主语是all of.,some of.,none of.,half of.,most of.等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的动词形式依of-词组中的名词类别而定。例如：Most of the money _
15、 recovered by Deputy Player.Most of the members _ there.All of the cargo _ lost.All of the crew _ saved.waswerewaswere14.如果主语是由“a kind/sort/type of,this kind/sort/type of+名词”构成，动词用单数。This kind of man annoys me.但若在kind/sort/type之前的限定词是these/those,同时，of-词组中的名词又是复数，则动词用复数：These kinds of men annoy me.Th
16、ose types/sorts of machines are up to date(最新的，最近的，现代的).15.1)由who,why,how,whether等wh-词引导的名词性分句作主语，其后的动词通常用单数单数。Who will be chosen to the Beijing is not decided.2).两个由and连接的并列名词性分句作主语，如果主语表示两件事情，动词用复数主语表示两件事情，动词用复数。例如：What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.主谓一致
17、主谓一致-真题回顾真题回顾1.The educator and scholar from Shanghai.（2003年真题）年真题）A.come B.comes C.is coming D.are coming2.Many a _ realized that this doesnt make any sense.（2003年真题）年真题）A.persons has B.persons have C.person has D.person have3.What they said _ us much to think about.（2004年真题）年真题）A.have left B.has l
18、eft C.is left D.are left4.A doctor,along with a group of young nurses,_ going to demonstrate the heart operation process.（2005年真题）年真题）A.is B.are C.will D.shall5.Neither of the employees nor the boss5.Neither of the employees nor the boss _satisfied with the profits.satisfied with the profits.（200620
19、06年真题）年真题）年真题）年真题）A.wereA.wereB.was C.beB.was C.beD.beenD.been6.The computer,working very fast,_ data at 6.The computer,working very fast,_ data at the speed of light.the speed of light.（20072007年真题）年真题）年真题）年真题）A.handles B.handling handles B.handling C.Handled D.has handledC.Handled D.has handled7.I
20、n the fall the cattle 7.In the fall the cattle from the high country from the high country back down to the farm.back down to the farm.（20082008年真题）年真题）年真题）年真题）A.is driven B.are driven is driven B.are driven C.drives D.driveC.drives D.drive8.When and where to hold the meeting _ 8.When and where to h
21、old the meeting _ not decided yet.not decided yet.（20102010年真题）年真题）年真题）年真题）A.is B.are C.has D.haveis B.are C.has D.have9.After careful investigation we find that one of 9.After careful investigation we find that one of the statements _ to be untrue.the statements _ to be untrue.（20122012年年年年真题）真题）真题
22、）真题）A.is turned out B.have been turned outA.is turned out B.have been turned outC.has turned out D.have turned out C.has turned out D.have turned out 10.How close parents are to their children _ 10.How close parents are to their children _ a strong influence on the character of their a strong influe
23、nce on the character of their children.children.（20122012年真题）年真题）年真题）年真题）A.have B.has C.having D.hadA.have B.has C.having D.had1.the+adj.the unemployedthe unemployedthe poor/richthe poor/richthe questionedthe questionedthe struggledthe struggledthe disadvantagedthe disadvantagedthe injuredthe injure
24、dThe injuredThe injuredweretakentohospitalfortreatment.weretakentohospitalfortreatment.the oldthe oldthe youngthe youngThe disadvantaged,The disadvantaged,includingincludingthe disabled the disabled andand the elderly the elderly needmorecareandsupportfromthesociety.needmorecareandsupportfromthesoci
25、ety.冠词冠词冠词冠词2.零冠词的使用专有名词：TiananmenSquare节假日:NewYearsDay,Mayday,Christmas,AprilFoolsDay(中秋，端午例外)杂志：NewsWeek,Times,ReadersDigest一年四季:spring,summer,fall/autumn,winter 冠词冠词冠词冠词3.固定搭配及与冠词有关的表达固定搭配及与冠词有关的表达使用定冠词的表达使用定冠词的表达by the wayby the wayin the endin the endin the face ofin the face ofin the futurein
26、the futurein the world in the world 究竟，到底究竟，到底究竟，到底究竟，到底in the least in the least 丝毫，一点丝毫，一点丝毫，一点丝毫，一点I dont think you need to worry in the least.I dont think you need to worry in the least.我认为你一点都不用担心。我认为你一点都不用担心。我认为你一点都不用担心。我认为你一点都不用担心。on the averageon the averageon the contraryon the contraryon t
27、he one hand,on the other handon the one hand,on the other handon the spot on the spot 当场，在现场当场，在现场当场，在现场当场，在现场on the whole on the whole 总的来说总的来说总的来说总的来说 冠词冠词冠词冠词the day before yesterdayfor the time beingat the cost of 以。为代价以。为代价Moreandmorecountriesaredevelopingtheirindustriesatthecostofenvironment.t
28、o the extent of 到。程度到。程度tell the truth 冠词冠词冠词冠词使用不定冠词的表达使用不定冠词的表达asamatteroffact,asarule,haveachance,haveasamatteroffact,asarule,haveachance,haveagoodtime,agoodtime,haveasayhaveasay,haveatry,keepaneye,haveatry,keepaneyeon,onalargescale,inahurry,takeawalk,takeon,onalargescale,inahurry,takeawalk,takea
29、ninterestinaninterestin不使用冠词的表达不使用冠词的表达atnoon/night/dawn,infrontof,atbottom,inorder,atnoon/night/dawn,infrontof,atbottom,inorder,inpublic/private/danger/trouble/advance/sight/inpublic/private/danger/trouble/advance/sight/infashion,infact,athand,atlast,atpresent,dayinfashion,infact,athand,atlast,atpr
30、esent,dayandnight,ontopof,takepartin,takeplaceandnight,ontopof,takepartin,takeplace 冠词冠词冠词冠词真题回顾1.Themotheraskedtheboystoput_everythingin_orderbeforetheylefttheroom.(10)A.the,aB.an,theC./,aD./,/冠词冠词冠词冠词连词重点点拨一、连词属于一、连词属于虚词虚词之一，它不能在句子里独立地担之一，它不能在句子里独立地担任句子成分，而只能起任句子成分，而只能起连接作用连接作用连接词与连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句
31、子。词、短语与短语、句子与句子。例如：例如：WouldyoulikesometeaWouldyoulikesometeaor or coffee?coffee?（连接词与词）您是喝茶，还是喝咖啡（连接词与词）您是喝茶，还是喝咖啡？DowehaveourmeetinginthemorningDowehaveourmeetinginthemorningororintheafternoonintheafternoon?（连接短语与短语）（连接短语与短语）我们是上午开会，还是下午开会？我们是上午开会，还是下午开会？Doitcarefully,Doitcarefully,ororyoullmakesom
32、emistake.youllmakesomemistake.（连接句子与句子）认真地干，不然会出差错的。（连接句子与句子）认真地干，不然会出差错的。连词连词连词连词二、连词主要可分成两类：并列连词并列连词并列连词并列连词:用来连接平行对等（即互不从属）的词、词组、用来连接平行对等（即互不从属）的词、词组、用来连接平行对等（即互不从属）的词、词组、用来连接平行对等（即互不从属）的词、词组、或分句。按其表示的不同意思有下面几种或分句。按其表示的不同意思有下面几种或分句。按其表示的不同意思有下面几种或分句。按其表示的不同意思有下面几种：1 1）表示转折意思）表示转折意思but,yet,however
33、,neverthelessbut,yet,however,nevertheless2 2）表示因果关系）表示因果关系for,so,therefore,hencefor,so,therefore,hence3 3）表示并列关系）表示并列关系and,or,eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutand,or,eitheror,neithernor,notonlybut(also),bothand,aswellas(also),bothand,aswellas 连词连词连词连词从属连词从属连词从属连词从属连词:是用来是用来是用来是用来引起从句引起从句引起从句引起从句的，它在主句和
34、从句中间起连接作的，它在主句和从句中间起连接作的，它在主句和从句中间起连接作的，它在主句和从句中间起连接作用。具体地说，从属连词主要引起名词从句（主语用。具体地说，从属连词主要引起名词从句（主语用。具体地说，从属连词主要引起名词从句（主语用。具体地说，从属连词主要引起名词从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）和状语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）和状语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）和状语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）和状语从句，不会引起定语从句。从句，不会引起定语从句。从句，不会引起定语从句。从句，不会引起定语从句。1.1.引起名词从句的连词：引起名词从句的连词
35、：that,whether,ifthat,whether,if2.2.引起状语从句的连词：引起状语从句的连词：1 1）时间状语从句：）时间状语从句：when,whenever,as,while,before,after,until,till,when,whenever,as,while,before,after,until,till,since,eversince,once,assoonas,everytime,themoment,instantly,since,eversince,once,assoonas,everytime,themoment,instantly,directlydire
36、ctly2 2）地点状语从句：）地点状语从句：where,whereverwhere,wherever3 3）原因状语从句：）原因状语从句：as,because,since,seeing(that),considering(that),as,because,since,seeing(that),considering(that),nowthat,notthatbutthatnowthat,notthatbutthat4 4）目的状语从句：）目的状语从句：that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incasethat,sothat,inorderthat,
37、lest,forfearthat,incase 连词连词连词连词5 5）结果状语从句：）结果状语从句：that,sothat,suchthatthat,sothat,suchthat6 6）条件状语从句：）条件状语从句：if,unless,so/aslongas,soif,unless,so/aslongas,sofaras,faras,oncondition(that)oncondition(that),provided(that)provided(that)7 7）让步状语从句：）让步状语从句：though,although,nomatter,though,although,nomatte
38、r,evenif,eventhough,however,whateverevenif,eventhough,however,whatever8 8）比较状语从句：）比较状语从句：than,asthan,as9 9）方式状语从句：）方式状语从句：as,asif,asthoughas,asif,asthough 连词连词连词连词真题回顾1.Westoredupsomefoodandwater_thingsgotworse.(08)A.eventhoughB.whatifC.nowthatD.incase2.Weshouldlearnfromthislessonandconsiderthelong-
39、terminfluenceofdams_theshort-termbenefits.(08)A.ratherthanB.owingtoB.C.becauseofD.orelse 连词连词连词连词3.Herhairwasgoldenwhenshewasachild,butitwentdarker_shegrewup.(08)A.IfB.asC.sinceD.even4.Calltheuniversityoperator,_youwillfindthephonenumberofProfessorSmith.(08)A.SoB.andC.whenD.before 连词连词连词连词5._itsgood
40、performance,themachineistooexpensive.(09)A.BesidesB.ExceptforC.InspiteofD.Apartfrom6.Youmaywriteane-mailtomeorjustphoneme._willdo.(09)A.EachB.EitherC.NeitherD.None 连词连词连词连词7.-Doyoulikepopmusicorcountrymusic?-_.Ionlylikesports.(10)A.EachB.EitherC.NeitherD.Both8.Itwasalreadytenoclockintheevening_wearr
41、ivedatthehotel.(10)9.A.sinceB.whileC.thatD.when9._achangeofweather,pleasetakethecoatwithyou.(11)A.BecauseofB.InspiteofB.C.IncaseofD.Butfor写作中常用的过渡词写作中常用的过渡词写作中常用的过渡词写作中常用的过渡词可以分为以下几类：可以分为以下几类：（1 1）表并列关系的过渡词：）表并列关系的过渡词：and,alsoand,also，aswell,aswellasaswell,aswellas，or,too,notonlybutalso,or,too,noton
42、lybutalso,bothand,eitheror,neithernorbothand,eitheror,neithernor等。等。（2 2）表递进关系的过渡词：）表递进关系的过渡词：besides,inadditionbesides,inaddition（加之，除（加之，除之外）之外）,moreover(,moreover(此外，而此外，而且且),whatsmore),whatsmore，whatsworsewhatsworse等。等。（3 3）表转折对比的过渡词：）表转折对比的过渡词：but,however,yet,instead,ontheotherhand,onthecontrar
43、y,but,however,yet,instead,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,although,differentfrom,despite,inspiteof,whereas,unlike,although,differentfrom,despite,inspiteof,whereas,unlike,notonlybutalso,theformerthelatter,thefirstwhereasnotonlybutalso,theformerthelatter,thefirstwhereasthesecond,ontheonehandontheotherhan
44、d,thesecond,ontheonehandontheotherhand,someotherssomeothers等。等。（4 4）表原因的过渡词：）表原因的过渡词：because,becauseof,since,as,for,nowthat,because,becauseof,since,as,for,nowthat,thanksto,dueto,forthisreason,owingto,thanksto,dueto,forthisreason,owingto,consideringthat,seeingthatconsideringthat,seeingthat等。等。（5 5）表结
45、果的过渡词：）表结果的过渡词：so,thus,therefore,asaresult,sothat,then,so,thus,therefore,asaresult,sothat,then,hence,sothat,suchthat,hence,sothat,suchthat,accordinglyaccordingly等。等。（6 6）表条件的过渡词：）表条件的过渡词：if,unless,if,unless,onconditionthatonconditionthat,as/solongas,as/solongas等。等。（7 7）表时间的过渡词：）表时间的过渡词：when,while,af
46、ter,before,until,assoonas,later,when,while,after,before,until,assoonas,later,afterwards,soon,lately,recently,since,fromthenon,afterwards,soon,lately,recently,since,fromthenon,eventually,inthemeantime,then,suddenly,atthesameeventually,inthemeantime,then,suddenly,atthesametime,next,earlythismorning/ye
47、ar/century,afterawhile,time,next,earlythismorning/year/century,afterawhile,inafewdays,now,presently,finally,atlast,allofasudden,inafewdays,now,presently,finally,atlast,allofasudden,formnowon,atpresent,immediately,themomentformnowon,atpresent,immediately,themoment等。等。（8 8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词：）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词：f
48、irst,firstly,second,secondly,third,thirdly,aboveall,firstoffirst,firstly,second,secondly,third,thirdly,aboveall,firstofall,then,next,finally,intheend,atlast,afterwardsall,then,next,finally,intheend,atlast,afterwards（后来）（后来）,meanwhilemeanwhile（几乎同时）（几乎同时）,thereafter,thereafter（在那以后）（在那以后）,last,last,f
49、inally,eventuallyfinally,eventually（终于）等。（终于）等。（9 9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词：）表换一种方式表达的过渡词：inotherwords,thatistosay,toputitanotherwayinotherwords,thatistosay,toputitanotherway等。等。（1010）表进行举例说明的过渡词：）表进行举例说明的过渡词：forinstance,forexample,takeasanexample,namely,forinstance,forexample,takeasanexample,namely,suchas,lik
50、e,inotherwords,thatistosay,thatissuchas,like,inotherwords,thatistosay,thatis等。等。（1111）表陈述事实的过渡词：）表陈述事实的过渡词：infact,actually,asamatteroffact,totellyouthetruthinfact,actually,asamatteroffact,totellyouthetruth等。等。（1212）表强调的过渡词：）表强调的过渡词：certainly,indeed,aboveall,surely,mostimportant,infact,certainly,inde