专业英语题目.复习进程.ppt

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1、专业英语题目.普通圆底烧瓶普通圆底烧瓶(roundflask),磨口圆底烧瓶磨口圆底烧瓶(ground-inroundflask),蒸馏烧瓶蒸馏烧瓶(distillingflask),分液漏斗分液漏斗(separatingbasin),滴液漏斗滴液漏斗(droppingfunnel),冷凝管冷凝管(condenser),蒸馏头蒸馏头(distillationhead),塞子塞子(stopper),应接管应接管(distillationadapter),坩埚坩埚(crucible),蒸发皿蒸发皿(evaporatingbasin),研钵研钵(mortar),钥勺,钥勺(spatula),点滴板点

2、滴板(spotplate),水浴锅水浴锅(waterbath)三脚架三脚架(tripod)石棉网石棉网(asbestoscentergauze),铁架台铁架台(ringstand),铁圈铁圈(ring),铁夹铁夹(烧瓶夹,烧瓶夹,flaskclamp)坩埚钳坩埚钳(crucibletongs),碘量瓶碘量瓶(iodineflask),燃烧匙燃烧匙(combustionspoon),砂芯漏斗砂芯漏斗(glasssandfunnel),集气瓶集气瓶(gas-jar)分离式离心机分离式离心机(separatingcentrifuge)石蕊试纸石蕊试纸(litmuspaper)酚酞酚酞(phenolp

3、hthalein)reactantreagentreactionoxidant/reductantproduce/intermediateproductproductionsolventsolutionConcentrationperiodictable浓溶液浓溶液strongsolution/concentratedsolution稀溶液稀溶液weaksolution/dilutesolutionH2+Cl2-2HClhydrogen(agas)+chlorine(agas)yields2moleculesofhydrochloricacidCuO+H-Cu+H2Ocopperoxide+h

4、ydrogen(agas)yieldscopper+waterH2+S-H2Shydrogen(agas)+sulfuryieldshydrogensulfide describeachemicalreactionIntroduction1.DifferencebetweenPublicEnglishandSpecializedEnglish2.eg.:NaturalandSyntheticRubber日常英语日常英语科学英语科学英语Peoplegetnaturalrubberfromrubbertreesasawhite,milkyliquid,whichiscalledlatex(天然胶天

5、然胶乳乳).Naturalrubberisobtainedfromrubbertreesasawhite,milkyliquidknownaslatex.(续续)Theymixitwithacid,anddryit,andthentheysendittocountriesallovertheworld.Astherubberindustrygrew,peopleneededmoreandmorerubber.Theystartedrubberplantations(橡胶园橡胶园)incountrieswithhot,wetweatherconditions,butthesestillcould

6、notgiveenoughrawrubbertomeettheneedsofgrowingindustry.Thisistreatedwithacidanddriedbeforebeingdispatched(派送派送)tocountriesallovertheworld.Astherubberindustrydeveloped,moreandmorerubberwasrequired.Rubberplantationswereestablishedincountrieswithahot,humidclimate,butthesestillcouldnotsupplysufficientraw

7、rubbertosatisfytherequirementsofdevelopingindustry.(续续)Itwasnotsatisfactoryforindustrytodependonsupplies,whichcomefromsofarawayfromtheindustrialareas of Europe.It wasalways possible that wars orshipping trouble could stopsupplies.Formanyyearspeopletriedtomakesomethingtotakeitsplace,buttheycouldnotdo

8、it.Intheend,theyfoundawayofmakingartificial,man-maderubberwhichisinmanywaysbetterthanandinsomewaysnotasgoodasnaturalrubber.It was unsatisfactory forindustrytodependonsupplies coming from so faraway from the industrialareas of Europe.It wasalways possible that suppliescouldbestoppedbywarsorshippingtr

9、ouble.Formanyyears,attemptsweremadetoproduceasubstitute,buttheywereunsuccessful.Finally,amethodwasdiscoveredofproducingsyntheticrubberwhichisinmanywayssuperiorandinsomewaysinferiortonaturalrubber.(续续)They make artificial,man-maderubberinfactoriesbyacomplicatedchemicalprocess.It is usuallycheaperthan

10、naturalrubber.Today,theworldneedssomuchrubberthatweusebothnaturalandartificialrubberinlargeamounts.Synthetic rubber isproducedinfactoriesbya complicated chemicalprocess.It is usuallycheaperthannaturalrubber.Atpresent,theworldrequirementsforrubberaresogreatthatbothnaturalandsyntheticrubberareusedinqu

11、antities.*日常英语日常英语与与科学英语科学英语词汇与表达式比较词汇与表达式比较NaturalandSyntheticRubber日常英语日常英语科学英语科学英语getwhichiscalledmixitwithandthentheysenditgrewneededstartedwetweatherconditionsgiveenoughtomeettheneedsisobtainedknownastreatedwithbeforebeingdispatcheddevelopedrequiredestablishedhumidclimatesupplysufficienttosatis

12、fytherequirements(续续)notsatisfactorywhichcomepeopletriedtomakesomethingtotakeitsplacecouldnotdoitintheendfoundawayartificial,man-madebetternotasgoodastodaytheworldneedssomuchrubberamountsunsatisfactorycomingattemptsweremadetoproduceasubstitutewereunsuccessfulfinallyamethodwasdiscoveredsyntheticsuper

13、iorinferiortoatpresenttheworldrequirementsforrubberaresogreatquantities*日常英语与科学英语特点比较日常英语与科学英语特点比较 日常英语日常英语科学英语科学英语1.1.通俗化:常用词汇用得多通俗化:常用词汇用得多2.2.多多义义性性:一一词词多多义义,使使用用范围广范围广3.3.人人称称化化:人人称称丰丰富富,形形式式多样多样4.4.多多时时性性:描描述述生生活活,时时态态多样多样5.5.主主动动态态:句句子子倾倾向向于于用用主主动态动态6.6.简简单单性性:单单句句用用得得多多,散散句用得多句用得多7.7.口口语语化化:口

14、口语语用用得得多多,随随意灵活意灵活1.1.专业化:专业术语用得多专业化:专业术语用得多2.2.单单义义性性:词词义义相相对对单单一一,因专业而不同因专业而不同3.3.物物称称化化:多多用用物物称称,以以示示客观客观4.4.现现时时性性:叙叙述述事事实实多多用用现现在时在时5.5.被被动动态态:句句子子倾倾向向于于用用被被动态动态6.6.复复杂杂性性:复复杂杂单单句句用用得得多多,复合句用得多复合句用得多7.7.书书面面化化:长长句句用用得得多多,书书卷气浓卷气浓2.Contents:*ReadingSkills*TranslatingSkills*LiteratureSearching*Wr

15、itingSkills*写作技巧以写作技巧以文摘写作文摘写作及及日常试验纪录日常试验纪录为基本要求。为基本要求。化化学学方方程程式式ChemicalEquations1、反应名称:反应名称:combination结合,组合结合,组合decomposition分解分解腐烂腐烂displacement替代,取代替代,取代doubledecomposition复分解复分解redoxreaction氧化还原作用氧化还原作用nonredoxreaction非氧化还原作用非氧化还原作用disproportionationreaction歧化反应歧化反应neutralization中和中和hydrolysi

16、s水解水解exothermicreaction放热反应放热反应endothermicreaction吸热反应吸热反应reversiblereaction可逆反应可逆反应forwardreaction正反应正反应reversereaction逆反应逆反应spontaneousreaction自发反应自发反应nonspontaneousreaction2 2、反应条件、反应条件heat;burnignite/ignitionelectrolyze/electrolysisunder/atambient/roomtemperatureunderstandardpressurewith/inthepr

17、esenceofcatalyst3 3、读、读 法法3.1Nitrogenreactswithhydrogentoformammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.高温高温,高压高压1molnitrogenreactswith3molhydrogentoform2molammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.3.2Nitrogencombineswithhydrogentoformammoniaathightemperaturea

18、ndpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.Ammoniadecomposestonitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.3.3Reactionbetweennitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalystgivesammonia.Athightemperatureandpressure,reactionofnitrogenwithhydrogeninthepr

19、esenceofacatalysttakesplace.Zinctreatedwithhydrochloricacidformshydrogenandzincchloride23.4 CalciumcarbonatewhenheatedproducescalciumoxideandcarbondioxideCalciumcarbonateisheatedtoyieldcalciumoxideandcarbondioxideCalciumcarbonatedecomposestocalciumoxideandcarbondioxidewhenitisheatedScientific papers

20、,their publishing and presentationsIntroductionAnaturalistslifewouldbehappyoneifhehadonlytoobserveandnevertowrite(CharlesDarwin)Inscience,nomatterhowspectaculartheresultsare,theworkisnotcompleteduntiltheresultsarepublished.Thepurposeofthispresentationistohelpstudentstopreparethemanuscriptandtoshowal

21、lstepsfromtheroughmanuscripttopublishedpaper.ContentskindsofscientificwrittencommunicationscientificwritingingeneralIMRADformatpaperorganizationpaperwritingpapersubmissiontheeditingprocessproof-readingandpointerstoreadingFromanideabyhelpofrulestothepublishedpaperScientific written communicationRepor

22、tsThesisordissertationsJournalarticlesSlidepresentationsPostersBooksandbookchaptersTechnicalmanuals/usersguidesResearchorgrantproposalsScientific writing in generalSubjectPurposetoexchangethescientificknowledgetoaskandanswerspecificquestionsAudiencescientistsandthoseinterestedinthesubjectapublishero

23、raneditorIMRAD formatIntroductionMethodsResultsAndDiscussionWhatproblemwasstudied?Whatothersandyoudid?Howdoyoudidit?Whatyoufoundout?Whatyourfindingsmean?.andfutureplansRemember:writinghelpsyoutothinkandtolearn.Dontmisjudgeyouraudience.Theycantellyouwhenyouarebluffingandwhenyoudontbelievewhatareyousa

24、yingordoing.Writeclearandsimple,thescienceisnotanentertainment.Other types of journal papersState-of-the-artReviewBibliographyTechnicalnotesLettertotheeditorSteps in scientific journal writingWriterJournaleditorReadersCowritersRefereesPaper organizationIntroductioncallattentiontothespecificsubject,d

25、efinetheproblemprovidebackgroundandpresenttheresultsofotherstudies(literaturereview)listthestructureofyourresearchprojectandwhatyouplantopresentinyourpaperReadingascientificarticleisntthesameasreadingadetectivestory.Wewanttoknowfromthestartthatthebutlerdidit(Ratnoff,1981)Paper organizationMethodscom

26、pleteinformationofmaterialsandmethodsused,conditionspresent,actions,experimentaldesign,etc.thissectionusuallyhassubheadings;whenpossiblematchthosetobeusedinResultsenoughinformationmustbegivensothattheexperimentscouldbereproducedaskacolleagueifhe/shecanfollowthemethodologyPaper organizationResultsdis

27、playofdatawithlogicaldevelopmentshowinghowyourfindingssatisfyyourobjectiveswherepossiblegiveillustrativeexamplesandcomparethosewithknownresultsfromliteratureusetablesandfigures”thefoolcollectsfacts;thewisemanselectsthem”(J.W.Powell,1888)Paper organizationDiscussionthehardestsectiontowrite,youdiscuss

28、,youdonotrecapitulatetheResultsshowtherelationshipamongobservedfactsstateyourconclusionasclearlyaspossiblesummarizeyourevidenceforeachconclusionendwithashortsummary/conclusionregardingthesignificanceofyourworkSearching scientific literatureExploreideastoyoursubjectgapsinresearchonasubjectofintereste

29、xistenceofanyduplicationtoyourworkConductaspecificsearchmanuallyinthelibraryon-linesearchingKeepup-to-datewiththespecificsubject1Usesofabstract(文摘的用途)(文摘的用途)1)迅迅速速、准准确确地地表表达达文文章章的的内内容容;2)独独立立出出版版;3)论文的先行官。论文的先行官。*文摘美国国家标准(文摘美国国家标准(ANSI1971Z39.14)2Classesofabstract(文摘的类别)(文摘的类别)1)Indicatingabstract(指

30、指示示性性文文摘摘):介介绍绍文文章章的的主题及内容概要。主题及内容概要。(主观、引导性)(主观、引导性)2)Reportingabstract(报报导导性性文文摘摘):介介绍绍文文章章的的论点、创新性、定量数据及结论。论点、创新性、定量数据及结论。(客观、推介性)(客观、推介性)How to Write an Abstract(英语文摘的写作)(英语文摘的写作)3Methodofwritinganabstract(文摘的写作方法)(文摘的写作方法)1)指指示示性性文文摘摘:对对各各章章、各各节节标标题题、目目录录进进行行综述。综述。CommonWords:bedescribed,bestud

31、ied,bediscussed,becollected,besummarized,beillustrated,beshown,bepresented*强调过程强调过程3Methodofwritinganabstract(文摘的写作方法)(文摘的写作方法)2)报导性文摘:)报导性文摘:写出文章的研究意义;采用的写出文章的研究意义;采用的研究方法;提出的新观点、新理论;及主要的研究方法;提出的新观点、新理论;及主要的结果、结论。结果、结论。CommonWords:begiven,beobtained,bedevised(设计、发明、创造),(设计、发明、创造),bederived,bemeasur

32、ed,beestablished,beconsidered,bebasedon*强调结果强调结果3Methodofwritinganabstract(文摘的写作(文摘的写作方法)方法)*开开头头:Thispaperdealswith.;Inthispaper,.*总总结结:Since;Therefore;Thus;In aword;Wecanconcludethat.;Itcanbeconclude.*通常采用被动语态和一般现在时。通常采用被动语态和一般现在时。4Notes(注意事项)(注意事项)1)不不能能用用第第一一人人称称;(Do not use the firstperson)2)不必

33、列举例证;)不必列举例证;(Noexamples)3)不不要要超超出出原原文文内内容容;(Donotexceedthecontentoftheoriginalpaper)4)不不能能与与其其他他文文章章作作比比较较;(Donotcomparewithotherpaper)5)不要重复标题;)不要重复标题;(Donotrepeatthetitles)4Notes(注意事项)(注意事项)6)不能出现)不能出现“参见文献参见文献1,图图2,表表3,等等.”(No“SeeRef.(reference)1,Fig.(figure)2,Tab.(table)3,etc.”)7)不不能能评评价价文文章章的的

34、水水平平及及优优缺缺点点;(Do notevaluatethepaper)8)不要分段;)不要分段;(Nosegmenting)9)没没有有十十分分必必要要,不不得得出出现现图图、表表和和公公式式。(NoFigures,Tables,and Formula,unless its indeednecessary)*文摘长一般为论文长度的文摘长一般为论文长度的3-5%,或按阅者要求。,或按阅者要求。HowtoWriteanResearchPaper(科技论文的写作)(科技论文的写作)1ImportanceofResearchPaper(论文的重要性)(论文的重要性)1)科技工作者公开自己研究成果的

35、重要途径;)科技工作者公开自己研究成果的重要途径;2)促进科技人员间的相互了解与交流;)促进科技人员间的相互了解与交流;3)迅速、及时地反映最新的研究动态。)迅速、及时地反映最新的研究动态。2SelectaProperTopic(论文的选题)(论文的选题)*应避免:应避免:1)太长(英文勿超过两行);)太长(英文勿超过两行);2)无创新性;)无创新性;3)领域太宽;)领域太宽;4)使用常用词,如)使用常用词,如“研究研究”,“讨论讨论”,“探讨探讨”,“分析分析”,“规律规律”等;等;5)名词不规范。)名词不规范。HowtoWriteanResearchPaper(科技论文的写作)(科技论文的

36、写作)3ContentandStructure(内容和结构)(内容和结构)1)Introduction(引言、前言、导言):(引言、前言、导言):研研究究目目的的和和意意义义(Purpose&Significance):经济、军事、社会、理论等;经济、军事、社会、理论等;国内外研究现状(国内外研究现状(Background):宜详细;):宜详细;本本文文的的新新工工作作(NewWork):方方向向、解解决决的问题、成果等。的问题、成果等。2)Theory&Methods(理理论论及及方方法法):别别人人的的一一提提而而过过,自自己己的的详详写写。提提出出的的新新理理论论、新新方法要写清适用条件

37、。方法要写清适用条件。HowtoWriteanResearchPaper(科技论文的写作)(科技论文的写作)3)MethodofDesignandCalculation(设计方(设计方法和计算方法)法和计算方法):工艺流程、工艺条件及其依:工艺流程、工艺条件及其依据,原始数据及边界条件。据,原始数据及边界条件。4)MethodandConditionofExperiment(实验条件及实验方法)(实验条件及实验方法):照片、:照片、示意图。示意图。5)ResultsandDiscussion(数据结果与讨论)(数据结果与讨论):曲线、表格、照片(优点:曲线、表格、照片(优点:a.形象化;形象化

38、;b.对比;对比;c.反衬;反衬;d.一数多用)。一数多用)。HowtoWriteanResearchPaper(科技论文的写作)(科技论文的写作)6)Conclusion(结论)(结论):本文的主要成就;本文的主要成就;本文的创造性与先进性;本文的创造性与先进性;对论文的自我评价;对论文的自我评价;今后努力方向(不足之处)。今后努力方向(不足之处)。7)Acknowledge(致谢)(致谢)8)References(参参考考文文献献):越越全全越越好好、越越多多越越好好、年代越近越好年代越近越好(近十年近十年)。9)Appendix(附录)(附录):重要公式的详细推导;重要公式的详细推导;简

39、略词表;简略词表;计算机源程序等。计算机源程序等。HowtoWriteanResearchPaper(科技论文的写作)(科技论文的写作)Thesis与与Paper的区别:的区别:Paper只写创新之处,较深;只写创新之处,较深;Thesis要要有有系系统统性性,有有章章节节。在在突突出出创创造造性性的的同同时,有必要的理论阐述和公式推导。时,有必要的理论阐述和公式推导。Doctoralthesis,MastersthesisHowtoWriteanResearchPaper(科技论文的写作)(科技论文的写作)*Reference的列法:的列法:哈哈佛佛式式:格格式式-作作者者(年年份份)论论文

40、文名名,期期刊刊名名,页码,页码.例例:James.A.D.(1989)Synthesis of ABS,Macromolecules,235-238.两两 个个 作作 者者:James.A.D.and Klam.C.B.(1989)Synthesisof.三三个个作作者者:James.A.D.,Klam.C.B.,Hara.M.(1989)Synthesisof.三个以上:三个以上:James.A.D.,etal.(1989)Synthesisof.HowtoWriteanResearchPaper(科技论文的写作)(科技论文的写作)引引用用格格式式:.by Jamesmethod(Jame

41、s1989).或或:.byJamesmethod(JamesandKlam1989).或:或:.byJamesmethod(Jamesetal1989).HowtoWriteanResearchPaper(科技论文的写作)(科技论文的写作)(2)顺顺序序式式:格格式式-编编号号作作者者,论论文文名名,期期刊刊名名,卷卷号号,页页码码(年年份份).例例:1James.A.D.,SynthesisofABS,Macromolecules,21,2315(1989).引用格式:引用格式:.byJamesmethod1.或:或:.byJamesmethod1,2.或:或:.byJamesmethod1-5.Congratulations此课件下载可自行编辑修改,仅供参考!此课件下载可自行编辑修改,仅供参考!感谢您的支持,我们努力做得更好!谢谢感谢您的支持,我们努力做得更好!谢谢

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