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1、语法专题（一）语法专题（一）时态时态一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时现在进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时一般现在时一般现在时一、一般现在时：一、一般现在时：概念概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。在的某种状况。时间状语：时间状语：always,usually,often,sometimes,every week always,usually,often,sometimes,every week(day,year,month(day,year,month),o
2、nce a week,on Sundays,),once a week,on Sundays,etc.etc.基本结构基本结构：bebe动词；动词；行为动词行为动词否定形式否定形式：am/is/are+not;am/is/are+not;此时态的谓此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,dont,如如主语为第三人称单数，则用主语为第三人称单数，则用doesntdoesnt，同时，同时还原行为动词。还原行为动词。一般疑问句一般疑问句：把把bebe动词放于句首；动词放于句首；用用助动词助动词dodo提问，如主语为第三人称单数，提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用
3、则用doesdoes，同时，还原行为动词。，同时，还原行为动词。什么情况下用什么情况下用？表示经常或习惯性的动作或存表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。在的状态。表示主语通常的能表示主语通常的能力、兴趣爱好、和性格特征。力、兴趣爱好、和性格特征。表示客观的事实或真理。表示客观的事实或真理。表示表示按照时刻表或已经计划安排好的按照时刻表或已经计划安排好的将来行为。将来行为。（只限于是（只限于是go,come,go,come,leave,arrive,begin,start,take off,leave,arrive,begin,start,take off,stop,bestop,be等表示开始
4、或移动意义的等表示开始或移动意义的词。）词。）在时间状语从句和条件在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时状语从句中，主句用一般将来时(will+(will+动词原形动词原形)，从句中用一般，从句中用一般现在时表将来。现在时表将来。（主将从现）（主将从现）当主语是第三人称当主语是第三人称时，谓语动词要用时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式，第三人称单数形式，加加-s/es-s/es。除此之外。除此之外都用动词原形。都用动词原形。动词第三人称单数动词第三人称单数形式变化规则形式变化规则 规则例子一般在词尾加-s，(清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音后读/z/；在t后读/ts/,在d后读/dz/。)P
5、layplays leaveleavesswimswims以字母s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的词加-es，读/iz/,如果动词原形词尾已有e,则只加-s。pass passes fixfixesteachteaches wishwishesdodoes以辅音字母加y结尾的词，先变y为i,再加-es,读/z/studystudies carrycarriesflyflies1.1.He_(be,am,is,are)a teacher at No.2 He_(be,am,is,are)a teacher at No.2 Middle School.Middle School.2.2.He_(have
6、,has)classes in the He_(have,has)classes in the afternoon.afternoon.3.3.He_(get,gets)up at half past six every He_(get,gets)up at half past six every morning.morning.4.4.He always _(come,comes)to school He always _(come,comes)to school on time.on time.5.5.He _(study,studies)very hard at his He _(stu
7、dy,studies)very hard at his lesson.lesson.6.6.One and two _(be,is,are)three.One and two _(be,is,are)three.7.7.Blue and yellow _(make,makes)green.Blue and yellow _(make,makes)green.8.8.The earth _(move,moves)round the The earth _(move,moves)round the sun.sun.9.9.I will go there if I _(be,will be,am,i
8、s,I will go there if I _(be,will be,am,is,are)free tomorrow.are)free tomorrow.10.10.I will go there when I _(have,I will go there when I _(have,will have,has)time tomorrow.will have,has)time tomorrow.11.11.He wonHe wont come to the party unless t come to the party unless he _(be,will be,am,is,are)in
9、vited.he _(be,will be,am,is,are)invited.12.12.I Ill wait here until my mother ll wait here until my mother _(come,comes,will come)back._(come,comes,will come)back.13.13.Please return the book to the library Please return the book to the library as soon as you _(finish,finishes,as soon as you _(finis
10、h,finishes,will finish)reading it.will finish)reading it.14.14.Once you _(see,sees,will see)Once you _(see,sees,will see)him,you will never forget him.him,you will never forget him.一般过去时一般过去时概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。行为。时间状语：时间状语：ago,yesterday,the day before
11、ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week(year,night,monthyesterday,last week(year,night,month),),in 1989,just now,at the age of 5,one day,in 1989,just now,at the age of 5,one day,long long ago,once upon a time,etc.long long ago,once upon a time,etc.基本结构：基本结构：bebe动词；动词；行为动词行为动词否定形式：否定形式：was/w
12、ere+not;was/were+not;在行为在行为动词前加动词前加didntdidnt，同时还原行为动词。，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：一般疑问句：waswas或或werewere放于句首；放于句首；用助动词用助动词dodo的过去式的过去式did did 提问，同时提问，同时还原行为动词。还原行为动词。谓语动词使用过去式形式，谓语动词使用过去式形式，加加eded，分为规则和不规则变，分为规则和不规则变化。表示过去经常发生的动化。表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用作，也可用“used to do used to do”和和“would+would+动词原形动词原形”。构成规则构成规则例子例子一
13、般在动词原形末尾加-ed，(在清辅音后读/t/；在浊辅音和元音后读/d/；在/t/,/d/后读/id/。looklooked playplayedworkworked结尾是e的动词在末尾加-dlikeliked livelivedhopehoped末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-edplanplanned stopstoppeddropdropped结尾是“辅音字母y”的动词，先变“y”为“i”再加-edstudystudied worryworriedcrycried1.1.He_(be,was,were,been)here a He_(be,was,were,b
14、een)here a moment ago.moment ago.2.2.They _(be,was,were,been)here They _(be,was,were,been)here just now.just now.3.3.The scientists _(leave,leaves,The scientists _(leave,leaves,leaved,left)for America yesterday.leaved,left)for America yesterday.4.4.Last week we _(visit,visited)Last week we _(visit,v
15、isited)the Science Museum.the Science Museum.5.5.When I was a child,I often _(play,When I was a child,I often _(play,played)football.played)football.6.6.The students ran out of the classroom The students ran out of the classroom as soon as the bell _(ring,rang,as soon as the bell _(ring,rang,rung).r
16、ung).现在进行时现在进行时作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。发生时间的各种形式称为时态。1.1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。进行的动作及行为。2.2.时间状语：时间状语：Now,at this time,days,Now,at this time,days,look.listenlook.listen等时间状语做标志。等时间状语做标志。3.3.基本结构：主语基本结构：主语+be+doing+be+doing+其他其他4.4.否定形式：主语否定形式：主语+be+not+doing+be+n
17、ot+doing+其他其他5.5.一般疑问句：把一般疑问句：把bebe动词放于句首。动词放于句首。6.6.用法：现在进行时表示用法：现在进行时表示1)1)、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调发生的动作，强调“此时此刻此时此刻”。E.g.He is reading.E.g.He is reading.They are talking now.They are talking now.2)2)、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。正在进行的动作。E.g.They are working these days.E.g.Th
18、ey are working these days.3)3)、某些动词的现在进行时，表预定某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的计划或即将发生的动作。的计划或即将发生的动作。E.g I am coming.E.g I am coming.现在分词的变法有现在分词的变法有1)1)、一般在动词词尾加上、一般在动词词尾加上-ing,E.g.-ing,E.g.jumpjump2)2)、以不发音字母、以不发音字母e e结尾的动词，先结尾的动词，先去去e e，再加，再加-ing.E.g have write-ing.E.g have write3)3)、.以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母
19、结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加上写，再加上-ing.E.g.sit put -ing.E.g.sit put 其句式其句式变换都在变换都在bebe上做文章。上做文章。1.I _(write,am writing,is writing,are 1.I _(write,am writing,is writing,are writing)a letter now.writing)a letter now.2.Look,it _(begin,is beginning,am 2.Look,it _(begin,i
20、s beginning,am beginning,are beginning)to rain.beginning,are beginning)to rain.3.They _(study,is studying,am 3.They _(study,is studying,am studying,are studying)medicine at the studying,are studying)medicine at the Medical Institute of Chengde these days.Medical Institute of Chengde these days.4.He
21、_(teach,am teaching,is 4.He _(teach,am teaching,is teaching,are teaching)an English lesson teaching,are teaching)an English lesson at this time.at this time.过去进行时过去进行时1.1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。2.2.时间状语：时间状语：at this time yesterday,at at this time yesterday,at tha
22、t timethat time或以或以whenwhen引导的谓语动词是引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。一般过去时的时间状语等。3.3.基本结构基本结构 主语主语+was/were+doing+was/were+doing+其他其他 4.4.否定形式：主语否定形式：主语+was/were+not+was/were+not+doing+doing+其他其他 5.5.一般疑问句：把一般疑问句：把waswas或或werewere放于句放于句首。首。(第一个字母大写）第一个字母大写）其句式变化仍然要在其句式变化仍然要在bebe上做文章。上做文章。过去进行时常与过去某一特定时过去进行时常与过去某一
23、特定时间的状语连用，如间的状语连用，如 last night,at last night,at that time,at noon yesterday,last that time,at noon yesterday,last Sunday Sunday 等。等。也有时没有时间状也有时没有时间状语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定用过去进行时。用过去进行时。1.I _(cook,cooked,was 1.I _(cook,cooked,was cooking,were cooking)breakfast cooking,were cooking)breakfast when
24、 you arrived.when you arrived.2.What _you_(do,did,2.What _you_(do,did,was.doing,werewas.doing,weredoing)at this doing)at this time yesterday evening?time yesterday evening?3.We_(have,are having,had,3.We_(have,are having,had,were having)dinner when the were having)dinner when the doorbell rang.doorbe
25、ll rang.4.While/When/As we_(have,4.While/When/As we_(have,had,are having,were having)had,are having,were having)dinner,the doorbell rang.dinner,the doorbell rang.一般将来时一般将来时构成构成:will,shall+will,shall+动词原形，其中动词原形，其中shallshall只用于第一人称。只用于第一人称。be going to+be going to+动动词原形，表示主观打算，按计划，安词原形，表示主观打算，按计划，安排要发
26、生的事情。排要发生的事情。be to+be to+动词原形，动词原形，表示客观安排表示客观安排 be about to+be about to+不定式，不定式，意为马上要做某事，正要做某事。意为马上要做某事，正要做某事。某些动词，可用进行时态表将来，如某些动词，可用进行时态表将来，如come,go,arrive,leavecome,go,arrive,leave。在时间状语在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时将来时(will+(will+动词原形动词原形)，从句中用一，从句中用一般现在时表将来。般现在时表将来。一般现在时可表一般现在时可表示按时间表发
27、生的将来的动作示按时间表发生的将来的动作(限限start,start,begin,arrive,end,close,leave-begin,arrive,end,close,leave-等表示等表示开始或移动意义的词开始或移动意义的词)时间状语：时间状语：Tomorrow,next Tomorrow,next day(week,month,yearday(week,month,year),soon,),soon,in a few minutes,byin a few minutes,by,the day,the day after tomorrow,etc.after tomorrow,etc
28、.否定形式否定形式：主语：主语+am/is/are not going to+am/is/are not going to do do；主语；主语+will/shall not do+will/shall not do+其他其他 一般疑问句一般疑问句：bebe放于句首；放于句首；will/shallwill/shall提提到句首。到句首。e.g.She will be back in three days.e.g.She will be back in three days.She will not be back in three days.She will not be back in t
29、hree days.Will She be back in three days?Will She be back in three days?They are going to clean their classroom.They are going to clean their classroom.They are not going to clean their classroom.They are not going to clean their classroom.Are they going to clean their classroom?Are they going to cl
30、ean their classroom?1 _you _a doctor when you grow up?1 _you _a doctor when you grow up?A Will;going to be B Are;going to be A Will;going to be B Are;going to be C Are;/D Will;beC Are;/D Will;be2 I don2 I dont know if his uncle _.I think he t know if his uncle _.I think he _ if it doesn_ if it doesn
31、t rain.t rain.A will come;comes B will come;will come A will come;comes B will come;will come C comes;comes D comes;will comeC comes;comes D comes;will come3 He will be back _a few minutes.3 He will be back _a few minutes.A with B for C on D inA with B for C on D in4 What time _we meet at the gate 4
32、 What time _we meet at the gate tomorrow?A will B shall C do D aretomorrow?A will B shall C do D are5 He will have a holiday as soon as he _the 5 He will have a holiday as soon as he _the work next week.work next week.A finishes B doesnA finishes B doesnt finish t finish C will finish D wonC will fi
33、nish D wont finisht finish6 There _some showers this afternoon.6 There _some showers this afternoon.A will be B will have A will be B will have C is going to be D are going to have C is going to be D are going to have 7 It _my brother7 It _my brothers birthday tomorrow.s birthday tomorrow.She _a par
34、ty.She _a party.A is going to be;will have B will be;is having A is going to be;will have B will be;is having C will be;is going to have D will have;is going C will be;is going to have D will have;is going to beto be8 Li Ming is 10 years old now,next year he 8 Li Ming is 10 years old now,next year h
35、e _11._11.A is B is going to be C will be D will to be A is B is going to be C will be D will to be 过去将来时过去将来时构成：构成：（would+would+动词原形，或将来动词原形，或将来时的其它过去构成形式时的其它过去构成形式was going to was going to dodo）表示以过去某一时间为参照，在过表示以过去某一时间为参照，在过去看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。去看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。在宾语从句及间接引语中，时态呼在宾语从句及间接引语中，时态呼应，经常会用到过去将来时
36、。如应，经常会用到过去将来时。如I I thought it thought it was going to bewas going to be fun.fun.时间状语时间状语：-soon/the next day-that-soon/the next day-that-clause(clause(名词性从句或上下文中名词性从句或上下文中-)-)1.I told my friend that I _ 1.I told my friend that I _(should/would arrive,shall/will(should/would arrive,shall/will arrive)
37、soon.arrive)soon.2.They looked at those clouds over 2.They looked at those clouds over the sky.It_(is going to rain,was the sky.It_(is going to rain,was going to rain).going to rain).3.They said that they _(are to 3.They said that they _(are to meet,were to meet)at the gate the meet,were to meet)at
38、the gate the next day.next day.4.We _(are about to go,were 4.We _(are about to go,were about to go)out when it started to about to go)out when it started to rain.rain.现在完成时现在完成时1.1.概念：概念：表示发生在过去，持续到现表示发生在过去，持续到现在，可能刚刚结束也有可能继续进行在，可能刚刚结束也有可能继续进行下去的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来，下去的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来，并对现在造成一定的影响或结果。常并对现在造成一
39、定的影响或结果。常与与since+since+过去时（间）过去时（间）,for+,for+一段时间一段时间连用。表示与现在有联系的过去的动连用。表示与现在有联系的过去的动作。作。2.2.时间状语：时间状语：yet,already,just,never,yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+ever,so far,by now,since+时间点，时间点，for+for+时间段，时间段，recently,lately,in the past recently,lately,in the past few years,etc.few yea
40、rs,etc.3.3.基本结构：基本结构：主语主语+have/has+p.p+have/has+p.p（过去分词）（过去分词）+其他其他 4.4.否定形式：否定形式：主语主语+have/has+not+have/has+not+p.p+p.p（过去分词）（过去分词）+其他其他 5.5.一般疑问句：一般疑问句：have/has+have/has+主语主语+p.p+p.p（过去分词）（过去分词）+其他其他?非延续性动词和延续性动词非延续性动词和延续性动词 非延续性动词在时间上没有延续性，非延续性动词在时间上没有延续性，常见的有常见的有come,go,arrive,leave,begin,come,
41、go,arrive,leave,begin,start,start,buy,join,die,buy,find,stop,buy,join,die,buy,find,stop,become,open,borrow,lend,appear,become,open,borrow,lend,appear,close,fall,finish,sell,lose,killclose,fall,finish,sell,lose,kill等，这些等，这些动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。语连用。但是，非延续性动词的否但是，非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续，可与定形式
42、可以表示状态的延续，可与for/sincefor/since等时间状语连用。等时间状语连用。有些同学错误地认有些同学错误地认为这类非延续性动词不为这类非延续性动词不能用于完成时态中。其能用于完成时态中。其实，错误的本质在于非实，错误的本质在于非延续性动词与时间段的延续性动词与时间段的错误搭配，与现在完成错误搭配，与现在完成时态无关。时态无关。延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用 在具体的语言环境中，往往会出在具体的语言环境中，往往会出现非延续性动词与时间段相连用的情现非延续性动词与时间段相连用的情况。由于受汉语影响，往往错误地直况。由于受汉语影响，往往错误地直译为：
43、译为：He has fallen asleep for an hour.He has fallen asleep for an hour.他睡了一小时了。（他睡了一小时了。（）His father has died for three years.His father has died for three years.他父亲去世三年了。（他父亲去世三年了。（）当出现这种情况时，我们往往采取以当出现这种情况时，我们往往采取以下解决方法：下解决方法：（1 1）将非延续性动词转化为相应的）将非延续性动词转化为相应的状态动词。所谓状态动词就是指这一状态动词。所谓状态动词就是指这一动作发生后接下来所呈现
44、的状态。如：动作发生后接下来所呈现的状态。如：He has been asleep for an hour.He has been asleep for an hour.（fall fall asleep,asleep,“入睡入睡”为短暂动作，但为短暂动作，但be be asleepasleep“睡着睡着”则为状态动词，可延则为状态动词，可延续。）续。）His father has been dead for three His father has been dead for three years.years.（diedie为短暂动词，为短暂动词，“死死”后的后的状态可用状态可用“be d
45、eadbe dead”这种系表结构来这种系表结构来描述，可延续。）描述，可延续。）常见的这种动词的转化有以下几类：常见的这种动词的转化有以下几类：go there go therebe there,come backbe there,come backbe be back,borrowback,borrowkeep,buy/catchkeep,buy/catchhave,have,arrivearrivebe in,beginbe in,beginbe on,openbe on,openbe be open,closeopen,closebe closed,diebe closed,diebe
46、 dead,be dead,leaveleavebe away from,get upbe away from,get upbe up,fall be up,fall asleepasleepbe asleep,becomebe asleep,becomebe,joinbe,joinbe be in/a member of,receivein/a member of,receivehave,catch/get have,catch/get a colda coldhave a cold,get marriedhave a cold,get marriedbe be marriedmarried
47、，come be income be in，finish be finish be overover，leaver be away leaver be away have have（hashas）been been 和和have have（hashas）gone gone 的区别的区别 have been to a placehave been to a place意思是意思是“到过、到过、去过去过”，表示曾到过某处，但现在，表示曾到过某处，但现在人不在那儿；人不在那儿；have gone to a placehave gone to a place表表示示“去了去了”，已经去了某地，现在，已
48、经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿了。人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿了。1.1.You have _ a tall young man.You have _ a tall young man.A grown B grown into C grown us D grown upA grown B grown into C grown us D grown up2.He has _ the watch for a year.2.He has _ the watch for a year.A buy B bought C have D hadA buy B bought C have D h
49、ad3.Has your brother _ the dog?3.Has your brother _ the dog?A kept in B fed C fed on D kept onA kept in B fed C fed on D kept on4.I _this book for two weeks,I have to return it now.4.I _this book for two weeks,I have to return it now.A borrowed B have borrowed C kept D have keptA borrowed B have bor
50、rowed C kept D have kept5.Have you ever _to the Great Wall?Its very beautiful.5.Have you ever _to the Great Wall?Its very beautiful.A gone B been C went D go A gone B been C went D go 6.Her brother _the Party since 1978.6.Her brother _the Party since 1978.A joined B has joined C has been in D was in